51 Md. 15 | Md. | 1879
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This suit was instituted by the appellants to recover the sum of $3002.13 for work done on “Wilkens’ avenue,” under a contract made with the appellees on the 21st day of September, 1815.
The plaintiffs, after proving the contract, (p. 11, ante) their employment under it, and that they did the work in accordance therewith, and the value and amount thereof; produced the Act of 1816, ch. 101, for the purpose of showing that “Wilkens’ avenue” was a public road of Baltimore County; but the defendants objected to the introduction of the Act; “first, because the same was unconstitutional ; and secondly, because the Act having been declared unconstitutional by the Circuit Court for Baltimore County on an appeal of P. O’Brian & Co. (the plaintiffs) to said Court, from an order of the County Commissioners declaring said Act unconstitutional, the question could not he inquired into in this case, and that the said decision of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County was final as to the unconstitutionality of the Act of 1816, so far as the plaintiffs were concerned.” In support of the second objection, certain proceedings before the County Commissioners, and before the Circuit Court on appeal, were offered by the defendants, in which the Act of 1816 had been decided to be unconstitutional. Whereupon the objection was sustained, and the City Court refused to permit the Act of 1816 to be given in evidence. This ruling forms the subject of the first bill of exceptions.
The plaintiffs then, to establish the fact that “ Wilkens’ avenue” was a public road of Baltimore County, offered
In order to understand the questions raised by these bills of exception, it is necessary to refer to the proceedings relating to the opening and condemning of Wilkens’ avenue, as they are disclosed in the record. These are succinctly and correctly stated in the appellants’ brief as follows:
“In June, 1872, certain land owners residing in the First and Thirteenth Districts of Baltimore Comity, filed a petition under the Act of 1870, ch. 309, the then existing road law of Baltimore County, asking for the opening of 'Wilkens’ avenue’ from Gwynn’s Falls near the city limits, to the Rolling road, a distance of about 3½ miles. This petition took its proper course under the Act of 1870, and on the 14th day of May, 1873, the proceedings were finally ratified and confirmed by the County Commissioners, and Wilkens’ avenue was declared to be a public road of Baltimore County. No appeal from this order of ratification was taken, as provided by law, by any of the parties in interest, and a contract for the construction of the avenue was duly made with the appellants.”
“ They proceeded to construct the avenue, and completed about two-thirds of it, at a cost of some $30,000 or $40,000, and the County built a large and expensive bridge over Gwynn’s Falls.”
“ The County Commissioners of Baltimore County, having on the 14th day of May, 1873, adjudged, determined and ordered,, that the proceedings of the Road Supervisors of the First and Thirteenth Districts, acting as a Joint Board on the matter of the petition for the opening of Wilkens’ avenue, be and the same are finally ratified and confirmed, and that the said road be, and the same is hereby declared to be a public road, to be kept in order, as all public roads in said County are by law directed to be kept; and whereas said order was passed with the understanding that the objections filed by ' St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys in Baltimore City ’ would be amicably settled; and whereas it appears that the said order was passed inadvertently, and by mistake and under misapprehension, so far as ‘ St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys ’ was concerned. Now it is this 26th day of August, 1873, adjudged, ordered and determined, that said order, dated the 14th day of May, 1873, be and the same is hereby rescinded and repealed, so far as St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys is concerned, and that a warrant issued to the Sheriff of Baltimore County, directing him to summon a jury of twenty disinterested freeholders, to meet on the premises of said ' St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys,’ to consider the award or judgment of said Supervisors above named; and it is further adjudged, determined and ordered that the proceedings of said Road Supervisors above named, be and the same are hereby finally ratified and confirmed in every other respect, and they remain hereby finally ratified and confirmed.”
Signed by the Commissioners.
Before the jury assembled, the “St. Mary’s Industrial School ” filed their bill praying for an injunction to restrain the construction of the avenue through their premises.
The single question decided on that appeal was, that the Act of 1874, ch. 274, having repealed the Act of 1870, ch. 309, under which the avenue was being constructed, without a saving clause for work in fieri. Under the Act of 1870, the construction of the avenue could not be proceeded with in the manner prescribed by the Act of 1870. After this decision, the parties interested, desiring to have the avenue finished, and to provide for payment of the amount due the contractors and remaining unpaid, because of the inability of the County Commissioners to collect the assessments after the repeal of the Act of 1870, and the decision in the case of Wade vs. The St. Mary’s Industrial School, procured the passage of the Act of 1876, ch. 101, which was intended as a curative Act, to remedy the mischief done by the omission of a saving clause in the Act of 1874, ch. 274.
After the decision by this Court of Wade’s Appeal, the County Commissioners, desiring to preserve so much of the avenue as had been constructed, and to complete a certain portion of it, to make it available for travel, made the contract with the appellants of September 21, 1875, under which the work was done for which this suit was brought.
The Board of Examiners, appointed by the Act of 1876, ch. 101, made a report of their proceedings to the County Commissioners,for ratification or rejection; but the latter being of opinion that the Act of 1876 was unconstitutional, rejected the report and passed an order quashing the proceedings. From this order an appeal was taken by O’Brian & Co., the present appellants, and the order was affirmed by the Circuit Court, for the reason and upon the ground stated in the Court’s opinion, that the Act of 1876 was unconstitutional, because the same was in conflict with sec. 33, Art. 3, of the Constitution, which prohibits the
The decision of this case turns upon the question of the validity and effect of the Act of 1876.
1st. Is the question of its constitutionality open for consideration on this appeal?
It is argued that the appellants are concluded by the decision of the County Commissioners and of the Circuit Court. But the question of the constitutionality of the law was one which the County Commissioners had no jurisdiction or power to decide. The power to declare an Act of Assembly unconstitutional and void, can only be exercised by a regularly constituted judicial tribunal, and is one of the most delicate and important powers confided to a Court of justice.
The County Commissioners possess no such authority. They are a body clothed with a limited and special jurisdiction, deriving their authority only from statute, and charged with the execution of the powers which the statute confers upon them. Their decision therefore, that the Act of Assembly was unconstitutional could have no binding force as a judicial decision of the question. And it follows, that the Circuit Court, sitting and hearing an appeal from their decision, was not acting in the exercise of its common law jurisdiction, but, in the exercise of the jurisdiction and powers prescribed and limited by the statute, and its decision, that the statute was unconstitutional and void cannot conclude the question, or bind the appellants in this case as res adjudicata. 2nd. Is the Act unconstitutional and void? It is said that it was passed in violation of the provision contained in Art. 3, sec. 33, of the Constitution, which declares “that the General Assembly shall pass no special law for any case, for which provision has been made by an existing general law.”
The argument on the part of the .appellees is that there existed a general road law for Baltimore County, viz., the
The proceedings which had taken place for opening Wilkens’ avenue have been before stated, and the consequences which followed the passage of the Act of 1874.
This Act contained no provision under which the proceedings which had been begun under the Act of 1870, could be completed, or the avenue be opened and finished, without great loss to the public, and great wrong and injustice to individuals, as well to those who had paid their assessments, as to the contractors who had done work upon the avenue.
The same may be said of the Act of 1876, ch. 406, another general road law for Baltimore County, which repealed the Act of 1874, ch. 274, and re-enacted the same with certain amendments.
These general laws provide a mode for the “opening of any new road, or the widening, straightening, altering or closing of any old road.” They contemplate original proceedings, contain no provisions applicable to Wilkens’ avenue, or for completing what had been begun in relation thereto, under the Act of 1870.
To cure these defects in the Act of 1874, and to prevent the mischiefs to which we have adverted, the Act of 1876, ch. 101, was passed. It was essentially a curative law, required by the exigencies of the particular case. As recited in the preamble, “ there were special circumstances in the case of Wilkens’ avenue requiring special legislation in regard thereto; ” and as the purposes of the Act could not be accomplished under any existing general law, its enactment was of course not within the prohibition contained in the Constitution. Art. 3, sec. 33; Pumphrey vs. Mayor & C. C. of Balt., 47 Md., 153; Mayor & C. C. of Balt. vs. Reitz, 50 Md., 574.
The first section declares that the avenue is a public road; and ratifies and confirms the acts of the County Commissioners done in connection therewith, declaring them to he valid.
This it was clearly competent for the Legislature to do.
Such retrospective laws, when they do not interfere with, or disturb vested rights, are not repugnant to the Constitution. Baugher vs. Nelson, 9 Gill, 299; 22 Md., 465; Cooley on Cons. Limitations, 371 to 383, (3rd Ed.)
The power of the Legislature to ratify and confirm the acts of the County Comnissioners done under the Act of 1870, and to make valid the contracts entered into by them for the construction, repair and preservation of the avenue, after the Act of 1870 was repealed, cannot be questioned.
“If the Legislature possess the power to authorize one act to be done, it can by a retrospective Act, cure the evils which existed because the power thus conferred has been irregularly executed.” Thomson vs. Lee County, 2 Wal., 327; People vs. Mitchell, and others, 35 N. Y., 551.
In the same manner it has been decided in numerous cases, that the Legislature may render valid a contract made by a municipal corporation, though ultra vires at the time it was made, if the contract is one which the Legislature might originally have authorized. Cooley, 379-381, and notes.
This principle applies with peculiar force -to the case of a contract relating to a work in which the public is interested, and for the public benefit, after it has been executed; provided it be a contract which the Legislature had the power to permit or sanction in advance.
The second section constitutes a Board of Examiners and Assessors for the purpose of laying out the avenue,
The third section, provides for the survey and location of the avenue, prescribing and adopting the same limits as had been established by the proceedings under the Act of 1870, except that in passing through the land of the Industrial School a deviation by a slight curve is directed to be made, to obviate the objection which had been made by that corporation, that the avenue as originally laid out passed through a garden or orchard.
Such a deviation was sanctioned by the case of Charles Street Avenue, 10 Md., 536.
The third and fourth sections designate the mode by which the board are to ascertain the whole cost of the avenue, and direct the manner in which assessments shall be made, and the mode of determining the property to be assessed. These provisions it is said are unconstitutional.
To ascertain the whole cost of the avenue, as the basis of the assessment; the law directs the board to ascertain :
1st. The amounts already paid by parties assessed under the Act of 1870.
2nd. The amount still due the contractors for work done on the avenue.
3rd. The amount which the County Commissioners have paid the contractors from the general county fund, and the amount which they may pay them from said fund for the preservation of the avenue, so far as constructed, after the suspension of the proceedings under the Act of 1870, and pending the completion of the proceedings under the Act of 1876, ch. 101.
4th. The amount necessary to complete the unfinished portion of the avenue.
These sums, in the aggregate correctly represent the cost of opening and completing the avenue, and the land
There seems to us to be no well founded objection to these provisions, they appear to be eminently just, and are clearly within the constitutional power of the Legislature.
The provisions relating to the assessment of damages and .benefits, as we construe them, are not repugnant to the Constitution.
Objection is made to the allowance as part of the cost of constructing the avenue, of the amounts which the County Commissioners have paid the contractors from the general county funds, and the amount still due the contractors for work done. It is argued that the Legislature has not the constitutional power “arbitrarily to declare certain sums of money, which no judicial or other properly constituted tribunal has ascertained to have, been properly or necessarily expended to be a charge, and to be assessed upon property holders.”.
The answer to this objection is that these sums so far as paid, were ascertained and expended by the County Commissioners under legal authority in the execution of the Act of 1810, ch. 319; and so far as they remain unpaid and due upon contracts made by the County Commissioners after the repeal of the Act of 1810, although it he admitted that these were made without legal power or authority on the part of the Commissioners; which, however, we do not mean to decide, they are ratified and confirmed by the first section of the Act, which as we have before said it was competent for the Legislature to do.
The amounts to be paid under or on account of these contracts, are not fixed or determined by the Act, but are left to be ascertained by the contracting parties, or if disputed, to he determined by judicial decision.
Without referring more particularly to the other sections of the Act, it is sufficient to say that they seem to us to be free from any valid objection, so far as the constitutional power of the Legislature is involved, and that is the only question upon which we have the power to pass; — the question of expediency being exclusively for the Legislature to determine.
There is no valid reason why the Act should not be carried into execution by the County Commissioners. Not, being clothed with the jurisdiction or power to decide upon the constitutionality of the law, their judgment that it was unconstitutional and void, does not relieve them from the duty of carrying the law into effect, and the discharge of this duty may be enforced by mandamus. We desire to say in this connection, that the decision in State, ex rel. Holland vs. Co. Comm’rs, 46 Md., 621, is not to be construed as a denial of the power of the Courts to grant the writ of mandamus in a proper case, requiring the County Commissioners to carry out the provisions of the Act of 1876. In that case, the power of the County Commissioners to adjudge the Act unconstitutional, was not discussed or questioned in the argument, and it does not appear to have been considered or decided by the Court.
We have adverted to the decision in that case, for the purpose of preventing it from being misunderstood.
As the Act of 1876, ch. 101, is, in our judgment, constitutional, and as its first section operated to confirm and make valid the contract made by the County Commissioners with the appellants, dated the 21st day of September 1875, it follows, that there was error in the ruling of the City Court; the judgment will therefore be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
Judgment reversed, and new trial ordered.