282 F. 1 | 9th Cir. | 1922
(after stating the facts as above). [1] It is not contended for the appellant that the chy was not authorized, in' undertaking the proposed work, to avail itself of the provisions of the act of the Legislature approved June 16, 1913 (Stats. 1913, p. 954), commonly known as the Street Improvement Act, as amended by the act of the Legislature of the state approved June 5, 1915 (Stats. 1915, p, 1217), and as further amended in 1917 by the act approved May 26, 1917 (Stats. 1917, p. 970). It is insisted however, by counsel for the appellant, that the last-mentioned act of tire Legislature of California, in so far as the present case is concerned, is unconstitutional and void, and also that the nature of the work in 'question is such that the city
In the consideration and determination of those contentions it becomes necessary to set out the title and section 1 of the act of June 16, '1913, and the title and sections 1 and 2 of the act of May 26, 1917. Those of the first are as follows:
“An act to provide fox' the establishment and change of grade of public streets, lands, alleys, courts, places and rights of way in municipalities, and providing for the improvement thereof, in cases where any damage to private property would result from such improvement, and for the assessment of the costs, damages and expenses thereof upon the property benefited thereby, and to provide a system of local improvement bonds to 3.’ep-resent the assessments for the costs, damages and expenses of such improvement, and for the payment and effect of such bonds.
“Section 1. Whenever the public interest or convenience may require, the legislative body of any city is hereby empowered to establish or change or modify the grade of any public street, lane, alley, court, place, or right of way in said city, or any portion thereof, and in any case where in the opinion of said legislative body any damage to private property would result from the improvement thereof, to order the whole, or any part, either in length or width, of such public street, lane, alley, court, place or right of way to be improved to conform to sucb official grade by grading or regrading, paving or repaving, planking or replanking, macadamizing or remaeadamizing, piling or repiling, capping or recapping, graveling or regraveling, oiling or reoiling, sewering or resewering, sidewalking or residewalldng, curbing or recurbing, guttering or reguttering, or by the building of storm water ditches or tunnels or breakwaters, levees, walls of rock, or of other materials, to protect the same from overflow or injury, or by the construction of manholes, culverts, bridges, cesspools, tunnels, viaducts, conduits, subways, cross-walks, steps, parking or parkways, and the construction or reconstruction in, over or through property or rights of way owned by such city of retaining walls, tunnels, sewers, ditches, drains, conduits, viaducts, subways, and channels for sanitary and drainage purposes, or either, or both thereof, with necess.u-y outlets, cesspools, manholes, catch basins, flush tanks, septic tanks, connecting sewers, ditches, drains, conduits, channels and other appurtenances and breakwaters, levees, bulkheads and walls of rock, or other material, to protect the streets, lanes, alleys, courts, places, public ways, and other property in any such city from overflow or injury by water, or otherwise, or by the doing of any other work which shall be necessary to improve the whole, or any portion of such streets, lanes, alleys, courts, places, or rights of way of such city.”
Stats. 1913, p. 954.
. The title and sections 1 and 2 of the act of 1917 are as follows:
“An act to amend the title and sections one, two, three, five and forty-six’ of an act entitled ‘An act to provide for the establishment and change of of grade of public streets, lands, alleys, courts, places and rights of way in municipalities, and providing for the improvement thereof, in cases where any damage to private property would result from such improvement and for the assessment of the costs, damages and expenses thereof upon the property benefited thereby, and to provide a system of local improvement bonds to represent the assessments for the costs, damages and expenses of such improvement and for the payment and effect of such bonds,’ approved June 16, 1913.
“Section 1. The title of an act entitled ‘An act to provide for the establishment and change of grade of public streets, lands, alleys, courts, places and’ rights of ways in municipalities, and providing for the improvement thereof, in cases where any damage to private property would result from such improvement and for the assessment of the costs, damages and expenses thereof upon the property benefited thereby, and to provide a system of local*5 improvement .bonds to represent the assessments for the costs, damages and expenses of such improvement, and for the payment and effect of such bonds/ approved June 16, 1913, is hereby amended to read as follows:
“ ‘An act to provide for the establishment and change of grade of public streets, lanes, alleys, courts, places and rights of way, and of any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges or independent subterranean ways in municipalities and providing for the construction or improvement thereof, in cases where any damage to private property would result from such improvement, and for the assessment of the costs, damages and expenses thereof upon the property benefited thereby, and to provide a system of local improvement bonds to represent the assessments for the costs, damages and expenses of such improvement, and for the payment and effect of such bonds.’
“Sec. 2. Section one of said act is hereby amended to read as follows;
“ ‘Section 1. Whenever the public interest or convenience may require, the legislative body of any city is hereby empowered to establish or change or modify the grade of any public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or right of way in said city, or any portion thereof, and also the grade of the roadway of any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges or independent subterranean ways, in, on, under, over or through any public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or other land of the city, or in, on, under, over or through any land in which and where the city may then have an easement or right of way therefor; and in any case when or where, in the opinion of said legislative body, any damage to private property would result from the improvement thereof, to order the whole or any part, either in length or width, of such public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or right of way or other land of the city, in which and where the city then have an easement or right of way therefor, to be improved to conform to such official grade by grading or regrading, paving or repaving, planking or replanking, macadamizing or remacadamizing, piling or repiling, capping or recapping, graveling or regraveling, oiling or reoiling, sewering or resewering, sidewalking or residewalking, curbing or recurbing, guttering or reguttering, or by the construction, reconstruction or repair of manholes, culverts, cesspools, conduits, cross-walks, steps, parking or parkways, or by the construction, reconstruction or repair of poles, posts, wires, conduits, lamps and other appurtenances for the lighting thereof; and also in any case where, in the opinion of said legislative body, any damage to private property would result from the construction, reconstruction or repair thereof, to order the construction, reconstruction or repair of any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges, or independent subterranean ways, together with approaches thereto, and all appurtenances therefor, in, on, under, over or through any public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or other land of the city, or in, on, under, over or through any land in which and where the city has an easement or right of way therefor, to the grade established for the roadway of sueh tunnel, subway, viaduct, bridge, or independent subterranean way, and order the construction, reconstruction or repair of stormwater ditches or tunnels, or breakwaters, levees or walls of rock, or other materials, culverts, manholes, cesspools, conduits, subways, retaining walls, sewers, ditches, drains and channels for sanitary and drainage purposes, or either or both thereof, with necessary outlets, catch-basins, flush tanks, septic tanks, connecting sewers and other appurtenances, to protect the streets, avenues, lanes, alleys, courts, places, or rights of way, or any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges or independent subterranean ways which may be constructed as hereinabove provided, from overflow or injury by water or otherwise; and to order the doing of any other work which shall be necessary to improve the whole, or any portion of such street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or other land of the city, or any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges or independent subterranean ways which may have been constructed, or which shall be constructed, under the proceedings provided in this act. This act shall apply equally in cases where the official grade of any public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or right of way, or of the roadway of any of the*6 following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges or independent subterranean ways, in, on, under, over or through any public street, avenue, lane, alley, court, place or other land of the city, or in, on, under, over or through any land in which and where the city may then have ap easement or right of way therefor has previously been established or changed, and where such grade is established, modified or changed in whole or in part py the same proceedings by which the improvement is ordered, If in the opinion of the legislative body of the city, damage will result to private property from the making of the improvement contemplated by the proceedings.’ ”
Stats. 1917, p. 970.
The constitutional provision relied upon by the counsel for the appellant is section 24 of article 4 of the Constitution of California, which provides that every act shall “embrace but one subject, which subject shall be expressed in its title,” and the argument in support of the contention is that the amendment of 1917 is not germane to the subject mentioned in the title or in section 1 of the act of 1913.
Regarding the constitutional provision referred to, it was held by the Supreme Court of California in the Matter of Mabel Maginnis, 162 Cal. 200, 121 Pac. 723, that the provision should receive a reasonable and not a narrow construction; its purpose being to guard against the inclusion in a single or general act of various disconnected provisions. In a preceding decision of the same court in the case of Ex parte Liddell, 93 Cal. 633, 636, 29 Pac. 251, 252, the court said:
“The object of the provision is to prevent legislative abuse,—to prevent the passage of acts bearing deceitful and misleading titles. It is intended to protect the members of the Legislature, as well as the public, against fraud; to guard against the passage of bills the titles of which give no- intimation to the members of the Legislature or to the people of the matters contained therein. Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (6th Ed.) 169.”
Counsel for appellant thus states his construction of the title and the body of the original act of 1913:
“As enumerated both in the title and in the body of the act, the subject-matter which the legislator purposed to deal with was urban avenues of pub-, lie travel, and the object which he aimed at was to furnish means for improving them. These means he declared were to be the establishing of such avenues of a suitable grade, and then the doing, upon this grade [italics ours], of ‘any work which [should] be necessary to improve them.’ The whole purpose of the act was, in a word, to make such avenues better than they were before.”
We think the construction- thus put by appellant’s counsel upon the act of 1913 is altogether too narrow, both as respects its title and the body of it. As will have been seen, the title of the act provides for, among other things, the grade and improvement of public streets, lands, alleys, courts, places, and rights of way in municipalities in cases where any damage to private property would result therefrom, and for the assessment of the costs, damages, and expenses thereof upon the property benefited, and for a system of local .improvement bonds for the payment of such costs, etc. And by section 1 of the act, and by the provisions of the charter of the city, the city council became empowered, whenever the public interest or convenience requires, to establish, change, or modify the grade of any street, etc., or any portion thereof, or to order the whole or any part, either in length or width,
We think it very clear that the subject-matter of both the title and of section 1 of the act of 1913 is the same, and that the subject of neither can be properly limited to the grading or regrading of the mere surface of the streets, lanes, etc., but that both embraced the grading, regrading, etc., of the streets, and also any other work thereon that the legislative body of tlie city deems necessary to improve the whole or any portion of the streets, lanes, alleys, courts, places or rights of way of the city. The rights of the public in a public street of a city, even against the abutting owners, are by no means limited to the mere surface of the street. In considering the city ordinances and the legislative acts of California here in question, the Supreme Court of the state, in the recent case of Hayes v. Handley, 182 Cal. 273, 282, 187 Pac. 952, 955, adopting its language in the previous case of Colegrove Water Co. v. City of Hollywood, 151 Cal. 425, 90 Pac. 1053, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.) 904, said:
“ !Xn cities it is customary to devote not only tlie surface of tlie street and tlie space above the street to public use; but tbe municipality may, and frequently does, occupy tbe soil beneath tbe surface for tbe accommodation of sewers, gas and water pipes, electric wires, and conduits for railroads. Where tlie city undertakes to occupy tbe space above or below tbe surface of tbe street for any purpose within tbe scope of tbe public uses to which highways may be put, tbe use of tbe owner of tbe fee must yield to tbe public use.’ It is well settled that tbe manner and extent of such public use is not limited by any standard of methods of use in vogue at file time of dedication. ‘On the contrary,’ said this court, in Montgomery v. Santa Ana. etc., Co., 104 Cal. 180, 191 (48 Am. St. Rep. 89, 25 L. R. A. 654, 37 Pac. 786, 788), ‘we affirm that when a public street in a city is dedicated to the general use of tbe public, it involves its use subject to municipal control and limitations for all the uses and purposes of tbe public as a street, including such methods for tbe transportation of passengers and freight as modern science and improvements may have rendered necessary, and that tbe application of these methods, and, indeed, of those yet to be discovered, must have been contemplated when tbe street was opened and the right of way obtained, whether by dedication, purchase, or condemnation proceedings, and, hence, that such a user; imposes no new burden or servitude upon the owner of the abutting land.' While tbe precise question, namely, as to whether or not a tunnel for traffic is a reasonable street use, has never been determined in this state, it has, apparently, bec-n assumed without question in a number of recent cases that if tbe city has legislative authority to construct a traffic tunnel, the rights of abutting property owners would not stand in the way of its construction on tbe theory that an easement is being asserted'not contemplated by the original dedication. Gassner v. McCarthy, 160 Cal. 82, 116 Pac. 73: Mardis v. McCarthy, 162 Cal. 94, 121 Pac. 389; Thompson v. Hanee, 174 Cal. 572, 163 Pac. 1021. Authorities from other jurisdictions, moreover, confirm the conclusion that traffic tunnels must be recognized as a necessary part of a modem system of highways. We find the Supreme Judicial Court of Massaeliussetts stating its opinion as follows in a well-considered and carefully reasoned case: ‘Our system, which leaves to the landowner the use of the street above or below or on the surface, so far as he can use it without interference with the rights of the ¿ublic, is just and right; but the public rights in these lands are plainly paramount, and they include, as they ought to include, the power to appropriate the street above or below the surface, as well as upon it, in any way that is not unreasonable, in reference either to the acts of all who*8 have occasion to travel or to the effect upon the property abutters. The increase of requirements for the pubJie within the streets of our large cities has probably equaled, if it has not surpassed, the increase of requirements for business along the streets. The Legislature, the guardian of public interest and of private rights, has determined that the space below the surface of certain streets in Boston is needed for travel. The question is whether action under the statutes involves an acquisition of a new right as against the landowner, or only an appropriation and regulation of existing rights. It hardly can be contended that this is an unreasonable mode of using the streets in reference either to travelers or abutters. If it is not an unreasonable mode of using them, the mere fact that it deprives abutters of the use of vaults and other similar underground structures in the streets, which they have heretofore maintained, is of little consequence. Abutters are bound to withdraw from occupation of streets above or below the surface whenever the public needs the occupied space for travel. The necessary requirements of the public for travel were all paid for when the land was taken, whatever they may be, and whether the particulars of them were foreseen or not. The only limitation upon them is that they shall be of a kind which is not unreasonable. In the present case the travel which is being provided for is from place to place within the city. There are stopping places on the subway at convenient points. In that 'respect it is different from a tunnel designed only or chiefly for travel for long distances. The new method is a substitution in part of a subterranean use of the streets for the use of their surfaces for the same general purposes. It is impracticable to have direct communication between the premises of abutters and the ears in the tunnel, but by going a short distance access to them may be had from any place. We are of the opinion that this use of the streets is within the purposes for which the lands were taken, and that no additional servitude is created by it.’ Sears v. Crocker et al., 184 Mass. 586, 100 Am. St. Rep. 577, 69 N. E. 327. We concur in this conclusion, and decide that the construction of the proposed tunnel will be within the right of the city as acquired under the dedication of the ground for street purposes.”
Appellant's Counsel readily concedes that if the act of 1917 is valid it fully authorized the work directed by the city. In support of his contention that it is void he argues that, where the title of an act declares it to be an amendment of a specified section or sections of a preceding act, that is in effect a declaration that no new matter is proposed by way of amendment that is not germane to the specified section or sections and therefore a restriction upon the subject-matter of the amending act. .
We think a complete answer to the argument is the fact that the act of 1917 was not an amendment of specified sections of the act of 1913 only, but was also an amendment of the title of that act, by which, the title of the latter was expressly made to include “any of the following avenues of public travel, namely, tunnels, subways, viaducts, bridges, or independent subterranean ways in municipalities, and providing for the construction or improvement thereof.”
Apart from that consideration, we are quite unable to agree that the construction of a tunnel in and under the surface of a city street is not germane to the general subject of the improvement of such street in connection with other streets of the city, or with any other work thereon expressly authorized by the act of 1913.
Respecting the claim of the appellant that the improvement in question is of such a nature as not to admit of a local assessment for the payment of costs or damages arising out of it, we are of the opinion
The judgment is affirmed.
