622 N.W.2d 85 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2000
OHIO FARMERS INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v.
George SHAMIE, George R. Shamie, Jr., P.C. and Boloven, Shamie & Company, P.C., Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*86 Schier, Deneweth & Parfitt, P.C. (by Chris Parfitt), Troy, for the plaintiff.
Lipson, Neilson, Jacobs & Cole, P.C. (by Jeffrey T. Neilson, Joseph P. Garin and Mary Ellen Chisholm), Troy, for the defendants.
Before SMOLENSKI, P.J., and McDONALD and DOCTOROFF, JJ.
SMOLENSKI, P.J.
This case returns to us on remand from our Supreme Court for further discussion of the accrual of plaintiff's claim against defendants. We find that plaintiff's claim for accounting malpractice accrued when defendants discontinued the professional accounting services out of which plaintiff's malpractice claim arose. Therefore, we reaffirm our previous holding that plaintiff's claim accrued before the effective date of the accountant liability act, M.C.L. § 600.2962; MSA 27A.2962. Given our resolution of the accrual question, we need not reconsider the remaining issues addressed in our prior decision.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The underlying facts of this case were adequately summarized in our prior opinion, as follows:
Plaintiff's complaint contained the following allegations. Defendants are certified public accountants that prepared independent auditor's reports of Marcelli Construction Company (hereafter Marcelli) for fiscal years 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995. Defendants also prepared audited financial statements of Marcelli for fiscal years 1994 and 1995. Plaintiff relied on defendants' audits and financial statements in determining that Marcelli was financially qualified to obtain performance and surety bonds and subsequently provided bonds to Marcelli as the principal contractor on ten construction projects. When Marcelli failed to meet its obligations under the contracts, plaintiff was required to make payments to Marcelli's owners, subcontractors, and suppliers under the terms of the bonds.
Plaintiff further alleged that it suffered damages as a result of defendants' malpractice and negligent misrepresentation in preparing Marcelli's audits and financial statements and that it was a third-party beneficiary of the agreements between defendants and Marcelli. Defendants moved for summary disposition pursuant to both MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). The trial court denied defendants' motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8), but granted defendants' motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), holding that M.C.L. § 600.2962; MSA 27A.2962 (the accountant liability act) retroactively barred plaintiff's cause of action. [Ohio Farmers Ins. Co. v. Shamie, 235 Mich.App. 417, 419-420, 597 N.W.2d 553 (1999), vacated in part and remanded 462 Mich. 852, 611 N.W.2d 800 (2000).]
This Court affirmed the trial court's denial of defendants' motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8). However, we reversed the trial court's grant of defendants' motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), holding that the accountant liability act did not apply to plaintiff's cause of action because plaintiff's claims were a vested right that accrued before the effective date of that statute. Ohio Farmers, supra, 235 Mich.App. at 423, 597 N.W.2d 553. On appeal, our Supreme Court vacated our decision in part, remanding for further discussion of the accrual of plaintiff's claim against defendants. The remand order provided:
In lieu of granting leave to appeal, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is vacated in part, and the case is remanded for reconsideration by the Court of Appeals as directed by this order. MCR 7.302(F)(1). The retroactivity analysis in the Court of Appeals opinion assumed that the plaintiff's cause of action accrued before M.C.L. § 600.2962; MSA 27A.2962 took effect. However, the Court of Appeals applied M.C.L. § 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827 without considering *87 the effect of M.C.L. § 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838 or Connelly v. Paul Ruddy's Equipment Repair & Service Co., 388 Mich. 146, 200 N.W.2d [70] 146 (1972). Under § 5827, accrual requires that the plaintiff have suffered damages. Connelly, supra. Consideration of the retroactivity question was unnecessary if the plaintiff's cause of action did not actually accrue until after the new statute took effect. On remand, the Court of Appeals must first reconsider the accrual question, and then proceed as the answer to that question indicates. Jurisdiction is not retained. [Ohio Farmers Insurance Co v. Shamie, 462 Mich. 852, 611 N.W.2d 800 (2000).]
Accordingly, we begin our discussion on remand by analyzing whether the date on which plaintiff suffered damages affects the accrual of plaintiff's accounting malpractice claim. We conclude that it does not.
II. Analysis
A. Our Prior Opinion
In our prior opinion in this matter, we held that plaintiff's accounting malpractice claim accrued before the effective date of the accountant liability act, relying on Local 1064, RWDSU AFL-CIO v. Ernst & Young, 449 Mich. 322, 535 N.W.2d 187 (1995), M.C.L. § 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805, and M.C.L. § 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827.[1] In Local 1064, supra at 333, 535 N.W.2d 187, our Supreme Court held that the two-year limitation period contained in M.C.L. § 600.5805(4); MSA 27A.5805(4) applied to suits for accounting malpractice.[2] In contrast, the precise question presented in this case is not when the limitation period would have expired on plaintiff's claim against defendants. Rather, the question we must resolve is when plaintiff's claim against defendants accrued. To answer that question, our prior opinion looked to the general accrual statute, M.C.L. § 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827, which states:
Except as otherwise expressly provided, the period of limitations runs from the time the claim accrues. The claim accrues at the time provided in sections 5829 and 5838, and in cases not covered by these sections the claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the time when damage results.
Applying Local 1064, § 5805, and § 5827 to the facts of this case, we concluded in our prior opinion that plaintiff's claim against defendants accrued before March 28, 1996, the effective date of the accountant liability act:
[W]e conclude that the accountant liability act did not apply to plaintiff's cause of action because plaintiff's claims were a vested right that accrued before the effective date of the act. Defendants admit in their brief that they performed the audits and prepared the financial statements from 1990 to 1995 and that the disputes involving the Marcelli construction projects arose in 1995. Given defendants' admissions, plaintiff's action based on the claims alleging accounting malpractice and negligent misrepresentation accrued no later than 1995 when defendants negligently prepared the auditor's reports and financial statements. Because plaintiff's cause of action accrued before the accountant liability act became effective in 1996, we find that its cause of action was a vested right and conclude that the retroactive application of the act is improper in this case because it would destroy that vested right. [Ohio Farmers, supra, 235 Mich.App. at 423-424, 597 N.W.2d 553 (citations omitted).]
Our Supreme Court remanded for further examination of the accrual question, *88 particularly in light of M.C.L. § 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838. Although we did not explicitly rely on § 5838 in our prior opinion, we conclude on reconsideration that § 5838 does govern the accrual of plaintiff's claim against defendants for accounting malpractice.
B. Section 5838 Applies to Accounting Malpractice Claims
By its own terms, § 5827 applies only in cases not covered by §§ 5829 and 5838. Because § 5829 applies to claims involving the right of entry or recovery of possession of land, that section is clearly inapplicable to the present case. However, § 5838 applies to claims based on professional malpractice:
Except as otherwise provided in section 5838a,[3] a claim based on the malpractice of a person who is, or holds himself or herself out to be, a member of a state licensed profession accrues at the time that person discontinues serving the plaintiff in a professional or pseudoprofessional capacity as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose, regardless of the time the plaintiff discovers or otherwise has knowledge of the claim. [MCL 600.5838(1); MSA 27A.5838(1).]
In Jaffe v. Harris, 126 Mich.App. 813, 338 N.W.2d 228 (1983), rev'd in part 419 Mich. 942, 355 N.W.2d 617 (1984),[4] this Court applied § 5838 to an accounting malpractice suit, without detailed analysis. In that case, the plaintiffs appealed the trial court's ruling dismissing plaintiffs' accounting malpractice claim. This Court affirmed the trial court's decision, citing M.C.L. § 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838 and M.C.L. § 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805. Jaffe, supra, 126 Mich.App. at 822, 338 N.W.2d 228. Further, federal decisions interpreting Michigan law have applied § 5838 to accounting malpractice suits. Ameriwood Industries Int'l Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 961 F. Supp. 1078, 1091 (W.D.Mich., 1997); Axel Johnson, Inc. v. Arthur Andersen & Co., 738 F. Supp. 772, 776 (S.D.N.Y., 1990). Accordingly, we conclude that § 5838 governs accrual of a plaintiff's claim of accounting malpractice.
C. Accrual of Malpractice Claims and Proof of Damages
The remand order entered by our Supreme Court stated that accrual of a plaintiff's claim under § 5827 requires that the plaintiff have suffered damages. Ohio Farmers, supra, 462 Mich. 852, 611 N.W.2d 800. Section 5827 provides that "the claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the time when damage results." MCL 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827. Our Supreme Court has held that the term "wrong" in § 5827 must be read to mean "actionable wrong." Connelly, supra at 151, 200 N.W.2d 70. Therefore, in cases where § 5827 applies, the plaintiff's claim accrues "[o]nce all of the elements of an action for personal injury, including the element of damage, are present." Connelly, supra at 151, 200 N.W.2d 70.
However, § 5838 provides that malpractice claims accrue "at the time [defendant] discontinues serving the plaintiff in a professional... capacity as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose, regardless of the time the plaintiff discovers or otherwise has knowledge of the claim." MCL 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838. In Gebhardt v. O'Rourke, 444 Mich. 535, 542-544, 510 N.W.2d 900 (1994), our Supreme Court made clear that accrual of a malpractice claim under § 5838 does not require *89 that the plaintiff have suffered damages:
Previous case law has confused the application of the statute by inserting traditional tort concepts of "accrual" into the clear statutory scheme. The normal rule in tort law is that a cause of action does not accrue until all elements of the tort exist. Section 5838 expressly rejects this rule by providing that accrual occurs without regard to whether the client's malpractice claim is ripe.
* * *
... The Legislature intended that the last day of service be the sole basis for determination of accrual. Lack of ripeness, i.e., that not all the elements of the tort have been discovered, is irrelevant to the two-year limitation period.
Because § 5838 governs accrual of plaintiff's accounting malpractice claim against defendants, the date when plaintiff suffered damages is irrelevant to the accrual of the claim. Instead, plaintiff's claim accrued when defendants discontinued professional accounting services with regard to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose. MCL 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838.
D. Discontinuing Professional Service
In the present case, the determination of when plaintiff's claim accrued is complicated by the fact that plaintiff's claim is based on a third-party beneficiary theory of liability. When a plaintiff sues on such a theory, he "has the same right to enforce said promise that he would have had if the said promise had been made directly to him as the promisee." MCL 600.1405; MSA 27A.1405. Accordingly, plaintiff's third-party claim accrued at the same time that Marcelli's claim would have accrued, i.e., when defendants discontinued serving Marcelli in a professional capacity with regard to the matters out of which the accounting malpractice claim arose.
We acknowledge the general rule that "[a]ccrual of a malpractice action, for purposes of the two-year limitation period, occurs on the last day of professional service." Gebhardt, supra at 543, 510 N.W.2d 900. In most accounting malpractice cases, the professional relationship between the accountant and the client typically dissolves before the plaintiff files suit against the defendant. However, that will not necessarily be true in a case where the plaintiff is a third-party beneficiary of the contract. In such cases, the accountant and his client may continue their professional relationship while the aggrieved third party pursues his legal rights. To give full meaning to the statutory language, courts faced with on-going accountant-client relationships must look to the date when the defendant discontinues serving the client in a professional capacity "as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose." MCL 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838.
E. Application and Conclusion
In the present case, defendant George Shamie filed an affidavit in the circuit court, in support of defendants' motion for summary disposition, stating that he and defendant George R. Shamie, Jr., P.C., performed an audit of Marcelli's March 31, 1994, balance sheet, and that Marcelli was a client of George R. Shamie, Jr., P.C., from approximately 1990 to 1994. Defendants also filed the affidavit of S. Ted Boloven in support of their motion for summary disposition. That affidavit stated that defendant Boloven, Shamie & Company, P.C. (Boloven) performed an audit of Marcelli's March 31, 1995, balance sheet and that Marcelli had been and continued to be a client of defendant Boloven.
It is clear from defendant's admissions that defendant Shamie and defendant George R. Shamie, Jr., P.C., discontinued professional services to Marcelli in 1994. However, defendant Boloven continued to provide professional services to Marcelli through the time of filing of plaintiff's suit. In this situation, we must determine when defendants discontinued serving Marcelli *90 in a professional capacity "as to the matters out of which the claim for malpractice arose, regardless of the time the plaintiff discovers or has knowledge of the claim." MCL 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838.
Plaintiff's complaint alleges that defendants committed accounting malpractice in connection with the preparation of independent auditor's reports for fiscal years 1991 through 1995, specifically focusing on the audited financial statements prepared for fiscal years 1994 and 1995. From these allegations and defendants' admissions contained in the affidavits filed in the circuit court, we conclude that defendants discontinued professional services "as to the matters out of which the claim of malpractice arose" before March 28, 1996.[5] Accordingly, we reaffirm our previous holding that plaintiff's cause of action accrued before the effective date of M.C.L. § 600.2962; MSA 27A.2962, and that the trial court erroneously granted defendants' motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). We adopt the remainder of our previous opinion, which is consistent with this decision.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
NOTES
[1] Ohio Farmers, supra, 235 Mich.App. at 423, 597 N.W.2d 553.
[2] When the Legislature amended M.C.L. § 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805, the two-year limitation period applicable to malpractice actions formerly found in subsection 4 was moved to subsection 5.2000 PA 2, effective February 17, 2000.
[3] Section 5838a governs accrual of medical malpractice claims and is therefore inapplicable to the present case. MCL 600.5838a; MSA 27A.5838(1).
[4] Our Supreme Court reversed that portion of the Jaffe opinion dealing with damages for unauthorized withdrawals, but denied leave to appeal in all other respects. 419 Mich. 942, 355 N.W.2d 617. Therefore, our Supreme Court did not disturb this Court's ruling in Jaffe that § 5838 governed accrual of a plaintiff's claim in accounting malpractice suits. 126 Mich.App. at 822, 338 N.W.2d 228.
[5] We need not decide the exact date on which plaintiff's claim accrued. For purposes of this opinion, we need only determine whether the claim accrued before the effective date of the accountant liability act.