MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter originally came before the Court as: (1) related appeals from an order of the Bankruptcy Court, dated November 26, 2003, which retroactively approved the filing of Adversary Proceeding No. 03-1014 (the “Adversary Proceeding”) by the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (the “Committee”) in the underlying Chapter 11 proceedings; and (2) a motion to withdraw reference of the Adversary Proceeding from the Bankruptcy Court. The Adversary Proceeding asserts fraudulent transfer and breach of fiduciary duty claims arising out of a 1999 transaction in which the Debtor redeemed shares of its preferred stock.
More specifically, in 1999 the controlling shareholders of the Debtor undertook a reorganization of the company from a “C” corporation to an “S” corporation, ostensibly to achieve certain tax benefits. As part of its conversion to an “S” corporation, the Debtor reorganized its stock shares into a single class of stock. In doing so, the controlling shareholders implemented a redemption of the Debtor’s preferred stock shares at prices that, according to the Committee, were unjustifiably high. To fund the redemption, it is alleged, the Debtor borrowed some $4 million from various lending institutions and secured these loans with liens against the Debtor’s assets. The Committee contends that the lenders were aware the loans were being used to redeem the shares at inflated prices. The Committee further avers that the Debtor was either insolvent ■ at the time of the stock redemption or was rendered insolvent as a result of it.
After the parties submitted their initial briefs on the consolidated appeals, this Court, upon agreement' of the parties, granted the Antos Group’s motion to withdraw our reference of the Adversary Proceeding in its entirety. As a result of our order granting the motion to withdraw the reference, we now have original jurisdiction over the Adversary Proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(d) and § 1334(b). Accordingly, we construe the Defendants’ consolidated appeals as a motion to reconsider the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling. For the reasons set forth below, we conclude that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in granting the Creditors’ Committee permission to prosecute Adversary Proceeding No. 03-1014. The Bankruptcy Court’s Order of November 26, 2003 therefore stands and the Committee has derivative standing to pursue its claims.
I. BACKGROUND
National Forge Company (“NFC”) and National Forge Components, Inc. (“NFC Components”) are companies previously engaged in the business of manufacturing heavy, precision-machined, forged steel components of high metallurgical quality, including crankshafts used in diesel locomotives and power generation systems, pipemolds for use in centrifugal casting of ductile pipe, and hard target warhead casings for use by the U.S. armed forces. NFC is a wholly owned subsidiary of NFC Holdings (“Holdings”), which was formed in 1995 to facilitate the acquisition of a British plant and corporation by NFC’s emplоyees. On March 6, 2002 NFC, NFC Holdings, and NFC Components (collectively, the “Debtor”) each filed petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. These petitions were later consolidated for joint administration. As is common in Chapter 11 eases, the Debtor remained in control of the assets of the companies as Debtor-in-Possession.
Prior to filing its Chapter 11 petition, the Debtor was indebted to the Banks under a credit agreement dated April 6, 1998. Pursuant to this pre-petition credit agreement, the Banks agreed to provide the Debtor with loans and various other financial accommodations which were secured by first priority liens and security interests in substantially all of the Debt- or’s assets.
On March 12, 2002, the Bankruptcy Court entered an interim order (the “Interim DIP Order”) authorizing the Debtor to enter into the DIP Financing Agreement and to secure post-petition financing on a super-priority basis. The Order gave the as-yet-inchoate unsecured creditors committee ninety (90) days from the date of its appointment in which to “properly file” an adversary proceeding challenging the validity, enforceability or priority of the Banks’ security interest and liens and/or asserting any other claims or causes of action. [Bankr.Doc. 25]. In the absence of a timely filed action, the Committee would be bound by the Debtor’s admissions concerning the liens.
On March 21, 2002, the Committee was appointed to represent the interests of the Debtor’s unsecured creditors. [Bankr. Doc. No. 44.] A meeting was held immediately thereafter and the Committee retained its present legal counsel. On April 1, 2002, the Committee filed an application to employ financial advisors and accountants to assist in its due diligence review. [Bankr.Doc. No. 75].
On April 2, 2002, the Bankruptcy Court signed an order (the “Final DIP Order”) finalizing the Interim DIP Order and, upon the Committee’s request, extending its time for action from ninety (90) to one hundred twenty (120) days. [Bankr.Doc. No. 78.] Thereafter, between July of 2002 and January of 2003, the Banks and the Committee entered into a number of stipulations which acknowledged the Committee’s on-going investigations relative to possible claims or avoidance actions against the Banks and further extended the 120-day deadline for the filing of such claims or actions. The fifth and final stipulation extended the time for action to January 31, 2003.
Meanwhile, on November 27, 2002, NFC and NFC Components filed a Joint Plan of Liquidation and a related Disclosure Statement. 2 The Plan contemplated the sale of substantially all the Debtor’s assets with the proceeds and any remaining assets re-vesting in an entity to be known as Liquidating NFC for distribution to creditors. Among the assets to be acquired by Liquidating NFC under the Plan were the Debtor’s “Rights of Action,” defined broadly to include:
a claim, demand, right, defense, action, cause of action, suit, damage, offset, power, or privilege of any kind or character whatsoever, known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, whether arising prior to, on, or after the Petition Date, in contract or in tort, at law or inequity, or under any other theory of law, held by NFC or Components against any Person, including but not limited to: (i) all avoidance powers, actions, rights, or remedies under Sections 544 through 553 and 724 of the Bankruptcy Code or any similar or related law ...
The Plan and Disclosure Statement, as later amended, contemplated that Liquidating NFC would act through “Responsible Officers,” subsequently identified by the Debtor as Defendant Cashman (Debt- or’s Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and CFO) and Defendant Kaemmerer (Debtor’s Assistant Treasurer and Assistant Secretary). The Amended Disclosure Statement identified Cashman and Kaem-merer, along with Defendants Clark (Debt- or’s Chairman, President and CEO) and Beyeler (Debtor’s Vice President and Director of Marketing and Quality) as the Debtor’s “key employees.”
The terms of the Debtor’s Joint Plan were substantially impacted by the impending sale of its assets. On January 7, 2003, the Debtor’s assets were sold for $30,700,000 at a public auction conducted by the Bankruptcy Court. Because the auction generated some $5.7 million more in- revenue than originally anticipated, it was projected that the unsecured creditors would perhaps receive as much as ninety-five percent (95%) satisfaction of their claims once the sale was closed.
At a hearing held on January 15, 2003, the Bankruptcy Court addressed the Committee’s position concerning the possible filing of the Adversary Proceeding in light of these events. [Bankr.Doc. No. 554.] The fifth and final stipulation between the Committee and the Banks had extended the Committee’s time for filing to January 31, 2003, the date by which the Debtor’s sale of assets was to be consummated. According to the Banks’ counsel, this extension of time served merely as a “placeholder,” i.e.- — something to preserve the Committee’s right of action until the Committee was satisfied that its constituency would receive a favorable distribution under the Plan. {Id. at pp. 23-24.) Apparently, the Banks had anticipated that the fraudulent conveyance action would be abandoned by the Committee following the closing on the sale in light of the substantial distribution that the unsecured creditors expected to receive. At the January 15 hearing, counsel for the Committee acknowledged that, while due diligence had been completed relative to the 1999 stock redemption and a complaint against the Banks drafted, the Committee had intentionally held off filing the complaint in order to allow the parties to focus on completing the sales process and determining the ultimate distribution to be made to the unsecured creditors. Counsel for the Committee posited that “[t]he reason we extended [the filing deadline] to January 31st is because we would know at that point whether or not a closing would have occurred on what is proposed before this court right now in terms of dollar figures, to get us to a 95-percent distribution.” {Id. at p. 26.)
On January 31, 2003, the closing on the sale of Debtor’s assets was consummated. From the sale proceeds, the Banks were paid some $12 million in satisfaction of their preferred claims against the Debtor. On that date, the Committee evidently sought a further extension of time in order to preserve its fraudulent transfer claims, but the Banks declined the request. Faced with the possibility of forever forfeiting its cause of action against the Banks, the Committee on January 31, 2003 filed the Adversary Proceeding. Because it viewed the Directors and Remaining Individual Defendants as potentially indispensable parties, the Committee sued them as well.
In response to the Banks’ objection, the Debtor maintained that: (a) the Banks were not entitled to reimbursement of their legal fees under the relevant loan documents, and (b) all legitimate claims by the Banks were otherwise being fully satisfied under the Plan. As for the Committee’s objections, the Debtor asserted that the Committee lacked standing to prosecute the Adversary Proceeding due to its failure to obtain prior approval from the Bankruptcy Court and that the Committee had both violated the automatic stay and usurped the Debtor’s power.
The Director Defendants similarly challenged the Committee’s standing to pursue the Adversary Proceeding. They argued that all “rights of action” vested with Liquidating NFC under the Plan, that the designated “responsible officers” of Liquidating NFC (later officially designated as Cashman and Kaemmerer) should be in charge of such matters, and that any party dissatisfied with their performance could seek relief with the Bankruptcy Court.
The parties attempted to resolve their outstanding objections at the confirmation hearing held on February 28, 2003. Ultimately, however, all parties agreed that, in the interest of achieving confirmation of the Plan, the disputes concerning the Adversary Proceeding could, and should, be reserved for another day. As for the Banks’ claims for indemnification, the parties agreed to set aside a $450,000.00 reserve for the reimbursement of such legal fees as the Bankruptcy Court might ultimately allow. In addition, the parties agreed to strike from the Plan the disputed release provision and include in the proposed Confirmation Order a clause specifically preserving all parties’ rights with regard to the Adversary Proceeding.
The parties next determined that the most appropriate way to frame the issue of the Committee’s standing was for the Committee to file an “emergency motion” seeking clarification of its standing or, if necessary, retroactive authority to prosecute the Adversary Proceeding. Accordingly, on March 7, 2003, the Committee filed its “Emergency Motion” for a court order clarifying that it has the authority to investigate, assert, pursue and settle the adversarial claims or, in the alternative,
On April 1, 2003 the Bankruptcy Court held a status conference relative to the Committee’s Emergency Motion. At the conference it was noted that NFC and the union had reached a proposed universal settlement of $650,000 to resolve claims previously asserted by NFC’s former hourly employees arising out of the rejection of their collective bargaining agreement. Upon the Union’s formal endorsement and the Bankruptcy Court’s approval of this proposed settlement, the last major impediment to plan confirmation would be resolved. However, the Committee projected that approval of the settlement would result in a distribution to general unsecured creditors of approximately 60 percent of their claims, as opposed to the 95 percent distribution that had been previously projected. Given this disparity, the Committee professed a continued interеst in prosecuting the Adversary Proceeding.
The Banks, Debtor, and Directors disputed the Committee’s authority to pursue the Adversary Proceeding, disputed the merits of the Committee’s claims, and asserted that the costliness of the litigation made any grant of derivative standing improvident. Nevertheless, the Debtor urged the Bankruptcy Court to forego resolution of the Committee’s Emergency Motion until after the Joint Plan of Liquidation was confirmed. The Banks and Directors also advocated delaying resolution of the Committee’s Emergency Motion pending the Third Circuit’s rehearing en banc of
The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Cybergenics Corp. v. Chinery,
On April 30, 2003, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order confirming the Joint Plan of Liquidation. The Confirmation Order incorporated a reservation of all parties’ rights to assert their respective positions regarding the Committee’s authority, or lack thereof, to file and prosecute the Adversary Proceeding. In addition, the Confirmation Order approved a $450,000.00 reserve for the payment of such indemnification claims by the Banks as might ultimately be allowed by the Bankruptcy Court.
On July 17, 2003, the Bankruptcy Court held a hearing on the Debtor’s Emergency Motion to Approve Initial Distributions [Bankr.Doc. No. 1027]. The motion was filed because Cashman and Kaemmerer, the designated “Responsible Officers” of Liquidating NFC, wanted to ensure that, in making initial distributions to creditors, sufficient reserves were maintained to cover the costs of the Adversary Proceeding. In filing its motion, the Debtor expressed concern, inter alia, that the Creditors’ Committee had not formally set any cap on its anticipated counsel fees relative to the Adversary Proceeding. In response, the Committee’s counsel agreed to cap their fees and expenses at $300;000 and accept a contingency fee arrangement of 1/3 of any future recovery (less any fee amounts recovered as part of the $300,000 cap). The Bankruptcy Court ordered that a reserve of $2,000,000.00 be set aside to cover the expense of the Adversary Proceeding.
In the meantime, on May 29, 2003, the Third Circuit rendered its en banc opinion in
Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Cybergenics Corp. v. Chinery (“Cybergenics IF’),
On November 26, 2003, the Bankruptcy Court issued an order granting the Committee “nunc pro tunc to January 31, 2003, the authority to assert, pursue and/or settle those claims raised in the Adversary Proceeding filed by the Committee against the banks and certain other individual Defendants.” [Bankr.Doc. No. 703.] Separate appeals were then taken from this Order by the Banks, the Directors, and the Remaining Individual Defendants. Those appeals were consolidated and the relevant issues have been fully briefed. Because we have since withdrawn our prior reference of the Adversary Proceeding to the Bankruptcy Court, we will construe the Defendants’ arguments as motions to reconsider the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Normally, motions for reconsideration are decided under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) or 60(b). Neither of those rules pertains here because the Defendants are seeking reconsideration of an interlocutory ruling, rather than a final judgment or order.
3
See Bausch & Lomb Inc. v. Moria S.A.,
III. DISCUSSION
At the heart of this matter is the following issue: under what circumstances, if
Section 544(b) of the Bankruptcy Code gives the trustee — and by extension, a debtor-in-possession in Chapter 11 cases — both the power and the responsibility to bring fraudulent transfer actions so as to maximize the value of the bankruptcy estate.
4
See Louisiana World Exposition v. Federal Ins. Co. (“LWE II”),
The ability of a creditors’ committee to obtain derivative standing is often critical to the preservation of estate assets and serves important interests, particularly in the context of a Chapter 11 reorganization:
... In Chapter 11 cases where no trustee is appointed, § 1107(a) provides that the debtor-in-possession, i.e., the debt- or’s management, enjoys the powers that would otherwise vest in the bankruptcy trustee. Along with those powers, of course, comes the trustee’s fiduciary duty to maximize the value of the bankruptcy estate.
This situation immediately gives rise to the proverbial problem of the fox guarding the henhouse. If no trustee is appointed, the debtor — really, the debt- or’s management — bears a fiduciary duty to avoid fraudulent transfers that it itself made. One suspects that if managers can devise any opportunity to avoid bringing a claim that would amount to reputational self-immolation, they will seize it.... For that reason, courts and commentators have acknowledged that the debtor-in-possession “often acts under the influence of conflicts of interest.” ... These conflicts of interest can arise even in situations where there is no concern that a debtor’s management is trying to save its own skin. For example, a debtor may be unwilling to pursue claims against individuals or businesses, such as critical suppliers, with whom it has an ongoing relationship that it fears damaging.... Finally, even if a bankrupt debtor is willing to bring an avoidance action, it might be too financially weakened to advocate vigorously for itself. In any of these situations, the real losers are the unsecured creditors whose interests avoidance actions are designed to protect.
The possibility of a derivative suit by a creditors’ committee provides a critical safeguard against lax pursuit of avoidance actions.... [P]arties to bankruptcy workouts are typically sophisticated, and ... they understand that their actions will likely be scrutinized after thefact.... They also understand that, even though a debtor’s management may be reluctant to pursue an avoidance action, a creditors’ committee will not be so hesitant. Therefore, the mere threat of a creditors’ committee suit is often a potent deterrent to overreaching by creditors and insiders....
Despite its importance to the proper functioning of the bankruptcy scheme, however, the ability оf creditors’ committees to sue derivatively is not without limits. As the en banc court noted in Cybergenics II, the right of creditors’ committees to file suits on behalf of the Debtor is a qualified right:
The policy concern evident in § 544(b) is the need to channel avoidance actions through the trustee [or the Chapter 11 debtor-in-possession], who acts as a gatekeeper and prevents independent avoidance actions by creditors that might prejudice the estate and rival creditors. The Supreme Court stated as much in Hartford Underwriters [Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A.] when it expressed concern about the parties “usurp(ing) the trustee’s role as representative of the estate.”530 U.S. at 8-9 ,120 S.Ct. 1942 ,147 L.Ed.2d 1 . This representative role explains why § 544(b) allows the trustee [or Chapter 11 DIP], but not a creditors’ committee, to bring an avoidance action on its own authority, ie., without court permission. But that provision does not foreclose a bankruptcy court’s equitable power to substitute itself as gatekeeper when the trustee [or debtor] is delinquent, and to allow a creditors’ committee to pursue an avoidance action for the estate’s direct benefit rather than its own. The end result of this equitable remedy — the estate’s recovery of fraudulently transferred property — is precisely what Congress envisioned ...
To ensure that the Chapter 11 debtor’s gate-keeping role is not arbitrarily usurped, courts have generally recognized derivative standing only where: (i) the creditor has alleged a colorable claim that would benefit the estate (ii) the debtor has unjustifiably refused to pursue the claim itself; and (iii) the creditors’ committee has obtained permission from the bankruptcy court to initiate the action on behalf of the estate.
See generally Fogel v. Zell,
In this case the Committee did not formally petition the Debtor to bring the Adversary Proceeding, nor did the Committee formally petition the Bankruptcy Court for, or obtain, an express grant of derivative standing prior to filing the Adversary Proceeding. The Bankruptcy Court excused the Committee’s failure to petition the Debtor on the ground that any request to file suit, under the facts of this case, would have been futile. As for the Committee’s failure to formally petition the Bankruptcy Court for a grant of derivative standing, the Bankruptcy Court found that the Committee already possessed the requisite authority to sue the Banks by virtue of certain language contained in the Final DIP Order and the subsequent Stipulations. With regard to the Committee’s claims against the Di
A. Is The Committee’s Complaint Barred By Its Failure To Have Formally Petitioned the Debtor To File Suit AND/Or Its Failure To Have Obtained Formal Leave Of Court Prior To Filing the Adversary Proceeding?
We first address the argument that, in filing Adversary Proceeding No. 03-1014, the Committee violated well-established procedures relative to obtaining derivative standing. The Committee’s failure to make a formal demand upon the Debtor to pursue the avoidance action, coupled with its failure to formally petition the Bankruptcy Court for leave to file suit, Defendants argue, is fatal to the Committee’s claims.
As to the first point, the Bankruptcy Court excused the Committee’s failure to petition the Debtor to file suit on the ground that any such request, under the circumstances of this case, would have been futile. Other federal courts have recognized such an exception where it is plain from the record that no action on the part of the debtor would have been forthcoming.
See, e.g., LWE I,
We agree that courts can, under appropriate circumstances, excuse a creditors’ committee’s failure to formally request a debtor to file suit. We further find that the Bankruptcy Court did not abuse its discretion or commit any manifest error of law in excusing the Committee in this case. The policy concerns underlying the general requirement of a formal demand are to ensure that the debtor is (i) informed of the committee’s intent to assert the subject claims and (ii) afforded an opportunity to explain its reasons, if any, for declining to pursue the claims itself.
See In re Catwil Corp.,
In this case, both of the foregoing concerns were satisfied. Language in both the Interim and Final DIP Orders as well as the numerous Stipulations put all parties on notice that the Creditors’ Committee would be charged with the responsibility of investigating the legitimacy of the Banks’ claims and, if appropriate, challenging those claims through litigation. At all times, the Debtor was well aware of the Committee’s involvement in investigating the 1999 stock redemption with an eye toward possibly filing an avoidance action. Furthermore, the Debtor (through its key employees) at all times fervently opposed the action and had ample opportunity to articulate to the Bankruptcy Court its disagreement with the Committee’s theory and its reasons for opposing the litigation. Thus, the Debtor was in no way prejudiced
Moreover, the Bankruptcy Court was fully justified in concluding that the Debt- or would have declined to file the Adversary Proceeding had a formal request been made by the Committee. At the commencement of this Chapter 11 case, the Debtor waived all rights it had to contest the Bank’s claims by express language in the Interim and Final DIP Orders. Thus, the Debtor clearly could not have pressed the Adversary Proceeding against the Banks. Instead, the responsibility to investigate and challenge the Banks’ claims passed directly to the Creditors’ Committee as set forth in the Interim and Final DIP Orders. There were also obstacles effectively preventing the Debtor from bringing avoidance and/or breach of fiduciary claims against the Individual Defendants. The Debtor’s “key employees”— Clark, Cashman, Beyeler, and Kaemmerer — who presumably would have been instrumental in asserting such claims, are all named defendants in the Adversary Proceeding as well as beneficiaries of the 1999 stock redemption and, thus, would have been operating under a patent conflict of interest if faced with a demand to file suit. 5 The remaining Individual Defendants likewise are corporate insiders and/or beneficiaries of the 1999 stock redemption and, at all times, they have opposed the filing of the Adversary Proceeding. And, as the Bankruptcy Court observed, the “Debtor attempted to protect the Banks and its [own] Key Employees who are also the Individual Defendants by including inappropriate releases in the Amended [Confirmation] Plan, which it removed after the Court advised that the Amended Plan could not be confirmed with the inappropriate release language.” (Mem. Op. of 1/ 29/04 at p. 15.)
In sum, the record here amply supports the Bankruptcy Court’s finding that a formal request upon the Debtor to file an avoidance action would have been futile. There is no assertion by any named Defendant that the Debtor would have seriously entertained the idea of asserting the claims now pressed by the Committee. Accordingly, we agree with the Bankruptcy Court that the Committee’s failure to have formally petitioned the Debtor to file suit should not stand as an impediment to its prosecution of thе Adversary Proceeding.
The Defendants also contend that the Committee’s failure to obtain formal leave of court prior to filing the lawsuit bars its claims. Simply stated, they appear to advocate a per se rule that derivative standing must always be formally obtained pri- or to the commencement of an adversary proceeding.
Numerous federal courts have allowed retroactive grants of derivative standing under appropriate circumstances.
See generally In re Spaulding Composites Co., Inc.,
B. Did the Bankruptcy Court Err in Granting the Committee Derivative Standing Nunc Pro Tunc to January 31, 2003?
While the Bankruptcy Court’s November 26, 2003 Order generally granted the Committee nunc pro tunc authority to prosecute the Adversary Proceeding, the court’s memorandum opinion of January 29, 2004 explains that the retroactive grant of derivative standing really pertains only to the Committee’s claims against the Directors and the Antos Group, as the Bankruptcy Court believed that the claims against the Banks had been previously authorized by certain language contained in the Final DIP Order and the subsequent Stipulations. Initially, then, we will consider the Bankruptcy Court’s .decision to retroactively allow the Committee to pursue its claims against the Directors and the Remaining Individual Defendants.
The Bankruptcy Court made its grant of approval retroactive to January 31, 2003, the date on which the Committee filed its Adversary Proceeding. Assuming that such retroactive relief is not barred as a matter of law, the Defendants nevertheless contend that the Bankruptcy Court committed procedural error by applying the wrong legal standard for the granting of nunc pro tunc relief. According to Defendants, nunc pro tunc relief is available only in “extraordinary circumstances” which, according to Defendants, are not present here. The Antos Group further claims, irrespective of the nunc pro tunc issue, that the Bankruptcy Court erred as a substantive matter in determining that the Committee has standing to prosecute the Adversary Proceeding. We consider the latter issue first.
1. Was the Bankruptcy Court’s Grant of Derivative Standing Appropriate as a Substantive Matter?
The Antos Group contends that, as a matter of substantive law, the Committee should not have been permitted to prosecute the Adversary Proceeding because the Committee has not asserted colorable claims and because a refusal by the Debtor to bring the action would not have been unreasonable. We agree that Defendants have raised issues relevant to a
We conclude that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in granting the Committee derivative standing. First, it is evident that the Bankruptcy Court found the Committee’s claims to be colorable. Accepting as true the Committee’s averments, the Bankruptcy Court considered the legal sufficiency of those claims:
The Creditors’ Committee asserts that in March, 1999, the Controlling Class B shareholders implemented a shareholder reorganization under which the Debtor corporation redeemed the shares of Class B stock in the Debtor at unjustified prices. The $5.7 million which was needed in order to redeem the controlling shareholders’ stock was not fully available and $4 million was borrowed fr[o]m the Banks. The Banks were aware that the loan was being used to fund the redemption and the loan was secured by liens on the Debtor’s assets. Within three years, on March 6, 2002, the Debtor was forced to file bankruptcy under Chapter 11. The Creditors’ Committee asserts that the Debtor was insolvent when the stock redemption was accomplished, or was rendered insolvent thereby, thus creating fraudulent transfer claims against the Banks and certain transferees and breach of fiduciary duty claims against the Debtor’s officers. The above bare-bones facts state, at least, a colorable claim. While there may be adequate defenses which come to light whеn answers to the Complaint are filed, the claim in its present form is colorable.
(Mem. Op. of 1/ 29/04 [Bankr.Doc. No. 1461] at pp. 13-14.)
We find no manifest legal error in the Bankruptcy Court’s assessment of the Committee’s claims. The Antos Group and the Banks take issue with the Committee’s factual assertions that: (1) the Debtor was rendered “insolvent” by virtue of the 1999 stock redemption, and (2) at the time of the stock redemption, there existed a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under 11 U.S.C. § 502. Both of these challenged asser
The Antos Group further contends that, even if the Committee’s claims are colorable, the Debtor would have been justified in refusing to bring such claims. In determining whether a Debtor’s refusal is unjustified, court generally perform a cost-benefit analysis of the claims to determine whether the creditors’ claims have colorable merit and whether, in light of the probable costs of litigation, the claims would likely benefit the estate if pursued.
See In re America’s Hobby Center, Inc.,
In this case, because the Committee never requested the Debtor to file suit, there was no formal refusal by the Debtor, and the Bankruptcy Court therefore had no occasion to formally assess whether the Debtor’s refusal was unjustified. Nevertheless, it is evident that the Bankruptcy Court undertook a cost/benefit analysis of the Adversary Proceeding consistent with the aforementioned factors and, to that end, it made the following observations:
* the recovery for unsecured creditors under the terms of the Debtor’s Plan, which at one point was anticipated to be approximately 95 percent, now is expected to be much less;
* the Committees’ fraudulent transfer claims are facially colorable;
* the funds which would be incurred by the Committee in prosecuting the Adversary Proceeding were monies which would have benefitted the Committee’s constituency;
* no other parties would be adversely affected by the expenditure of funds by the Committee (as the secured creditors were being paid in full under the Plan);
* the Key Employees of the Debtor and/or responsible persons controlling Liquidating NFC who would have been responsible for pursing the avoidance action on behalf of the Debtor were also named Defendants in the suit; thus, they had an obvious interest in opposing thе litigation;
* the Debtor had early on waived any challenges it might have made as against the Banks’ claims;
* as a result of the foregoing, the Creditors’ Committee was the only appropriate party to pursue the avoidance claims;
* the Debtor had taken inconsistent positions with respect to whether the avoidance action would or would not impact the Debtor’s proposed Plan;
* the Debtor had attempted to protect the Banks and its Key Employees from the avoidance action by attempting to include inappropriate release language in the proposed plan.
Implicit in the Bankruptcy Court’s grant of derivative standing is a finding that the Debtor’s opposition to the filing of the Adversary Proceeding was contrary to the best interests of the estate and, therefore, unjustified. We find no fault with the Bankruptcy Court’s conclusion. Through this Adversary Proceeding, the Committee is pursuing a potential recovery of approximately $5.7 million. The Banks have estimated that their counsel fees and expenses may total $450,000, while the Committee has essentially agreed to cap its fees at $300,000 (the remainder, if any, to be recovered in the form of a 1/3 contingency fee, assuming the unsecured creditors prevail). A reserve of $2 million has been established to cover potential expenses, including professional fees and indemnity claims. As to the latter, we make no present judgment as to the viability of the Banks’ and Directors’ indemnification claims but merely note that they are contested claims and, consequently, it may turn out that the costs of suit fall short of the $2 million reserve. It appears the Committee’s constituency supports prosecution of the Adversary Proceeding, notwithstanding the fact that it will be financed, ultimately, with their funds.
8
There is no other party that can adequately protect the interests of the unsecured creditors: Liquidating NFC has a conflict of interest relative to the Adversary Proceeding and the appointment of a trustee
2. Did the Bankruptcy Court Err in Granting Derivative Standing Nunc Pro Tunc to January 31, 2003?
Having determined that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in allowing the Committee to pursue its fraudulent transfer claims, we next consider whether the Bankruptcy Court erred in making its grant of derivative standing retroactive to January 31, 2003, the date on which the Adversary Proceeding was filed. Defendants cite
In re Arkansas Co., Inc.,
In Arkansas Co., the Third Circuit Court of Appеals considered the appeal of a law firm which had been retained as legal counsel for a creditors’ committee but, through its own oversight, had failed to obtain the return of an affidavit certifying its retention and had also failed to file an application for court approval of its employment as required by 11 U.S.C. § 1103(a). 9 After some thirteen months of performing legal services for the committee, the law firm realized its mistake and promptly filed the requisite application for court approval, which was granted prospectively. ■ However, the bankruptcy court denied the law firm’s request for retroactive court approval covering its initial thirteen months of services, and the district court affirmed the denial. The law firm then appealed and the court of appeals affirmed the district court.
The court of appeals first rejected the view that such retroactive grants of approval are
per se
barred under federal bankruptcy law. Noting that “bankruptcy courts have traditionally been governed by equitable principles rather than statutory technicalities,”
Accordingly, while the court in
Arkansas Co.
recognized the bankruptcy courts’ discretion to grant retroactive approval of the appointment of a professional, it held that they should do so only under “extraordinary circumstances” which, according to the court, “do not include the mere neglect of the professional who was in a position to file a timely application.”
Thereafter, in exercising its discretion, the bankruptcy court must consider whether the particular circumstances in the case adequately excuse the failure to have sought prior approval. This will require consideration of factors such as whether the applicant or some other person bore responsibility for applying for approval; whether the applicant was under time pressure to begin service without approval; the amount of delay after the applicant learned that initial approval had not been granted; the extent to which compensation to the applicant will prejudice innocent third parties; and other relevant factors.
Id.
The court of appeals agreed with the district court that the law firm’s mere inadvertence in failing to obtain prior court approval was insufficient to warrant retroactive approval of its employment.
Id.
at 650 (“[T]he prophylactic statutory rule that approval must be sought in advance of performance of services is too strong to be
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals had occasion to again consider the propriety of retroactive approval of a professional’s employment in
In re F/S Airlease II, Inc.,
On appeal, the Third Circuit reversed the lower courts’ rulings approving Simon’s appointment
nunc pro tunc.
Applying the standard set forth in
Arkansas Co. Inc.,
the court concluded that there were no extraordinary circumstances to support Simon’s
nunc pro tunc
appointment. Of particular importance to the court’s analysis were two of the considerations laid out in
Arkansas Co., to wit,
(a) who bore the responsibility for compliance with the statutory mandate of prior court approval and (b) whether the applicant was under such time pressure to begin services that prior approval could not reasonably be sought. As to the first factor, the court found that Simon, a sophisticated businessman with legal representation, bore some responsibility for ensuring that the application for his employment was timely filed.
Defendants maintain that the teachings of Arkansas Co. and F/S Airlease apply in this case and thus, the Bankruptcy Court could not have retroactively authorized the Committee to pursue the Adversary Proceeding absent “extraordinary circumstances” which, Defendants argue, were lacking here. Otherwise stated, Defendants insist that, in any context where nunc pro tunc relief is being sought, such relief can only be justified upon a showing of “extraordinary circumstances.” Moreover, Defendants urge that a finding of “extraordinary circumstances” must be premised upon the considerations outlined in Arkansas Co., to wit: (i) whether the applicant or some other person bore responsibility for applying for approval; (ii) whether the applicant was under time pressure to begin service without approval; (iii) the amount of delay after the applicant learned that initial approval had not been granted; and (iv) the extent to which retroactive relief will prejudice innocent third parties. Consistent with the teachings of Arkansas Co. and F/S Airlease, Defendants argue, the delay in seeking court approval must be occasioned by circumstances beyond the applicant’s control and cannot be the result of the applicant’s mere inadvertence or laxity.
Neither the parties nor this Court have located a Third Circuit case applying the “extraordinary circumstances” doctrine in the precise context at issue here. Other courts within this circuit have applied that standard, in some fashion, outside of the context of retroactive approval of professional employment.
See, e.g., In re Lehigh Valley Professional Sports Clubs, Inc.,
While this Court acknowledges the binding authority set forth in
Arkansas Co.
and
F/S Airlease,
we do not agree with Defendants’ view that the factors identified in those cases are to be rigidly applied to the circumstances presented here. As our previous discussion illustrates,
Arkansas Co.
and
F/S Airlease
involved specific policy considerations quite distinct from those with which we are presently concerned. Specifically,
Arkansas Co.
and
F/S Air-lease
dealt with requests for the retroactive approval of professional employment in the face of
express statutory provisions
requiring prior court approval.
See
11 U.S.C. §§ 327(a) and 1103(a). Section 1103(a) of the Bankruptcy Code — the statute at issue in
Arkansas Co.
— had been incorporated into the Code as one of many provisions designed by Congress to curb perceived abuses in bankruptcy practice and procedure.
See
... In Arkansas, we explained our formulation of the “extraordinary circumstances” standard by reference to the legislative history and the important policies at stake. We noted that without such a standard, “the bankruptcy court may be overly inclined to grant such approval influenced by claims of hardship due to work already performed.”798 F.2d at 649 . We stated that, “[i]fretroactive approval were freely granted, it would subvert the prophylactic purpose underlying the statutory requirement of prior approval.” Id. Our holding in this case reiterates and reinforces that bright-line position.
F/S Airlease,
Given that these express statutory requirements were central to the
Arkansas Co.
and
F/S Airlease
decisions, it is questionable whether the • “extraordinary circumstances” standard even applies in situations where no express statutory mandate is implicated. In fact, some courts have suggested that the “extraordinary circumstances” standard should not apply where the retroactive relief being sought is rеlief from a less clearly defined judge-made requirement.
See In re Catwil Corp.,
In any event, even the somewhat stringent standard set forth in
Arkansas Co.
allows room for consideration of additional, “relevant factors” that might form the basis of an “extraordinary circumstances” finding.
See Arkansas Co.,
Instead, we find it useful to consider the policy interest underlying the general prerequisite of prior court approval in derivative standing actions which, as we see it, is the recognized need to involve the bankruptcy court as' a “gatekeeper.” Judicial oversight is considered critical in order to avoid a multiplicity of piecemeal litigation, particularly “independent avoidance actions by creditors which might prejudice the estate and rival creditors.”
Cybergenics II,
Prejudice can occur in numerous ways if creditors are permitted to file avoidance actions
carte blanche.
Piecemeal avoidance actions cause confusion among the parties and can interfere with the orderly administration of the bankruptcy estate.
See In re Curry and Sorensen, Inc.,
As we have previously discussed,
supra,
the court approval process is intended to ferret out situations in which the debtor, in failing to file suit, has abused its discretion or otherwise acted in derogation of its fiduciary duties to the estate.
See In re Gibson Group, Inc.,
Thus, the judicial requirement that bankruptcy courts act as “gatekeepers” in derivative standings cases is premised upon the dual goals of promoting the best interests of the bankruptcy estate (and ultimately, therefore, the creditors) while preventing undue usurpation of the debtor’s/trustee’s powers. Because bankruptcy courts “have traditionally been governed by equitable principles rather than statutory technicalities,”
Arkansas Co., su
pra, at 648, it seems appropriate to permit retroactive grants of derivative standing where equitable concerns so warrant and where the foregoing goals will not be com
(i) whether the court would have granted derivative standing prospectively in the first instance if court approval had been sought prior to the filing of the lawsuit;
(ii) whether retroactive approval of the claims would perpetuate confusion, undermine the Debtor’s efforts to reorganize, or otherwise compromise the orderly and efficient administration of the estate;
(iii) whether the plaintiff was under time pressure to commence suit before leave of court could formally be obtained,
(iv) the length of time that the plaintiff delayed in seeking court approval for the action,
(v) the extent to which retroactive approval would unfairly prejudice other parties,
(vi) whether the delay in seeking court approval was caused by something more than mere neglect or oversight on the part of the plaintiff;
(vii) whether, under the totality of circumstances, retroactive approval of the lawsuit would likely encourage laxity on the part of creditors or their counsel or a disregard for the general requirement of prior court authorization; and
(viii) whether ovеrriding principles of fairness require an examination of the plaintiffs claims notwithstanding the plaintiffs failure to obtain prior leave of court before commencing the lawsuit. 11
Applying these factors to the circumstances of this case, we find no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s decision granting the Committee permission, nunc pro tunc, to proceed with its lawsuit. We can safely infer, based on the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling, that it would have granted derivative standing in the first instance if the Committee had sought formal approval prior to filing its lawsuit. For the reasons set forth supra, we find no error in this regard, having previously determined that the Bankruptcy Court’s grant of derivative standing was appropriate as a substantive matter. Specifically, we have found that the Bankruptcy Court was justified in concluding that the Committee’s claims were colorable and of significant potential benefit to the unsecured creditors and that the Debtor’s actions in opposing the filing of the Adversary Proceeding were contrary to the best interests of the estate. We have further found that the Committee is the only party in a position to adequately advance the interests of the unsecured creditors. Thus, the record supports a finding that the Bankruptcy Court would have authorized the Committee’s avoidance action if such authorization had been sought prior to the January 31, 2003 filing deadline.
Defendants make much of the fact that the Committee reportedly had its complaint prepared prior to October 1, 2002 and therefore, the argument goes, the Committee was under no time constraints which prevented it from seeking court approval prior to the filing of the Adversary Proceeding. It does indeed appear that there was a window of opportunity, prior to the January 31, 2003 filing deadline, within which the Committee could have sought court authorization for the lawsuit. To some extent, this fact weighs against retroactive approval of the action. However, we note that the Committee sought court approval within about six months from the time its complaint was drafted and less than two months after it had filed the Adversary Proceeding and no party appears to have been seriously prejudiced by the delay.
Moreover, it appears that counsel’s delay in seeking the requisite court authorization was borne of more than mere neglect and oversight. In this case, the Committee’s assessment of the advisability of the Adversary Proceeding was impacted somewhat by the sale of the Debtor’s assets. The record reflects that the Committee delayed commencing the Adversary Proceeding in part because it wanted to allow the parties to focus on the sale of the Debtor’s assets, after which point it could make a more meaningful assessment of the likely return on claims submitted by the unsecured creditors. Unfortunately, the closing occurred on the last day for filing the avoidance claims and the Committee, having been unable to secure from the Banks a stipulation for further extension of the deadline, proceeded to file its lawsuit.
It is true that the Committee’s failure to seek prior court approval for the action was in part due to its misconception that, as to the claims against the Banks, 12 it already possessed the requisite court authorization to pursue the Adversary Proceeding by virtue of certain language contained in the Interim and Final Dip Orders and the Stipulations with the Banks. Although, for reasons discussed infra, we conclude that this theory is misguided, it is not unreasonable under the circumstances and, notably, it is a view which the Bankruptcy Court shared. Accordingly, to the extent the Committee’s failure to seek formal court approval was the result of “oversight,” the oversight is more defensible than the failure to conform to express statutory requirements involved in Arkansas Co. and F/S Airlease.
Further, the concern of the
Arkansas Co.
Court that
nunc pro tunc
relief might result in the application of lenient standards is not implicated here. In
Arkansas Co.,
the Third Circuit expressed reservation that, if
nunc pro tunc
approval of counsel were not limited to cases involving extraordinary circumstances, “the bankruptcy court may be overly inclined to grant such approval influenced by claims of hardship due to work already performed.”
Finally, this Court is satisfied that overriding principles of equity and fairness support retroactive authorization of the Adversary Proceeding. The Committee has asserted that various insiders and/or principals of the Debtor, with assistance from the Banks, redeemed shares of the Debtor’s preferred stock at inflated prices at a time when the Debtor was headed toward Chapter 11 proceedings. For reasons previously discussed, we have upheld the Bankruptcy Court’s finding that the claims are both colorable and of substantial potential benefit to the unsecured creditors under a cost/benefit analysis. The Committee is the only logical party to pursue these claims, having been charged since its inception with the responsibility of investigating and prosecuting possible avoidance actions against the Banks, and having acquired knowledge of the underlying factual bases for the claims. Thus, if the Committee’s claims do not go forward, the transaction of the Debtors and its pre-petition lenders will go unscrutinized. Yet “the overall ‘fairness’ concept of bankruptcy laws mandates that the debtor’s transactions should not pass without examination.”
In re Rachles, Inc.,
In
America’s Hobby Center, Inc.,
In granting the committee derivative standing
nunc pro tunc,
the court in
America’s Hobby Center
considered several factors. It noted that the “overall ‘fairness’ concept of bankruptcy laws mandates that the debtor’s transaction should not pass without examination.”
Even assuming that our debtor had not waived its right to bring an avoidance action against the bank, it is unlikely that it would have done so, for some of the Committee’s claims involve the debt- or’s guarantee of its non-debtor affiliate’s debt to the bank, as to which debt the debtor’s insiders are alternative guarantors. Thus, to the extent that the debtor’s exposure were eliminated, the insiders’ exposure would be augmented. If the Committee cannot bring an action to avoid the guarantee and the resulting security interest, the inherent conflict of the debtor’s insiders makes it unlikely that the debtor will plug the gap. In any event, whatever the motivations of those in control of the debtor, the debtor gave up the ability to sue the bank. Therefore, “overall fairness” would require the grant of retroactive approval. In re Rachles, Inc.,131 B.R. at 786 .
Id.
at 282. Second, the court considered the fact that “there can be no confusion as to who would bring the adversary proceeding, the debtor having contracted away its right to sue and more importantly, the bank having agreed that the Committee had a period of time in which to challenge its liens.”
Id.
(citing
In re Catwil Corp.,
Like the court in America’s Hobby Cen ter., we find that retroactive approval of the Committee’s avoidance claims was and is appropriate. We find no error in the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling allowing the Committee’s claims against the Directors and the Remaining Individual Defendants.
C. Did the Bankruptcy Court Err in Authorizing the Committee’s Claims Against the Banks?
In its memorandum opinion of January 29, 2004, the Bankruptcy Court gave the following explanation relative to the Committee’s authority to pursue its fraudulent transfer claims against the Banks:
As to the Banks, the Debtor waived all rights it had to contest the Banks’ claims [against the Estate] at the beginning of the case by language in the Interim and Final DIP Orders. The Creditors’ Committee was charged with the task of investigating the legitimacy of the Banks’ claims and pursuit of any cause of action that might be brought against the Banks. The language of those Orders and the subsequent Stipulations put the Banks on notice that the Creditors’ Committee was investigating the Redemption Transaction. The prior Orders provide sufficient authority for the filing of the Complaint as against the Banks.
(Mem. Op. of 1/ 24/04 at [Bankr.Doc. No. 1461] p. 13.)
On appeal, the Banks contend that the DIP Orders and Stipulations did not provide the requisite court authorization for the Committee’s avoidance action. They claim that the Bankruptcy Court’s contrary conclusion amounts to reversal error.
The operative provision of the Final DIP Order, § 17, states as follows:
The findings contained in paragraphs C and D [concerning the Debtor’s admissions as to its pre-petition obligations and encumbrances] shall be binding upon all parties, including but not limited to, the Debtor[ ], the Committee and any other statutory committee appointed herein, unless, and only to the extent that, (a) a party in interest (including the Committee and any other statutory committee) has properly filed an adversary proceeding or contested matter ... no later than the date that is one hundred twenty (120) days after the date of appointment of the Committee (i) challenging the validity, enforceability, or priority of the Prepetition Obligations or the Prepetition agent’s and the Prepetition Banks’ security interest and liens on the Prepetition Collateral in respect thereof or (ii) otherwise asserting any claims or causes of action against the Prepetition Agent or the Prepetition Banks and (b) the Court rules ... in favor of the plaintiff in any such adversary proceeding or contested matter properly filed ...
(DIP Order of 4/2/02 [Bankr.Doc. No. 78] at ¶ 17 (emphasis added).) The highlighted language has caused the parties to debate what is meant by a “properly filed” adversary proceeding. According to the Banks, a “properly filed” proceeding is one either endorsed by the Debtor or specifically approved by the Bankruptcy Court following a hearing and a determination that the claims are facially valid and of likely benefit to the estate. The Committee contends, on the other hand, that “properly filed” simply means an adversary proceeding filed in compliance with
Unfortunately, the language in the Stipulations is no more illuminating. The First Stipulation, which is characteristic of the others, 13 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
WHEREAS The Committee and the Banks have AGREED and STIPULATED to the following with regard to the Due Diligence Deadline contained in Paragraph 17 of the Final DIP Order:
1. As the Committee’s investigation is still proceeding with respect to рossible avoidance actions, including, but not limited to, actions that may be brought under Chapter 5 of Title 11 of the United States Code and relevant and applicable State fraudulent transfer statutes (“Avoidance Actions”) against the Banks, the Committee and the Banks have agreed to extend the Due Diligence Deadline referenced in Paragraph 17 of the Final Dip Order and the time within which the Committee must file any Avoidance Actions against the Banks for a period of one hundred (120) days commencing from the date of this Stipulation; and
2. Except as set forth in the preceding paragraph, all other claims, causes of action and/or objections covered under the provisions of Paragraph 17 of the Final DIP Order shall be barred if not brought on or before July 19, 2002.
(Stipulation for Extension of Time in Which The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors Has to Complete its Due Diligence Pursuant to the [Final DIP Order] [Bankr.Doc. No. 298] at pp. 3-4.) Although the first stipulation was not signed by the Bankruptcy Court, the other four were.
We can easily agree with the Bankruptcy Court’s determination that the foregoing language put the Banks on notice that the Creditors’ Committee was investigating the 1999 stock redemption with an eye toward a possible avoidance action. The Bankruptcy Court’s conclusion that, by virtue of the foregoing language, it had officially given its imprimatur to the Committee’s Adversary Proceeding is somewhat less self-evident. Nevertheless, for present purposes we will take the Bankruptcy Court at its word and assume that, in entering DIP Order and approving the Stipulations, the Bankruptcy Court intended to convey to the Committee a grant of derivative standing.
See In re Fine Paper,
To the extent the Bankruptcy Court intended, by virtue of the Final DIP Order and subsequent stipulations, to judicially
there is good and sufficient reason to hold that a creditors’ committee does not have unfettered discretion to sue simply on its own say-so.... Prior approval of committee-commenced adversary proceedings is required because it “promotes the fair and orderly administration of the bankruptcy estate by providing judicial supervision over the litigation to be taken.” See Catwil Corp. v. Derf II (In re Catwil Corp.),175 B.R. 362 , 364 (Bankr.E.D.Cal.1994) (quoting In re Curry and Sorensen, Inc.,57 B.R. 824 , 828 (9th Cir. BAP 1994)). It must be remembered that the fees of a creditors’ committees’ professionals are generally absorbed by the debtor in possession pursuant to the statutory scheme. See 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1). The debtors’ professionals are circumscribed by the willingness of the debtor to pay the expenses of litigation. The committee’s professionals are not so circumscribed, however, in the absence of a requirement for court approval, because the debtor need not agree with the decision to sue. To allow such unsupervised litigation may saddle the debtor in possession with expenses which threaten its reorganization prospects or, where the debtor is liquidating, will consume much of the estate, yet promise insufficient return to creditors. In other words, careful analysis may suggest that imposition of a suit is unwarranted for any one of a number of reasons.
In sum, then, we agree with the Banks that the DIP Order and Stipulations could not have constituted the kind of court-authorized grant of derivative standing as would have allowed the Bankruptcy Court to properly fulfill its gate-keeping function. The Bankruptcy Court’s determination to the contrary amounts to an abdication of its responsibility and constitutes an abuse of its discretion.
Nevertheless, that raises the question whether the Bankruptcy Court could have properly granted the Committee
nunc pro tunc
authority to pursue its claims against the Banks, just as it did with respect to the claims against the Directors and the Remaining Individual Defendants. Ordinarily, a remand would perhaps be appropriate in order to give the Bankruptcy Court the first opportunity to address this issue. However, we have already with
This Court has previously addressed at length our reasons for concluding that the Bankruptcy Court did not err in retroactively approving the Committee’s claims against the Directors and the Remaining Individual Defendants. For those same reasons, we now conclude that retroactive approval of the Committee’s claims against the Banks is likewise appropriate.
IV. CONCLUSION
In sum, we conclude that the Bankruptcy Court did not commit any manifest error of law or abuse its discretion in retroactively authorizing the Committee’s claims against the Directors and Remaining Individual Defendants. We find that the Bankruptcy Court did commit legal error to the extent it sought to “pre-ap-prove” the Committee’s claims against the Banks through the Interim and Final DIP Orders and the stipulations between the Committee and the Banks. Nevertheless, sitting now as the Court of original jurisdiction, we conclude that retroactive approval of the Committee’s claims against the Banks is, and would have been, appropriate for the same reasons that we approve retroactive authorization of the claims against the Directors and Remaining Individual Defendants.
The Committee can proceed with the Adversary Proceeding. An appropriate Order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, to wit, this - day of May, 2005, for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Memorandum Opinion,
' IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Defendants’ motions for reconsideration of the Bankruptcy Court’s Order of November 26, 2003, which retroactively approved the filing of Adversary Proceeding No. 03-1014 (the “Adversary Proceeding”) by the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors is DENIED.
Defendants have twenty (20) days from the date of this Order in which to file their Answers to the Committee’s Complaint.
Notes
. Those individuals include: Daniel Antos, William D. Bailey, Richard A. Brewster, James E. Caldwell, Larry Campbell, James C. Confer, Richard D’Alessandro, Donald Fissel, James B. Harris, Thomas H. Jackson, Ashok K. Khare, Carl J. Luppino, Clarence E. Mason, Harold Murphy, Philip R. Novosel, Charles R. Olson, James D. Ruhlman, Phillip R. Simons, Glenn E. Turk, Ronald L. Young, and Barry Zischkau.
. NFC Holdings did not join in the "Joint Plan of Liquidation,” having concluded that it could not propose a confirmable plan of reorganization. Accordingly, it filed a motion to dismiss its Chapter 11 case, which the Bankruptcy Court denied pending the resolution of this matter.
. Because the Bankruptcy Court's November 26, 2003 Order did not finally dispose of the Adversary Proceeding, the appeals from that order were interlocutory in nature and could only be litigated with leave of this Court. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a). As noted, however, our withdrawal of the Adversary Proceeding from the Bankruptcy Court rendered the appeals technically moot, and Appellants' arguments will therefore be construed as a motion for reconsideration of the November 26, 2003 Order.
. Section 544(b)(1) provides:
Except as provided in paragraph (2) [relating to charitable contributions], the trustеe may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this title or that is not allowable only under section 502(e) of this title. 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1). In Chapter 11 cases, where trustees are rarely appointed and the debtor commonly remains in possession of the estate assets, these avoidance powers are conferred upon the debtor-in-possession by § 1107(a). See Cybergenics II,330 F.3d at 558 n. 4 and 560.
. Under Defendants' theory, following confirmation of the Debtor’s plan, Liquidating NFC would have been the entity charged with prosecuting the Adversary Proceeding. However, Liquidating NFC’s designated "responsible officers” are Cashman and Kaemmerer, both named Defendants in the Adversary Proceeding.
. The Court finds no inconsistency between this approach and the Third Circuit's teaching in Cybergenics II. It is true that the creditors' committee in Cybergenics sought court approval to assert its derivative claims prior to filing its fraudulent conveyance action. As we have acknowledged, this is a preferable practice and one in keeping with the procedure generally sanctioned by federal courts. However, the Third Circuit did not have any occasion to address in Cybergenics II the issue presently before us: i.e., whether a court may retroactively authorize an adversary proceeding filed by a creditors' committee on behalf of a Chapter 11 debtor. Consequently, we find nothing in Cybergenics II which is contrary to our ruling today.
. For example, Count 1 of the Committee's Complaint asserts that the 1999 stock redemption constituted a fraudulent transfer in violation of 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1) and § 5105 of the Pennsylvania Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 5105. (See Bankr.Doc. No. 605 at ¶¶ 55-63.) The former provision permits the avoidance of "any transfer ... that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this title.” 11 U.S.C. § 544(b)(1). Under the latter provision, a transfer is deemed fraudulent as to any pre-existing creditors if the transfer was made without the transferor receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange and if the transferor was either insolvent at the time of the transaction or rendered insolvent as a result of it. See 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 5105.
. Defendants attempt to distinguish this case from Cybergenics II on the ground that, in Cybergenics, there was no risk of dissipating estate assets because the creditors' committee had offered to bear all of the litigation costs. Here, by contrast, the Committee seeks to recover as much as $300,000 from the estate in professional fees. In addition there are potential indemnification claims which could be raised by the Banks and the Individual Defendants, all of which caused the Bankruptcy Court to establish the $2,000,000 reserve. The Antos Group contends that these costs, which will partially dissipate the estate, justify the Debtor's refusal to bring the action. We disagree. While it is true that this case presents potential costs,not present in Cyber-genics, we do not interpret Cybergenics II's holding as precluding a grant of derivative standing in these circumstances. For the reasons set forth above, we find that the Bankruptcy Court acted within its discretion and without any manifest error in determining that the potential benefits to be derived from this litigation outweigh the anticipated costs.
. Section 1103(a) states that “with the court's approval, [a creditors’] committee may select and authorize the employment by such committee of one or more attorneys." 11 U.S.C. § 1103(a).
. Section 327(a) states:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, the trustee, with the court’s approval, may employ one or more attorneys, accountants, appraisers, auctioneers, or other professional persons, that do not hold or represent an interest adverse to the estate, and that are disinterested persons, to represent or assist the trustee in carrying out the trustee's duties under this title.
11 U.S.C. § 327(a)(1982) (emphasis supplied). Under 11 U.S.C. § 1107(a), the debtor in possession has substantially the same rights, powers, functions, and duties as a trustee and is therefore similarly entitled to employ professional persons.
. While we find these factors relevant, we do not consider them exhaustive, nor do we believe that all of the aforementioned factors will apply in every case. We mеrely conclude that courts should not be foreclosed from taking these factors into consideration in determining whether to retroactively permit a creditors' committee to file suit on behalf of a debtor's estate. Thus, to the extent that Defendants suggest the Bankruptcy Court was confined to a narrow analysis of "extraordinary circumstances” based solely on the considerations enumerated in Arkansas Co. and F/S Airlease, we disagree. We find no legal error on the part of the Bankruptcy Court in this regard.
. The Committee joined the Directors and Remaining Individual Defendants in the lawsuit because it believed them to be indispensable parties.
. The Second — Fifth Stipulations further extend the deadline for filing and provide, in relevant part, as follows:
WHEREAS The Committee and the Banks have further AGREED and STIPULATED regarding the Due Diligence Deadline as follows:
1. As the Committee's work is still proceeding with respect to possible claims or avoidance actions against the Banks relating to the stock redemption and "hard dollar payout” to preferred stock holders executed by the Debtors in Fiscal Year 1999 ("stock redemption and hard dollar payout”), the Committee and the Banks have agreed to further extend the Due Diligence Deadline referenced in Paragraph 17 of the Final DIP Order and the time within which the Committee must file any claim and/or action against the Banks relating to the stock redemption and hard dollar payout until [the new deadline date] ...
(See second, third and fourth stipulation between the Committee and the Banks for an extension of time [Final DIP Order] [Bankr. Doc. 437 & 442] at pp. 3-4; [Bankr.Doc. No. 456 & 465] at p. 4); [Bankr.Doc. No. 478] at p. 4; [Bankr.Doc. No. 550 atp. 4].
. That the Bankruptcy Court had not had the opportunity to review the complaint prior to its filing is evident from the transcript of the confirmation hearing held on February 28, 2003. [Bankr.Doc. No. 809.] During that hearing, the Bankruptcy Judge indicated that he was aware of the filing of the Adversary Proceeding but had not yet reviewed the Committee's complaint because he did not perceive that it would have any impact on the then-pending confirmation hearing.