169 Mo. 283 | Mo. | 1902
Lead Opinion
— This is a proceeding in -equity for partition of certain real estate in the city of St. Louis, ■claimed by defendants under the will of plaintiff’s deceased wife.
The petition alleges that the plaintiff was married to Mary Byrnes on April 22, 1896; that she died on January '9, 1898, testate, but without any child or other descendants in being capable of inheriting; that at the time of plaintiff’s marriage with his wife, she was the widow of Charles Byrnes deceased, and that no issue was born of said marriage with said Charles Byrnes or,the subsequent marriage with plaintiff; that by the will of plaintiff’s wife dated December 15, 1897, and duly probated on January 12, 1900, she undertook to devise qjl the real estate in controversy to defendants as tenants in common; that as widower of his deceased wife he is entitled to one-half of said property, absolutely, subject only to the payment of her debts, and that defendants as devisees 'under the will only acquired the other half thereof.
It is further alleged that the property in controversy on January 17, '1890, was conveyed to the defendant Maggie Huette, in trust, however, for, the sole and separate use of plaintiff’s deceased wife, then the wife of said Charles Byrnes.
After particularly describing the property and setting
The amended answer, after admitting that plaintiff was married to Mary Byrnes on April 22, 1896; that she died on January 9, 1898, testate; that her will was dated December 15, 1897, and duly admitted to probate on January 12, 1898; that at the time of the marriage of plaintiff and Mary Byrnes, the latter was the widow of Charles Byrnes, and that no issue-was born of the marriage or of the subsequent marriage with plaintiff, proceeds as follows:
“And for further answer and by way of new matter, defendants say: That at the time of the marriage of plaintiff O’Brien to- Mary A. Bymes, the latter was the widow of Charles Byrnes, and that no issue born of the marriage of said testate, Charles Byrnes, survived the said- Byrnes; and that no’ issue was born of the subsequent marriage of said testate to the plaintiff O’Brien. That the said Charles Byrnes died on or about January 17, 1890. That on or about. January 17, 1890, the said Byrnes in immediate anticipation off death, and with the view and purpose of assuring to his wife the property described herein in plaintiff’s petition, free from the control or interference of any future husband, or from the right of curtesy or any other right whatsoever which might otherwise accrue to- any future husband, and to assure to her the complete usufruct of said property during hex life, and the absolute power to dispose of it as she pleased during her life, and at her death, did on the date aforesaid, convey the-
“Defendants say that by virtue of the rights and powers conferred upon her by said deed, the testatrix by her last will and testament aforesaid, appointed by the devise in her last will, the defendants as the persons to whom said trustee should convey the legal title to said lands at her death and that they are now entitled to receive from said trustee a deed to the legal title to said premises, so held by said trustee for
“Defendants say that by virtue of said deed the title to the property described in plaintiff’s, petition vested at once in said trustee for the exclusive use and benefit, as aforesaid, of’the testatrix, free from any right of curtesy, or any other right whatsoever of any husband whatsoever and said title could not be affected by any statute afterwards passed by the Legislature of this State in derogation of the title thus created. And these defendants say that if it be true, as plaintiff avers, that upon the death of Charles Byrnes the legal and equitable estate were merged and the fee simple title became thereby fixed in the widow of said Byrnes, so that it could not revive upon any subsequent marriage — these defendants say, that such title vesting as claimed by said plaintiff was not and could not be affected by any statute after-wards passed by the Legislature of this State in derogation of the title thus created. That Christopher O’Brien, the plaintiff, has not now and never at any time had any interest of any kind or character in said premises, in virtue of ’his marriage to the said Mary A. Bymes, nor by gift, grant, devise or by operation of any law of this State.
“And defendants further state, that the plaintiff claims title to an undivided one-half of said premises as tenant in common with defendants, under and by virtue of the act of tb.e Legislature of the State of Missouri, entitled, “An Act to amend chapter 55 of the Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri of 1889, entitled 'Dower,’ by adding a new section thereto to be known as section 4518a,” approved March 2, 1895: and defendants aver that said act, in so far as it seeks to affect any estate of whatever kind vested in any married woman at the time of or prior to the passage of the sarnie is null, void and of no effect, because in direct contravention of the Constitution of Missouri — section 15, an-
“Defendants further state that said plaintiff is not a tenant, in common in the lands described in plaintiff’s petition; and these defendants aver that said O’Brien is also a devisee under said will' in respect to other land than that described in plaintiff’s petition; and these defendants say that the said interest devised by said will vested in him the said plaintiff, immediately upon the probate of said will as aforesaid in the probate court, which will is still in force and effect.
“Defendants aver that plaintiff has never renounced the rights accruing to him under said will, nor has he elected or claimed the right to elect under any of the provisions of the statute relating to ‘Dower.’
“Defendants further state that plaintiff is not now and never has been in possession of said premises, nor has he ever claimed the right to the possession of the same.
“Defendants aver that immediately upon the probate of the will of Mary A. O’Brien, claiming as devisees under the terms of said will they entered, as the sole devisees thereof, into the open,, notorious, exclusive and adverse possession thereof, holding and claiming to hold the same under and by virtue of the devise so made to them by said will; and defendants aver, that they remained in possession of said premises until, to-wit, March 7, 1898, when by an order duly entered in the probate court of the said city of St. Louis, the executrices under sáid will were directed to take into their
“Defendants say that the jurisdiction of this court over the subject-matter of this suit has never attached or has been defeated by the order aforesaid placing said executrices in charge thereof, and defendants' plead to the jurisdiction of this court herein.
“And having fully answered, defendants pray to be hence discharged with their costs.”
The court on plaintiff’s motion struck out all that portion of the answer setting up new matter above quoted, and defendant excepted.
There was no controversy over the facts, and the trial resulted in a decree as prayed, and the land was ordered to be sold and the proceeds divided among the parties, according to their respective interests as set forth in the petition. After an ineffectual motion for a new trial and in arrest of judgment, defendant brings the case here by appeal.
Maggie Huette, the grantee named in the deed of January 17, 1890, was called by defendants as a witness, and after testifying that she knew the grantor in the deed, Charles Byrnes; that he died on January 19th, and that she saw him on January 17th, 1890, the day the deed was executed, was then asked by counsel for the defendants “what Charles Byrnes said at the time the deed was executed ?” This was objected to by counsel for the plaintiff, and the objection sustained by the court, and defendants saved their
The points made by counsel for appellants are that by the deed of January 17, 1890, the grantor intended the deed to operate to the separate use of the wife, excluding all marital rights of any future husband; that the court erred in excluding evidences of what the grantor said at the time the deed was "executed; that as the title was vested in Mary Byrnes (afterwards the wife of plaintiff) by the deed of January 17, 1890, and the character of the deed was such that the ■separate use created thereby extended to any future husband, the Act of 1895, could not affect her rights thereunder; that as the estate of plaintiff’s wife was in process of administration, and the probate court had ordered the executrix to take charge of the real estate for the purpose of leasing same, this proceeding was premature and could not be maintained; that the Act of 1895 in question, is violative of section 28 of article 4 of the Constitution of the State, requiring that no bill shall contain more than one subject, which shall be expressed clearly in its title.
Under the deed of January 17, 1890, made by Charles Byrnes as party of the first part, to Maggie Huette as party of the second part, for Mary Byrnes, party of the third part, the house and lot in question was conveyed to the party of the second part, “in trust, however, for the sole and separate use, benefit and behoof of said party of the third part . . . . for her sole use and benefit separate and apart from her said husband and wholly free from his control, interference, debts and liabilities, curtesy, and all other interests whatsoever.”
By an act of the Legislature of this State entitled
It will be observed that the Act of 1895, places no prohibition whatever upon the wife’s disposition of her propeihy during her lifetime, but provides that her widower shall be entitled to one-half of the real and personal estate belonging to her at the time of her death, absolutely, subject, however, to the payment of the wife’s debts, a provision very similar to section 4518, Revised Statutes 1889, then in force, regarding the rights of a widow in the property of her husband at his death.
To appellant’s first contention, that the deed of January II, 1890, was intended to and did secure to Mary Byrnes (afterwards the wife of plaintiff) a separate equitable estate not only against her then husband but also against any future husband and free from all marital rights whatsoever, we can not agree. The deed does not so read, but on the contrary, provides in express terms that the property in controversy is conveyed to the party of the second part “in trust, however, to the sole and separate use, benefit and behoof of the said party' of the third part . . . separate and apart from her said husband and wholly free from his control and interference,” etc. Her then husband was not the
Moreover, courts have always been slow to give to a deed a construction that would operate to defeat a husband of his marital rights over the property of his wife unless the intention of the grantor, in the deed, to create a separate estate in the wife free from that right is clearly expressed. In Richardson v. DeGiverville, 107 Mo. l. c. 432, this court in considering that question said: “The purpose to create a separate estate must clearly appear beyond a reasonable doubt ; otherwise the husband will retain his ordinary legal
In this view of the case it is unnecessary to discuss the question whether the Act of 1895 could affect property held by a woman, married or unmarried, under a deed of settlement so formulated as to create a separate equitable estate to the exclusion of all marital rights of any future hiusband.
Erom what has been said it must also' follow that no error was committed by the trial court in excluding the testimony of Margaret Huette, in the attempt to show the purpose of the grantor in making the deed, from what he at the time said. The purpose of the deed was clearly expressed in its body. No outside aid was necessary to elucidate that purpose, nor was the cotemporaneous declaration of the
Though the estate vested in plaintiff’s wife by the deed of January 17, 1890, could not be altered, changed or defeated by the provisions of the after Act of 1895 as appellant asserts, that does not imply, as the argument of appellants’ counsel assumes, that the wife acquired and held her property with the right to dispose of it by will otherwise than by the mode and manner, and to the persons designated by the statute in force at the time of the taking effect of the will.
Whether the intent of the grantor in making the deed of January, 1890, to plaintiff’s wife (then Mary Byrnes) was to create a separate use extending over all future covertures, or whether the deed itself clearly expresses that intent, or whether it was limited, as contended by respondent, only to her then husband and not to this plaintiff, are not questions the determination of which aid in the solution of the question of whether the property in suit could by will be disposed of by plaintiff’s wife so as to defeat the provisions of the Act of 1895, which declare that when a wife shall die without any children or other descendants in being capable of inheriting, her widower shall be entitled to one-half of the real and personal property belonging to the wife at the time of her death.
No right of the plaintiff’s wife to the land in controversy is or can be invoked in this case, to call for a discussion of the questions of vested rights of the wife. She is dead, and it is now a question of how the property belonging to her during life, is to be disposed of, and in that subject she could not be said to have had a vested interest which the Act of 1895 in any way disturbed. The chief difficulty that has arisen in this controversy has been in the failure of appellant’s counsel to recognize the distinction between the right to own and hold property, and the right to dispose of
As said, however, the interest of the plaintiff’s wife to this land is not involved* but the interest alone of those who are to succeed to her estate (the plaintiff and defendants herein), and as those interests could and did not attach (be it the one derived through'the'law, or the other by force of the will), until the death'of plaintiff’s wife, the Act of 1895 can not be said to have affected any vested interests that was made to appear in the case; or in any manner to have been retroactive in its operations.
Until the death of plaintiff’s wife in 1891, no legal right to this property, whatever, was vested in either the plaintiff or the defendants. They had until then a bare expectancy, that might have been defeated at any time.by either the act of the wife executing a deed, or by a change in the law directing a different channel for the future flow of the title of the land after death of the wife. The will under which the defendants claim the property had no legal effect or power so long as plaintiff’s wife was living. Until her death it was as nothing. It neither deprived her of any right in or to the property, nor did it confer any right upon the defendants, and as a consequence there was no vested rights under or growing out of its execution that could be violated by the
The act in question is further assailed by the appellants on the ground that the title thereof is not sufficiently set out to meet the requirements of section 28 of article 4 of the Constitution, which provides, that no bill shall contain more than one subject which must be clearly expressed in its title. In commenting on this provision of the Constitution, this court, in State ex rel. v. Ranson, 73 Mo. l. c. 86, said: “It is universally held by the appellate courts of this State that the object of this provision was to prevent the er ).ing in the same bill incongruous matters, and subjects having no legitimate connection or relation to each other, and in no way germane to the subject expressed in the title, and to prevent surprise or fraud upon members of the Legislature rather than embarrass legislation by making laws unnecessarily restrictive.” In commenting on the same provision in State ex rel. v. County Court, 128 Mo. l. c. 427, it is also said; “It is sufficient if the title does not mislead, as to the chief topic of the act and that the minor features of it have a reasonable and natural' connection. with the subject named in the title.”
While the title of the act in question may not be absolutely correct as a definition of the right conferred in the-body of the bill, if the meaning of the term dower is to be considered as it was used and understood at common law, yet if we consider it in the light of the general meaning of that term (that with which one is gifted or endowed) it is difficult to understand how it could be thought a deception upon the members of the Legislature, or how it could have operated to mislead them as to the chief and only topic of the bill, however we might now think best to designate or classify it.
The act- was to create, a new right in a husband whose
The appellant further assails the judgment of the trial court herein on the ground that the possession of the devisees under the will was adverse to plaintiff, and that the estate of plaintiff’s wife was in process of administration, and the probate court had ordered the executrix to take charge of the real estate in question, consequently partition would not lie. The first contention, we think, is clearly untenable. The will, as already seen, only passed title to one-half of the property to defendants. Having derived their rights under the will, defendants can not be heard to claim any other or greater title to the property than that given them by the will. And their possession having been taken under the will is limited to such undivided interest, so that the plaintiff, as tenant in common, is entitled to maintain this suit;
Also, there is nothing in the point that the estate of plaintiff’s wife was in process of administration and the probate court had ordered the executrix to take possession of the' real estate and rent the same. Such possession was merely temporary to enable the executrix to rent the property during the period of administration, and in nowise adverse to the heirs and devisees, so as to defeat partition in the meantime. From what has been said herein it follows that the motion to strike out the part of defendants’ amended answer above quoted was properly sustained by the trial court, and that its judgment for plaintiff was right and should be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
Rehearing
ON REHEARING.
— After due consideration of the additional authorities to which our attention has been called by