Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The State of Ohio, in 1966, instituted this action, under the Court’s original jurisdiction, against the Commonwealth of Kentucky. By its bill of complaint as initially filed, Ohio asked that the Court declare and establish that the boundary line between the two States is “the low water mark on the
Ohio later moved for leave to file an amended complaint that would assert, primarily, that the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky is the middle of the Ohio River, and, only alternatively, is the 1792 low-water mark on the northerly shore. That motion was referred to the Special Master.
The Honorable Robert Van Pelt, who by then had been appointed Special Master following the resignation of his predecessor, thereafter filed his report on the case as shaped by the original pleadings. That report was received and ordered filed.
The Special Master recommends' "that this Court determine that the boundary between Ohió and Kentucky “is the low-water mark on the northerly side of the Ohio River as it existed in the year 1792”; that the boundary “is not the low-water mark on the northerly side of the Ohio River as it exists today”; and that such boundary, “as nearly as it can now be ascertained, be determined either a) by agreement of the parties, if reasonably possible, or b) by joint survey agreed upon by the parties,” or, in the absence of such an agreement or
We agree with the Special Master. Much of the history concerning Virginia’s cession to the United States of lands “northwest of the river Ohio” was reviewed and set forth in the Court’s opinion concerning Ohio’s motion for leave to amend its 1966 complaint.
It should be clear that the Ohio River between Kentucky and Ohio, or, indeed, between Kentucky and Indiana, is not the usual river boundary between States. It is not like the Missouri River between Iowa and Nebraska, see, e. g., Nebraska v. Iowa,
A river boundary situation, however, depending upon historical factors, may well differ from that customary situation. See, for example, Texas v. Louisiana,
“When a great river is the boundary between two nations or states, if the original property is in neither, and there be no convention respecting it, each holds to the middle of the stream. But when, as in this case, one State is the original proprietor, and grants the territory on one side only, it retains the river within its own domain, and the newly-created State extends to the river only. The river, however, is its boundary.”
The dissent concedes as much. Post, at 342. The dissent then, however, would be persuaded by whatever is “the current low-water mark on the northern shore.” Post, at 343. But it is far too late in the day to equate the Ohio with the Missouri, with the Mississippi, or with any other boundary river that does not have the historical antecedents possessed by the Ohio, antecedents that fix the boundary not as the river itself, but as its northerly bank. Handly’s Lessee, in our view, supports Ohio’s position, not the dissent’s. If there could be any doubt about this, it surely was dispelled completely when the Court decided Indiana v. Kentucky,
“[Kentucky] succeeded to the ancient right and possession of Virginia, and they could not be affected by any subsequent change of the Ohio River, or by the fact that the channel in which that river once ran is now filled up from a variety of causes, natural and artificial, so that parties can pass on dry land from the tract in controversy to the State of Indiana. Its water might so depart from its ancient channel as to leave on the opposite side of the river entire counties of Kentucky, and the principle upon which her jurisdiction would then be determined is precisely that which must control in this case. Missouri v. Kentucky,11 Wall. 395 , 401. Her dominion and jurisdiction continue as they existed at the time she was admitted into the Union, unaffected by the action of the forces of nature upon the course of the river.
“Our conclusion is, that the waters of the Ohio River, when Kentucky became a State, flowed in a channel north of the tract known as Green River Island, and that the jurisdiction of Kentucky at that time extended, and ever since has extended, to what was then low-water mark on the north side of that channel, and the boundary between Kentucky and Indiana must run on that line, as nearly as it can now be ascertained, after the channel has been filled.” Id., at 508, 518-519.
The fact that Indiana v. Kentucky concerned a portion of the Ohio River in its Indiana-Kentucky segment, rather than a portion in its Ohio-Kentucky segment, is of no possible legal consequence; the applicable principles are the same, and the holding in Indiana v. Kentucky has pertinent application and is controlling precedent here. The Court’s flat pronouncements in Indiana v. Kentucky are hot to be rationalized away so readily as the dissent, post, at 343-345, would have
We are not disturbed by the fact that boundary matters between Ohio and Kentucky by the Court’s holding today will turn on the 1792 low-water mark of the river. Locating that line, of course, may be difficult, and utilization of a current, and changing, mark might well be more convenient. But knowledgeable surveyors, as the Special Master’s report intimates, have the ability to perform this task. Like difficulties have not dissuaded the Court from concluding that locations specified many decades ago are proper and definitive boundaries. See, e. g., Utah v. United States,
Finally, it is of no little interest that Kentucky sources themselves, in recent years, have made reference to the 1792 low-water mark as the boundary. Informational Bulletin No. 93 (1972), issued by the Legislative Research Commission of the Kentucky General Assembly, states:
“Kentucky’s North and West boundary, to-wit, the low water mark on the North shore of the Ohio River as of 1792, has been recognized as the boundary based upon the fact that Kentucky was created from what was then Virginia.” Id., at 3.
See also the opinion of the Attorney General of Kentucky, OAG 63-847, contained in Kentucky Attorney General Opinions 1960-1964. See also Perks v. McCracken,
The exceptions of the Commonwealth of Kentucky to the report of the Special Master áre overruled. The report is hereby adopted, and the case is remanded to the Special Master so that with the cooperation of the parties he may prepare and submit to the Court an appropriate form of decree.
Dissenting Opinion
with whom Mr. Justice White and Mr. Justice Rehnquist join, dissenting.
The Court today holds that the present boundary between Ohio and Kentucky is the low-water mark of the northern shore of the Ohio River when Kentucky was admitted to the Union in 1792. This curious result frustrates the terms of the Virginia Cession of 1784 that first established the Ohio-Kentucky border, ignores Mr. Chief Justice Marshall’s construction of that grant in Handly’s Lessee v. Anthony, 5 Wheat. 374 (1820), is contrary to common-law rules of riparian boundaries, and creates a largely unidentifiable border. Accordingly, I dissent.
I
In 1784, the Commonwealth of Virginia ceded to the United States all of its territory “to the northwest of the river Ohio.” 1 Laws of the United States 472, 474 ( B. & D. ed. 1815). As this Court recently observed, the border question “ ‘depends chiefly on the land law of Virginia, and on the cession made by that State to the United States.’ ” Ohio v. Kentucky,
Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, writing for the Court, pointed out that Virginia originally held the land that became both Indiana and Kentucky. Under the terms of the Virginia Cession, he stated: “These States, then, are to have the [Ohio] river itself, wherever that may be, for their boundary.”
“[W]hen, as in this case, one State [Virginia] is the original proprietor, and grants the territory on one side only, it retains the river within its own domain, and the newly-created State [Indiana] extends to the river only. The river, however, is its boundary.” Ibid.
Such a riparian border, the Chief Justice emphasized, cannot be stationary over time. He wrote: “Any gradual accretion of land, then, on the Indiana side of the Ohio, would belong to Indiana. . . .” Id., at 380. This rule avoids the “inconvenience” of having a strip of land belonging to one State between another State and the river.
“Wherever the river is a boundary between States, it is the main, the permanent river, which constitutes that boundary; and the mind will find itself embarrassed with insurmountable difficulty in attempting to draw any other line than the low water mark.” Id., at 380-381.
Because the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky was established by the same events that.drew the line between Indiana and Kentucky, the holding in Handly’s Lessee should control this case.
The approach taken by the Court today defeats the express terms of the Virginia Cession and ignores the explicit language of Mr. Chief Justice Marshall in Handly’s Lessee.
II
The Court, like the Special Master, disregards the teaching of Handly’s Lessee. Instead,- the Court relies heavily on the
In any event, the force of Mr. Justice Field’s opinion as a precedent may be questioned on its face. The decision cannot be reconciled with Handly’s Lessee or with any normal or practical construction of Virginia’s Cession in 1784. Indeed, the Court’s opinion is essentially devoid of reasoning. After reproducing the passages in Handly’s Lessee that establish that Kentucky must retain jurisdiction over the river, Mr. Justice Field states abruptly that, nevertheless, the boundary should be set at the low-water mark “when Kentucky became a State.”
Of course, Kentucky did succeed to Virginia’s rights in 1792. After the Cession of 1784, Virginia was entitled to have the river within its jurisdiction and to have the northern low-water mark as the boundary between it and that part of the Northwest Territory that became Ohio and Indiana. Kentucky’s entry into the Union could not, without more, replace those rights with the immutable boundary found by Mr. Justice Field. Neither Mr. Justice Field in 1890 nor the State of Ohio in this litigation pointed to any suggestion by Congress in 1792 that it intended such a result.
Ill
Today’s decision also contravenes the common law of riparian boundaries. In a dispute over the line between Arkansas and Tennessee along the Mississippi River, this Court noted:
“[W]here running streams are the boundaries between States, the same rule applies as between private proprietors, namely, that when the bed and channel are changed by the natural and gradual processes known as erosion and accretion, the boundary follows the varying course of the stream.” Arkansas v. Tennessee,246 U. S. 158 , 173 (1918).
See Bonelli Cattle Co. v. Arizona,
The Court suggests that the Ohio-Kentucky boundary should not be determined by reference to previous river boundary decisions because the border in this case is not “the river itself, but ... its northerly bank.” Ante, at 338. This
IY
Following today’s decision, all boundary matters between Ohio and Kentucky will turn on the location almost 200 years
Notes
Both parties to this litigation agree that the boundary between Kentucky -and Ohio is controlled by the same legal and historical considerations that define the boundary between Indiana and Kentucky.
Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, the author of Handly’s Lessee, would seem a particularly reliable interpreter of the 1784 Cession. The Chief Justice was not only a practicing lawyer in Richmond in 1783 and 1784, but also served as a member of the General Assembly of Virginia that approved the Cession. 1 A. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall 202-241 (1919).
The Court seeks support for today’s decision from a recent statement by the Legislative Research Committee of the Kentucky General Assembly and a 1963 opinion of the Kentucky Attorney General. Ante, at 340. Although both documents refer to the 1792 low-water mark as the proper boundary, they are hardly authoritative pronouncements that should control our outcome. Indeed, other legislative and judicial statements refer to the northern low-water mark without any mention of the 1792 line. See 57 Stat. 248 (interstate Compact between Indiana and Kentucky defining the boundary as the “low-water mark of the right side of the Ohio River”); Commonwealth v. Henderson County,
Under the doctrine of prescription and acquiescence, it may be proved that one party has recognized through its actions a riparian boundary claimed by another party. See Michigan v. Wisconsin,