In Re: MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, et al., Debtor, OFFICIAL COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED CREDITORS OF MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant -v.- JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., individually and as Administrative Agent for various lenders party to the Term Loan Agreement described herein, Defendant-Appellee.
13-2187-bk
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
June 17, 2014
August Term, 2013 (Argued: March 25, 2013 Question Certified: June 17, 2014)
Before: WINTER, WESLEY, AND CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
QUESTION CERTIFIED.
ERIC B. FISHER (Barry N. Seidel, Katie L. Weinstein, Jeffrey Rhodes, on the brief), Dickstein Shapiro LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
JOHN M. CALLAGY (Nicholas J. Panarella, Martin A. Krolewski, on the brief), Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant-Appellee.
WESLEY, Circuit Judge:
In October 2001, General Motors entered into a synthetic lease financing transaction (the “Synthetic Lease“), by which it obtained approximately $300 million in financing from a syndicate of financial institutions. The proceeds were used to acquire and construct facilities on several properties. General Motors’ obligation to repay the Synthetic Lease was secured by liens on twelve pieces of
Five years later, in November 2006, General Motors and then-subsidiary Saturn Corporation entered into a separate term loan facility (the “Term Loan“). The Term Loan was entirely unrelated to the Synthetic Lease and provided General Motors with approximately $1.5 billion in financing from a different syndicate of financial institutions. To secure the loan, the lenders took security interests in a large number of General Motors’ assets, including all of General Motors’ equipment and fixtures at forty-two facilities throughout the United States. JPMorgan served as administrative agent and secured party of record for the Term Loan and caused the filing of twenty-eight UCC-1 financing statements to perfect the lenders’ security interests in the collateral. The Main Term Loan UCC-1 was filed with the Delaware Secretary of State and bore file number “6416808 4.”
The Synthetic Lease was scheduled to mature on October 31, 2008. In September 2008, General Motors contacted Mayer Brown LLP, its counsel responsible for the Synthetic Lease, and explained that it planned to repay the amount due under the Synthetic Lease. General Motors requested that Mayer Brown prepare the documents necessary for JPMorgan and the lenders to be repaid and to release the interests the lenders held in General Motors’ property.
Mayer Brown Partner Robert Gordon assigned the work to an associate and instructed him to prepare a closing checklist and drafts of the documents required to pay off the Synthetic Lease and to terminate the lenders’ security interest in General Motors’ property. Over the next two weeks, the associate prepared (1) a Closing Checklist that identified the actions required to unwind the Synthetic Lease; (2) a Termination Agreement by which General Motors formally exercised its option to repay the amount due under the Synthetic Lease and be released from the related liens against General Motors’ properties; (3) a set of UCC-3 termination statements to terminate liens held against General Motors’ properties; and (4) an Escrow Agreement governing title company LandAmerica‘s role in closing the transaction.
The Mayer Brown associate prepared a closing checklist that included several dozen actions and documents required to unwind the Synthetic Lease. Among the items on the Closing Checklist was a list of security interests held by General Motors’ lenders that would need to be terminated. To prepare the list of security interests, the associate asked a paralegal, unfamiliar with the transaction or the purpose of the request, to perform a search for UCC-1 financing statements that had been recorded against General Motors in Delaware. The paralegal‘s search identified three UCC-1s, numbered 2092532 5, 2092526 7, and 6416808 4. Neither the paralegal nor the associate realized that only two of the UCC-1s were related to the Synthetic Lease transaction. The third UCC-1, number 6416808 4, related to the 2006 Main Term Loan UCC-1. Not noticing that one of the UCC-1s was unrelated to the Synthetic Lease, the associate placed all three for termination in the Closing Checklist:
Termination of UCCs (central, DE filings)
Blanket-type financing statements as to real
property and related collateral located in
Marion County, Indiana (file number
2092532 5, file date 4/12/02 and file number
2092526 7, file date 4/12/02))
financing statement as to equipment,
fixtures and related collateral located atcertain U.S. manufacturing facilities (file
number 6416808 4, file date 11/30/06)
On the afternoon of October 15, 2008, Mayer Brown circulated a draft of the checklist to JPMorgan‘s counsel, Simpson Thacher. A largely identical draft was distributed later that evening and another on October 21. No one at General Motors, Mayer Brown, Simpson Thacher, or JPMorgan recognized that one of the UCC-1s identified in the checklist for termination was filed in 2006 rather than 2002 and was entirely unrelated to the Synthetic Lease.
2. The Termination Agreement
The Mayer Brown associate also prepared a Termination Agreement, which he also circulated to Simpson Thacher on October 15, 2008. The Termination Agreement stated that General Motors was exercising its option to repay the amount due under the Synthetic Lease, that the Operative Agreement underlying the Synthetic Lease was terminated, and that JPMorgan and the Lessor were releasing all of their related liens against General Motors’ properties. To that end, the Termination Agreement expressly authorized General Motors to terminate the Synthetic Lease liens:
[T]he Administrative Agent [JPMorgan] and the Lessor do hereby (x) release all of their Liens . . . against the Properties created by the Operative Agreements [of the Synthetic Lease], (y) acknowledge that such Liens and Lessor Liens are forever released, satisfied and
discharged and (x) [sic] authorize Lessee to file a termination of any existing Financing Statements relating to the Properties [of the Synthetic Lease].
All parties agree that the Synthetic Lease Termination Agreement does not relate to the Term Loan or to the properties and liens securing it.
3. The UCC-3 Termination Statements
Along with the Termination Agreement, Mayer Brown also circulated to Simpson Thacher three draft UCC-3 statements to terminate the three UCC-1 security interests set out for termination in the Closing Checklist. One of the draft statements was a UCC-3 to terminate 6416808 4, the Main Term Loan UCC-1. As explained above, this UCC-1 was connected with the Term Loan and entirely unrelated to the Synthetic Lease.
On October 15, 2008, the Mayer Brown associate e-mailed all three draft UCC-3s to Simpson Thacher, along with the Termination Agreement and a copy of the Closing Checklist. Simpson Thacher attorney Mardi Merjian responded two days later as follows: “Nice job on the documents. My only comment, unless I am missing something, is that all references to JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent for the Investors should not include the reference ‘for the Investors.‘”
After preparing the required documents, the parties relied on the title company LandAmerica to complete the transaction by serving as escrow agent, recording agent, and title insurance issuer. On behalf of General Motors, Mayer Brown drafted an agreement (the “Escrow Agreement“) providing LandAmerica with instructions to effectuate the closing. Pursuant to the Escrow Agreement, LandAmerica would receive funds from General Motors along with numerous documents executed by the parties. LandAmerica would then close the transaction and disburse the funds to General Motors’ creditors, thereby accomplishing General Motors’ repayment and terminating the Synthetic Lease.
Among other things, the Escrow Agreement specified that the parties would deliver various documents to LandAmerica in preparation for closing. Then, at the time of closing, LandAmerica would handle those documents in accordance with the Escrow Agreement‘s instructions. One category of required documents was the set of UCC-3 statements that would be filed to terminate liens against General Motors’ properties. The Escrow Agreement provided that LandAmerica was to receive final sets of the three “Termination of UCC Financing Statements” (which it identified by file number) and that immediately
On October 24, 2008, the Mayer Brown associate e-mailed a draft of the Escrow Agreement to JPMorgan‘s counsel, Simpson Thacher attorney Mardi Merjian. He concluded the e-mail by requesting that Merjian review the document and respond with any comments. On October 27 the associate e-mailed Merjian again, explaining that he would send a package of documents for JPMorgan and the lenders to execute. He concluded the e-mail by again asking whether Merjian had any comments on the draft Escrow Letter, to which Merjian responded, “it was fine.”
General Motors repaid the amount due on the Synthetic Lease on October 30, 2008. As outlined in the Escrow Agreement, LandAmerica thereafter forwarded copies of the UCC-3 termination statements to General Motors’ counsel, Mayer Brown. Mayer Brown then caused all three UCC-3s to be filed with the Delaware Secretary of State—including the UCC-3 that erroneously identified for termination the Main Term Loan UCC-1 that was entirely unrelated to the Synthetic Lease.
The mistake went unnoticed until General Motors filed for chapter 11 reorganization in June 2009. On June 19, Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP, then counsel to JPMorgan, e-mailed the Committee to inform it that a UCC-3 termination statement had been inadvertently filed in October 2008 relating to the Term Loan collateral. Morgan Lewis attached an affidavit from Robert Gordon, the Mayer Brown partner who had been in charge of the Synthetic Lease termination. The affidavit explained that JPMorgan and Mayer Brown had intended to terminate only liens related to the Synthetic Lease and that because the UCC-3 statement erroneously identified for termination a UCC-1 related to the Term Loan, the termination statement was unauthorized and ineffective.
On July 31, 2009, the Committee commenced the underlying action against JPMorgan in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The Committee sought a determination that, despite the error, the UCC-3 was nonetheless effective to terminate the Main Term Loan UCC-1, that the security interest was terminated prior to General Motors’ chapter 11 filing, and that most of the indebtedness under the Term Loan is therefore unsecured. On cross-motions for summary judgment the bankruptcy court concluded that
DISCUSSION
At the heart of this dispute lies a straightforward question: Did the UCC-3 filing effectively terminate the Main Term Loan UCC-1 even though the intent of everyone involved was to terminate only UCC-1 security interests related to the Synthetic Lease? The answer to that question is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code. Because the secured debtor, General Motors, is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware, it is Delaware‘s version of the UCC that controls. See
A. UCC Provisions Concerning the Effectiveness of UCC-3 Filings
Prior to 2001, the UCC required that UCC-3 termination statements and other financing statement amendments be signed by the secured party of record. This complicated electronic filing because, among other reasons, electronic filing
Three sections of Revised Article 9 are particularly relevant to determining whether the UCC-3 effectively terminated the Main Term Loan UCC-1. First,
(d) [Effect of filing termination statement.] Except as otherwise provided in Section 9-510, upon the filing of a termination statement with the filing office, the financing statement to which the termination statement relates ceases to be effective.
(a) [Filed record effective if authorized.] A filed record is effective only to the extent that it was filed by a person that may file it under Section 9-509.
Finally,
(d) [Person entitled to file certain amendments.] A person may file an amendment other than an amendment that adds collateral covered by a financing statement or an amendment that adds a debtor to a financing statement only if:
(1) the secured party of record authorizes the filing; or
(2) [circumstances inapplicable to the facts of this case].
Thus, whether the UCC-3 filing effectively terminated the Main Term Loan UCC-1 depends on whether the secured party of record, JPMorgan, authorized the filing.
B. Authority to File Under Delaware UCC Article 9
All agree that to be effective, a UCC-3 must be authorized, but the parties vigorously dispute whether JPMorgan authorized the filing in question. In JPMorgan‘s view, the UCC-3 filing cannot have been authorized because the Termination Agreement granted Mayer Brown authority only as to the Synthetic Lease and because no one at Mayer Brown, Simpson Thacher, General Motors, or
The Committee contends that focusing on the parties’ goal (termination of the Synthetic Lease) misses the point. In its view, the relevant question is not whether JPMorgan authorized termination of the security interest underlying the Term Loan but whether it (even if mistakenly) authorized the act of filing the UCC-3 statement that identified that interest for termination. According to the Committee, although JPMorgan did not intend or authorize the legal result of the Main Term Loan UCC-1‘s termination, it did review and authorize Mayer Brown to file the UCC-3 that had that effect.
Intertwined in this appeal are two closely related questions. First, the question we certify below, is what precisely a secured lender of record must authorize for a UCC-3 termination statement to be effective: Must the secured lender authorize the termination of the particular security interest that the UCC-3 identifies for termination, or is it enough that the secured lender authorize the act of filing a UCC-3 statement that has that effect? Second, a question we will address upon receipt of the Delaware court‘s answer: Did JPMorgan grant to Mayer Brown the relevant authority — that is, alternatively, authority either to
Although the bankruptcy court below and JPMorgan on appeal tend to conflate the two questions, doing so obscures the issue. Asking whether there was “was authoriz[ation] . . . to terminate JPMorgan‘s security interest on the unrelated Term Loan,” In re Motors Liquidation Co., 486 B.R. at 617, assumes an answer to the first question and moves directly on to the second. Similarly, JPMorgan‘s argument that the UCC-3 filing was unauthorized because Mayer Brown did not believe it was authorized to terminate the Main Term Loan UCC-1, Appellee Br. 36–38, is unpersuasive unless one assumes that a lender must authorize termination of a particular security interest and not simply the UCC-3 filing itself.
The two questions must be taken up separately. The first, what it is that a secured lender must authorize, is an issue of statutory interpretation. The second, whether JPMorgan granted the relevant authority, requires an application of traditional principles of agency law to assess the scope of Mayer Brown‘s authorization. Because the first question is an issue of first impression in the interpretation of Delaware UCC Article 9 and may be determinative of the
1. Question for Certification: What Must a Secured Lender Authorize?
As explained above, the efficacy of UCC-3 amendments is governed by Delaware‘s version of the UCC Article 9. Revised Article 9 eliminated the requirement that secured lenders authorize UCC-3 amendments by signature and now gives effect to records filed by anyone at all, as long as “the secured party of record authorizes the filing.”
In support of the first interpretation, the Committee references the language of UCC Article 9, which requires that a secured lender authorize a person to “file” particular “records,” not that a lender authorize a person to accomplish particular legal consequences (that is, authorization to terminate or
JPMorgan understands the authorization requirement differently. In its view, authority to file pursuant to UCC Article 9 depends on the goals of the secured lender and the authority it has granted in pursuit of those goals. JPMorgan reasons that it cannot have granted Mayer Brown authority to file the UCC-3 that identified the Main Term Loan UCC-1 for termination because JPMorgan neither intended to terminate the security interest underlying the Main Term Loan nor authorized Mayer Brown to do so. Under this view, a lender‘s authorization to file a UCC-3 termination statement would require its authorization to effect the legal result of that filing— termination of the specified UCC-1.
In re A.F. Evans Co. involved a debtor that wished to sell two partnership interests it owned that were encumbered by security interests held by City National Bank (“CNB“). 2009 WL 2821510, at *1. The debtor offered to repay a portion of its debts and requested that CNB release its interests in the two partnerships (but not its interest in a third partnership that the debtor did not plan to sell). To facilitate the closing, the debtor prepared two draft UCC-3 amendments that removed the two partnerships from the collateral covered by CNB‘s UCC-1. CNB approved the draft UCC-3s, which were submitted to an escrow agent for filing. Sometime before filing, however, the escrow agent mistakenly added checkmarks to UCC-3 Box 2, the termination box. With Box 2 checked, the forms indicated that the entire UCC-1—and by extension CNB‘s
In concluding that CNB‘s security interest in the third property had not been terminated by these UCC-3 filings, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of California noted that the UCC-3s that CNB reviewed had not borne the mistaken checkmarks and reasoned that the escrow agent had not been authorized to file a UCC-3 in a form other than that approved and to thereby terminate CNB‘s entire security interest. Id. at *3–4. However, because the error was introduced by the escrow agent after the lender reviewed the UCC-3s, the court had no reason to reach the critical issue in this case: whether the lender‘s review and approval of the UCC-3s bearing the mistake would have provided the “authorization to file” required to make the UCC-3 records effective.
In Ward, when a debtor paid off a portion of a loan secured by an interest in his property, an employee of the lender, Granite Bank, inadvertently filed a UCC-3 statement terminating the bank‘s entire security interest, rather than amending its interest to reflect the amount the debtor had repaid. See 479 B.R. at 391-93. The United States Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of North Carolina reasoned that the lender was bound by the filing, despite its unintended effect, because the bank had authorized the employee to file UCC-3 records on its behalf. In applying
Although these cases are helpful, neither they nor the other cases cited by the parties squarely address the precise question at issue in this case. We have regularly deferred to the views of state high courts in areas of first impression and elect to do so here rather than make a pronouncement on an important issue of Delaware law. Because the case presents a question of first impression that “seem[s] likely to recur and to have significance beyond the interests of the
Under UCC Article 9, as adopted into Delaware law by
Del. Code Ann. tit. 6, art. 9 , for a UCC-3 termination statement to effectively extinguish the perfected nature of a UCC-1 financing statement, is it enough that the secured lender review and knowingly approve for filing a UCC-3 purporting to extinguish the perfected security interest, or must the secured lender intend to terminate the particular security interest that is listed on the UCC-3?
The important and urgent reason for an immediate determination by the Delaware Supreme Court of the question certified above is that the question is one of first instance in the State of Delaware. See Del. Sup. Ct. R. 41.
In accordance with Rule 41, it is recommended that briefs be filed in the Delaware Supreme Court in the following order:
Opening Brief: Plaintiff-Appellant Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Company
Responding Brief: Defendant-Appellee JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Reply Brief: Plaintiff-Appellant Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Company
2. Whether Authorization Occurred
The Delaware Supreme Court‘s clarification as to the sense in which a secured party of record must authorize a UCC-3 filing will enable us to address the second question presented by this appeal—whether JPMorgan in fact
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, we certify the above question to the Delaware Supreme Court. Upon receipt of the Delaware court‘s response to the certified question, jurisdiction will automatically be restored to this Court to resolve all remaining issues as needed; the returned appeal will be assigned to this panel.