69 Ohio St. 3d 677 | Ohio | 1994
Lead Opinion
Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) provides:
“For a unit that has not been approved by the board through the procedures of division (A) of section 4117.05 or 4117.07 of the Revised Code, a petition for unit*680 clarification or amendment of a deemed certified unit may be filed only during the period of one hundred twenty days to ninety days before the expiration date of the collective bargaining agreement, after expiration of the collective bargaining agreement, or at any other time if the petition is submitted by mutual request of the parties. Unless the petition for amendment or clarification of such a unit is submitted by mutual request, the board will consider clarification or amendment only if the petition alleges that the unit contains a combination of employees prohibited by division (D) of section 4117.06 of the Revised Code.”
This rule would allow SERB to entertain employer petitions to adjust or alter deemed certified collective bargaining units that violate the prohibitions of R.C. 4117.06(D) regarding composition of units, irrespective of whether exclusive representation is challenged by another employee organization. See In re Univ. of Cincinnati (Univ. Hosp.) (May 24, 1985), SERB 85-022; In re Akron Pub. Schools (June 14, 1985), SERB 85-025; In re Lucas Cty. Dept. of Human Sew. (June 13, 1986), SERB 86-024; In re Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs. (June 10, 1987), SERB 87-012. See, also, Drucker, Collective Bargaining Law in Ohio (1993) 233-236, Section 5.18.
A rule promulgated by an agency, “ ‘issued pursuant to statutory authority, has the force and effect of law unless it is unreasonable or is in clear conflict with statutory enactment governing the same subject matter.’ ” Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Lindley (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 232, 234, 527 N.E.2d 828, 830, quoting Kroger Grocery & Baking Co. v. Glander (1948), 149 Ohio St. 120, 125, 36 O.O. 471, 474, 77 N.E.2d 921, 924.
Section 4(A) of the Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133 provides that:
“Exclusive recognition through a written contract, agreement, or memorandum of understanding by a public employer to an employee organization whether specifically stated or through tradition, custom, practice, election, or negotiation [that] the employee organization has been the only employee organization representing all employees in the unit is protected subject to the time restriction in division (B) of section 4117.05 of the Revised Code. Notwithstanding any other provision of this act, an employee organization recognized as the exclusive representative shall be deemed certified until challenged by another employee organization under the provisions of this act and the State Employment Relations Board has certified an exclusive representative.” (Emphasis added.) 140 Ohio Laws, Part I, 336, 367.
The issue presented in this case is whether Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) is in conflict with Section 4(A) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133.
Section 4(A) expressly states that an employee organization’s deemed certified status continues “until challenged by another employee organization.” SERB contends, and the court of appeals held, that this language does not preclude
In order to cogently discuss each of SERB’S arguments, we must first set forth both arguments in full. The “separate concept” argument was explained by the court of appeals as follows:
“The concept of whether a bargaining unit includes the appropriate job classifications is a concept which is separate from the issue of certification. A challenge to the appropriateness of a bargaining unit does not necessarily threaten a representative’s deemed certified status
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“ * * * Whether SERB segments the bargaining unit according to the prohibitions set forth in R.C. 4117.06(D)(2) or decides not to segment the bargaining unit, the representative’s ‘deemed certified’ status is not affected.”
The “exception” argument, on the other hand, begins with the premise that “it is clear from the total statutory reference that the boundaries of exclusive representation are fixed by the unit in which pre-April 1, 1984 recognition occurred. Beyond this, the legislative command, expressed specifically in the relevant enactments, requires that the ‘deemed certified’ recognition acquired before April 1, 1984, continue indefinitely unless displaced. Displacement, according to the Act, occurs when an incumbent employee organization is successfully ‘challenged’ by a rival employee organization with consequent [SERB] certification.” (Emphasis added.) In re Univ. of Cincinnati (Univ. Hosp.), supra, SERB 85-022, at 122. The argument continues, however, that “[t]here is one exception to this principle. That exception is operative when the unit in question combined classifications before April 1,1984, which could not have been joined after that date. * * * [I]t is hardly conceivable that the legislature intended to proscribe specific job combinations in the same unit (as it obviously did) and at the same time intended to allow those combinations to stand indefinitely simply because they were negotiated before the effective date of the Act.” Id.
The “separate concept” argument erroneously presumes that it is only the union and not the preexisting bargaining units that are deemed certified by Section 4(A) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133. However, “[w]hen enacted, the [Ohio Public Employees’ Bargaining] Act contained special uncodified or temporary provisions that related to historical units and bargaining relationships. The effect, in part, of these provisions was to preserve the units, agreements, and bargaining structures that existed prior to April 1,1984 [the effective date of R.C. 4117.05 as enacted by the Act]. By operation of Section 4 of these temporary
Section 4 of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133, therefore, was clearly “ ‘designed to maintain the status quo in those public sector employer/employee collective bargaining relationships antedating April 1, 1984.’ ” State Emp. Relations Bd. v. Bedford Hts. (1987), 41 Ohio App.3d 21, 23, 534 N.E.2d 115, 117, quoting In re Bedford Hts. (July 24, 1987), SERB 87-016, at 3-56. “It is clear from the emphasized language of Section 4 of the Act that the legislature intended that those bargaining units in existence on October 6,1983 [the effective date of Section 4], would remain intact.” (Emphasis added.) Univ. of Cincinnati, Univ. Hosp. v. State Emp. Relations Bd (1988), 42 Ohio App.3d 78, 81, 536 N.E.2d 408, 411.
Further, the idea that under Section 4(A), the composition of a bargaining unit is a concept distinct from representative certification is akin to envisioning a wagon as a concept distinct from its wheels. “[T]he appropriateness of the unit is an integral, interwoven, and indispensable element in selecting an exclusive representative. * * * The bargaining unit describes the ‘physical geography of collective bargaining.” Day, A Primer of Unit Design Under Ohio’s Public Employees’ Collective Bargaining Statute (1986), 11 U.Dayton L.Rev. 221, 222-223.
Moreover, SERB’S “separate concept” argument directly conflicts with its “exception” argument embraced by Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F). The exception argument assumes that “the boundaries of exclusive representation are fixed by the unit in which pre-April 1,1984 recognition occurred.” (Emphasis added.) In re Univ. of Cincinnati (Univ. Hosp.), supra, SERB 85-022 at 122. Specifically, Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) provides that what is being clarified or amended is “a deemed certified unit." (Emphasis added.) It would be anomalous to uphold Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) pursuant to a concept which it belies.
SERB’S “exception” argument is also faulty for three very simple reasons. The first reason is that Section 4(A) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133 contains no such exception. On the other hand, Section 4(D) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133 does contain the very exception that SERB seeks to have read into Section 4(A), but confines it to cases of previously granted nonexclusive recognition. Section 4(D) provides that:
*683 “Nonexclusive recognition previously granted through an agreement or memorandum of understanding shall not preclude the Board from: (1) determining an appropriate unit, (2) if necessary, removing classifications from a bargaining unit under an existing nonexclusive contract, agreement or memorandum of understanding, and (3) holding a recognition-certification election to determine an exclusive representative for all such employees deemed part of the appropriate unit.”
As SERB itself has succinctly noted, “Section 4(D) is concerned with nonexclusive representation and treats it differently from exclusive recognition. This is a distinction that obviously intends a difference between exclusive and nonexclusive.” In re Bedford Hts. (July 24, 1987), SERB 87-016 at 3-56, fn. 6.
The second reason is that the principles of statutory construction preclude SERB from interpreting an R.C. 4117.06(D) exception into Section 4(A) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133. Once it is determined, as it was in In re Univ. of Cincinnati (Univ. Hosp.), supra, SERB 85-022 at 122, that “the legislative command, expressed specifically in the relevant enactments requires that the ‘deemed certified’ recognition, acquired before April 1,1984, continue indefinitely unless * * * an incumbent employee organization is successfully ‘challenged’ by a rival employee organization with consequent [SERB] certification,” that is the end of the matter. There can be no further interpretation. “ ‘The first general maxim of interpretation * * * ’ is, that it is not allowable to interpret what has no need of interpretation.” Lawler v. Burt (1857), 7 Ohio St. 340, 350. “It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that where the terms of a statute are clear and unambiguous, the statute should be applied without interpretation.” Win-gate v. Hordge (1979), 60 Ohio St.2d 55, 58, 14 O.O.3d 212, 214, 396 N.E.2d 770, 772.
The third reason is that Section 4(A)’s provision for deemed certification operates “[notwithstanding any other provision of this act.” In Univ. Hosp., Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine v. State Emp. Relations Bd. (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 339, 587 N.E.2d 835, the employer refused to negotiate with a deemed certified employee organization pending a determination by SERB that the employee organization was a valid bargaining unit. We explained as follows:
“The appellate court further determined that, inasmuch as the officers were not public employees under R.C. 4117.01(C), they could not form an ‘employee organization’ as defined in R.C. 4117.01(D). This determination is erroneous. Section 4(A) specifically provides for the grandfathering of existing bargaining*684 representatives ‘[Notwithstanding any other provision of this act.’ Accordingly, reference to R.C. 4117.01(D) to determine what constitutes a preexisting employee organization is at odds with the plain language of Section 4(A).” Id. at 345, 587 N.E.2d at 840.
Similarly, reference to R.C. 4117.06(D) to determine what preexisting units are appropriate is at odds with the plain language of Section 4(A).
Accordingly, we hold that Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) is in clear conflict with Section 4(A) of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133 and is, therefore, invalid. Whereas Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) authorizes adjustments or alterations to deemed certified collective bargaining units absent a challenge by and subsequent certification of a rival employee organization, Section 4(A) forbids it.
In light of the foregoing, the decision of the court of appeals is reversed, and the judgment of the trial court is reinstated.
Judgement reversed.
. This interplay between Sections 4(A) and 4(D) also makes it clear that the General Assembly did not subscribe to the “separate concept” notion that Section 4(A) deems only exclusively recognized representatives, and not units, as certified. Otherwise, it would not have been necessary for the legislature to specifically provide for unit determinations involving nonexclusive recognition.
. To foreclose any future arguments on this issue, we note that the hearing officer’s determination that Section 4(A) applies only to “the period of time extending three years after April 1, 1984” is erroneous. In order to reach such a conclusion, we would have to read the time restrictions of Section 4(A)’s first sentence into its second sentence. However, the second sentence operates independently of the first. “Subsection 4(A) [first sentence] has fixed the life expectancy of written agreements, contracts, or understandings resulting from such recognition at three years by incorporating the time limits of [R.C.] 4117.05(B). However, the time limit cuts down only the life of the contract bar defense.” (Footnotes omitted.) Day, A Primer of Unit Design Under Ohio’s Public Employees’ Collective Bargaining Statute, supra, 11 U.Dayton L.Rev. at 226. The “contract bar” operates to prohibit all challenges to an exclusive representative who is under written contract, for a period of three years. R.C. 4117.05(B). If we were to read this time restriction into the second sentence of Section 4(A), then the result would be that for three years, a union operating under contract is protected from all challenges except from a rival union. The result would be an anomaly — that which is given in one sentence of a statutory provision is taken away by the very next sentence.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. I respectfully dissent. Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) does not conflict with Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133, Section 4(A), and is therefore valid. Consequently, the State Employment Relations Board (“SERB”) has final and exclusive authority to determine the composition of an exclusive bargaining unit and may exercise that power in the absence of a challenge by another employee organization.
R.C. 4117.06(A) provides that SERB “shall decide in each case the unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining. The determination is final
SERB promulgated Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(F) to assist it in fulfilling the statutory mandate of R.C. 4117.06(A). It is well established that an administrative agency’s interpretation of a statute, and regulations enacted pursuant thereto, is entitled to “considerable deference.” State ex rel. Celebrezze v. Natl. Lime & Stone Co. (1994), 68 Ohio St.3d 377,386, 627 N.E.2d 538, 545 (Resnick, J., dissenting). This court will not invalidate an administrative regulation unless it is unreasonable or in clear conflict with a statute. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Lindley (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 232, 234, 527 N.E.2d 828, 830, quoting Kroger Grocery & Baking Co. v. Glander (1948), 149 Ohio St. 120,125, 36 O.O. 471, 474, 77 N.E.2d 921, 924.
Ohio Adm.Code 4117-5-01(E) allows SERB to perform its statutory duty by clarifying or amending the composition of a collective bargaining unit if it “contains a combination of employees prohibited by division (D) of Section 4117.06 of the Revised Code.” R.C. 4117.06(D)(2) prohibits SERB from approving a unit that includes “any public employee employed as a guard to enforce against other employees rules to protect property of the employer or to protect the safety of persons on the employer’s premises in a unit with other employees.”
It is agreed that the unit in question contains such prohibited members; the sole question is the effect of Am.Sub.S.B. No. 133, Section 4(A) on the power of SERB to remedy this violation in the absence of a challenge from a rival employee organization.
The majority has concluded that Section 4(A) not only protects the status of the deemed certified employee organization, but also “grandfathers” any unit, intact, in the exact form in which it existed prior to the Act’s passage. The majority asserts that the concepts of certified status and composition of a unit are so inextricably bound as to be like a wagon and its wheels. To remove any member of a unit, in other words, is tantamount to disabling the unit and changing its very nature.
This argument suffers from two faults. The first is that the concepts of certified status and unit composition are not inextricably connected. They are not akin to a wagon and its wheels but, rather, to a wagon and its contents. Removing an item from the wagon does not alter the fact that it is still a wagon.
The second fault is that the language of Section 4(A) does not support the majority’s interpretation. The section states in part that “an employee organizar tion recognized as the exclusive representative shall be deemed certified until challenged by another employee organization * * *.” (Emphasis added.) The
