Lead Opinion
opinion of the court
The question which confronts us on this appeal is the continued viability of the legal principle expressed in Shiffman v Shiffman (
The parties were married on December 17,1967. After a 12x/2 year marriage which produced one issue, a daughter, born November 6, 1974, the marriage disintegrated and the parties entered into a separation agreement on October 21, 1980. The agreement, prepared by one attorney representing both parties, provided, inter alia, that the marital residence be sold with the proceeds, household furnishings and personal effects being equally divided in accordance with the schedule annexed to the agreement; the wife was awarded custody of the child, with child support of $300 per month; the husband was to maintain $100,000 life insurance with the daughter named as the beneficiary and maintain medical and hospital insurance for the child’s benefit.. There was no provision made for maintenance payments for the wife. Moreover, both parties, at all relevant times, were employed, the wife as a speech pathologist with the Harrison School Board, earning in excess of $30,000 per year and the husband as a sales manager with Merrill Lynch.
Subsequently, on April 2,1982, the husband commenced this action for divorce, based upon the parties having lived separate and apart, pursuant to a separation agreement, for a period in excess of one year (Domestic Relations Law, § 170, subd [6]). The wife answered, interposing two affirmative defenses and counterclaims, seeking rescission or, in the alternative, reformation of the separation agreement and an award “to meet the reasonable needs of the defendant, and child support to meet the reasonable cost of the care, education and maintenance” of the child. Together with the answer, the wife served a notice of deposition, “as to all factors relating to his financial state” and directing plaintiff to produce thereat an extensive list of items, including his Federal and State income tax returns for the period 1976 (four years prior to the separation agreement) to 1981; statements of brokerage and invest
Thereupon, the husband moved for a protective order to vacate the notice of examination upon the ground that since there existed a valid separation agreement between the parties and, since support was not in issue, an examination into plaintiff’s finances was improper. In opposition, the wife alleged, generally, that plaintiff had unfairly taken advantage of defendant in the preparation of the separation agreement in that defendant’s “mental and emotional state at the time was such that I did not clearly perceive, or fully understand, what was going on” and that she “was not properly and independently represented and advised” when she signed the agreement. Special Term denied the motion, directing plaintiff to appear for examination and, further, finding that defendant was “entitled to full and complete disclosure of his finances” since defendant had interposed counterclaims alleging generally that the agreement was unfair and that “plaintiff fraudulently misrepresented his actual income and assets” to induce her to sign the agreement.
It has been established law in this State that where there is an existing separation agreement, which controls the respective support obligations of the parties, in a subsequent matrimonial action for divorce neither alimony nor support is in issue unless and until the support terms of the separation agreement are set aside. On this basis, the courts have regularly denied any financial disclosure in such an action, as long as the support terms of the separation agreement remain in effect. (Shiftman v Shiffman, supra; Gleeson v Gleeson, supra; Moat v Moat,
In Potvin v Potvin (supra) the Second Department relied in part upon our determination in Milts v Milts (
The issue presented here is the continued efficacy of that principle in light of the enactment of the Equitable Distribution Law, applicable to matrimonial actions commenced after July 19,1980. The foregoing cases were decided upon the legal premise that a separation agreement, as with all other written contracts, could only be modified or vacated upon a significant showing of mutual mistake, fraud, duress or undue influence. The new operative standаrd contained in part B of section 236 of the Domestic Relations Law, however, may require some modification of the rule concerning disclosure as to finances where the support obligations of the parties had been fixed by a prior separation agreement. Although the Equitable Distribution Law permits an application to modify maintenance or child support upon a showing of “substantial change in circumstance” (Domestic Relations Law, § 236, part B, subd 9, par b), which is consistent with the prior law, in all other respects, such agreements are now accordеd a substantially different status in terms of maintenance and support. Instructive is section 236 (part B, subd 3) of the Domestic Relations Law, which provides in part: “An agreement by the parties, made before or during the marriage * * * may include * * * (3) provision for the amount and duration of maintenance or other terms and conditions
Thus, the equitable distribution statute imposes a standard of judicial scrutiny, requiring that the court determine whether the maintenance and support provisions (1) were fair and reasonable when made, and (2) are not unconscionable at the time of entry of final judgment. This is a far different standard than that followed prior to equitable distribution, when the only relevant consideration was whether the agreement was unconscionable when made or was the result of fraud, undue influence, duress or overreaching (Christian v Christian,
The alteration in the standard under which separation agreements may bе challenged likewise requires some modification of the former rule which precluded disclosure of finances before vacatur of the support provisions of the separation agreement. In applying a test of basic fairness or reasonableness, it may be necessary to consider the relative financial positions of the parties to determine whether, under the circumstances, the agreement was fair when made or, is unconscionable on the basis of the present situation of the parties. This is not to state that in every equitable distribution casе, the statute permits the parties now to conduct a wholesale fishing expedition into the financial affairs of the other spouse solely based upon bare, conclusory assertions that the terms of the agreement were unfair or unconscionable or that there was overreaching. Adoption of such a rule would be self-defeating and would wholly negate the benefits to be derived from encouraging the parties, after full and frank disclosure, to fix their relative responsibilities in terms of support and maintenance.
Presumptively, from a public policy perspеctive, some degree of finality must be accorded to the separation agreement, knowingly and intelligently entered into. Otherwise, there would be no real incentive for the parties to come to an understanding as to support, maintenance,
We disagree with our dissenting colleagues, who would permit a broad right of disclosure as to finances simply upon the asking, without any consideration given to the terms of the existing separation agreement or the sworn factual allegations of the moving party. The dissent places great emphasis on several claims in the pleadings and motion papers, namely, “distraught”, “without benefit of counsel and advice”, “the victim of her husband’s concealment” and “mutual mistake”. These are words of art, frequently employed. We fail to see in this case how such general language “squarely placed in issue” the terms of a separation agreement when the essence of the entire charge is to undo and rescind the agreement. If that approach were to become the practice, it would establish the right of any spouse to trigger the upsetting of a written agreement merely by using the magic terms without any factual substantiation as defendant has done here.
While we recognize that the Equitable Distribution Law does warrant some departure from the rigid adherence to the principle expressed in cases such as Shiffman and Gleeson (supra), there is no reason to shift 180 degrees and obviate the rationale and strong public policy factors upon which those determinations were based. Rather, we opt for a middle ground which would require an affirmative, factual showing, at least prima facie to permit disclosure in an action to modify or vacate the support provisions of a separation agreement. There must be a proper showing before a party may be permitted to upset the understanding of the parties and embark upon an intensive review, or rereview, of the finances of the other spouse.
The equitable distribution statute, in our judgment, continued, in effect, the prior rule which directed compulsory financial disclosure where alimony, maintenance or support is “in issue” (Domestic Relations Law, § 236, part B, subd 4). However, where, as here, the support or mainte
We find the record adduced before Special Term patently insufficient to justify any disclosure of the husband’s finances sought to be undertaken by defendant, let alone the searching examinations sought. The counterclaims allege in broad and general terms that the agreement was “inherently unfair, unjust and inequitable” and that the maintenance and support provisions were “inadequate and overreaching”. There are no specific and detailed allegations of fraud or undue influence. In any event, the claims are so clearly lacking in particularity that they fail to meet the requisites for such a pleading under CPLR 3016.
The first counterclaim seeks rescission upon the bare and general claim that the wife was “distraught and without professional or family counsel * * * to guide her, and did not and could not apprehend and understand the import of the Agreement”. Possibly so, but the agreement contains an express acknowledgment to the contrary, to wit, that each party “has had an opportunity to obtain independent legal advice by counsel of his or her own selection; that each fully understands the facts; and with such knowledge, each of them is signing this agreement freely and voluntarily.”
As to the issue of independent counsel, the fact that one attorney reprеsented both parties in the preparation and execution of the separation agreement does not establish overreaching in and of itself so as to permit rescission (Levine v Levine,
The same holds true with respect to the second counterclaim, which seeks to reform the agreement to correct the alleged mutual mistake by the parties in omitting to provide for equitable distribution and in limiting child support to $300 per month. The agreement, in clear terms, provided for child support in that amount and the defendant acknowledges her salary is in excess of $30,000 annually. Also, the agreement states that each party shall retain his or her personal property and belongings and contains an equal division of furniture and household furnishings as set forth in an itemized schedule annexed to the agreement. The agreement, drawn in clear terms, evinces the parties’ intention not to proceed under equitable distribution in regard to distribution of assets. Noticeably absent is any claim by the wife that the property settlement reflected in the schedule is unfair or inequitable.
Likewise deficient is the defendant’s affidavit submitted to Special Term. In broad terms, she claims that her husband had taken advantage of her in arranging for the preparation of the seрaration agreement and that her mental and emotional state was such that she could not fully appreciate its terms. If these are intended to be the basis for a claim of overreaching, they are palpably insufficient as conclusory assertions.
While conceding that she earns in excess of $30,000 per year, the wife claims that, because of financial considerations, there is a likelihood that she could lose her position within the Harrison school system and that “this situation underlines the very reason for my seeking the financial information that is at issue here”. Howеver, the contingency that, some time, in the future, the wife might possi
The record is insufficient to warrant an upward modification of support nor is there a claim or proof of any change in circumstances, as required on such a motion. Further, there are no factual allegations to support the naked claim that the agreement was unfair when made or is unconscionable now. General charges of unfair dealing or overreaching will not suffice. Before a party takes steps to undo a separation agreement and obtain disclosure of the spouse’s finances, it is incumbent upon that party to adduce sufficient factual support constituting a legitimate basis to warrant modification or vacatur of the support provisions of the separation agreement. The absence of such supporting proof here compels the granting of the motion for a protective order to preclude examination as to plaintiff’s finanсes.
Accordingly, the order, Supreme Court, New York County (Gabel, J.), entered September 16, 1982, should be modified, on the law, without costs, the motion for a protective order granted only to the extent of deleting from the notice any direction to produce documents concerning plaintiff’s finances and limiting the deposition of plaintiff to preclude any examination as to his finances, without prejudice to such other further proceedings as the parties may deem advisable upon a proper and sufficient factual showing to evidence a ground to modify or vacate the support provisions of the separation agreement, and otherwise affirmed. The examination shall be held on a date and time mutually agreed upon by the parties.
Dissenting Opinion
In April, 1982 the husband, alleging that the parties had, pursuant to a separation agreement, lived separate and apart for more than a year, brought this action for a conversion divorce to terminate a 14-year marriage which had produced one child, a daughter now eight years of age. The wife interposed two “affirmative defense[s] and counterclaim[s]”. The first seeks rescission of the separation agreement on the ground that, distraught and without the benefit of counsel and advice,
Simultaneously with the service of her answer, the wife served the husband with a notice of oral examination as to his “financial state”. The denial of the husband’s motion to vacate that notice in its entirety is the subject of this appeal. As reflected by her affidavit opposing the motion, the wife alleges overreaching on the part of her husband, a Merrill Lynch sales manager, who, by concealing his financial affairs, denied her access to information essential to fair and proper provision for her and her daughter.
We all agree that the Equitable Distribution Law (Domestic Relations Law, § 236, part B), applicable to matrimonial actions commenced after July 19, 1980, saps the vitality of the rule barring financial disclosure in a matrimonial action unless and until the support provisions of an existing separation agreement are set aside (see Shiffman v Shiffman,
That a piece of legislation as enlightened as the Equitable Distribution Law contemplates a greater liberality with respect to pretrial financial disclosure in matrimonial actions would appear to be beyond dispute. The new law recognizes marriage as “an economic partnership”, the dissolutiоn of which causes severe economic repercussions on spouses and children. (See Governor’s Memorandum of
In our view the wife who, through her counterclaims, has squarely placed in issue the fairness, reasonableness and impartiality of the support and maintenance terms of the separation agreement, is entitled to the financial disclosure she seeks. We are not suggesting that the new law commands broad financial disclosure even before the separation agreement is set aside in every case where an assertion of unfairness and overreaching is made, but, here, the wife has shown enough to warrant the relief sought. She has alleged that, emotionally distraught, without independent legal representation, and the victim of her husband’s concealment, she could not make an informed
While we can appreciate the public policy considerations underlying the majority’s concern that some degree of finality should be accorded separation agreements, those considerations are valid only if the parties have entered the agreement with full knowledge of all the facts. The wife alleges concealment and overreaching. The husband’s only response is to rely on the sanctity of the agreement as a bar to any financial disclosure. Milts v Milts (
The husband also contends that, in any event, the wife’s notice' of examination exceeds the permissible scope of inquiry since, at least as to Federal and State income tax returns, it calls for the production of financial records for the years 1976 through 1981, inclusive. In arguing that section 236 (part B, subd 4) of the Domestic Relations Law limits disclosure “to a three year period or the length of the marriage, whichever is shorter,” the husband distorts the statute which applies the three-year limitation to only the “net worth” statement. In Ponard v Ponard (
The demand for the other enumerated documents is apparently limited to the current year, which would bе 1980, the year the parties separated. Nor is the demand unnecessarily burdensome in its enumeration of the documents sought. CPLR 3101 (subd [a]) requires “full disclosure of all evidence material and necessary in the prosecution or defense of an action”. The husband fails to show how the production of income tax returns and statements of brokerage or investment accounts, pension profit sharing or stock option plans and evidence of value of any proprietary interest in real or personal property would be so burdensome or oppressive as to warrant the court’s intervention.
Accordingly, the order of Special Term denying the motion for a protective order should be modified only to the extent of limiting the scope of the deposition to the financial condition of the husband at the time of the execution of the separation agreement and limiting production of income tax returns to the years 1976 through 1980, and the production of the other enumerated documents to the year 1980 and, except as thus modified, affirmed.
Kupferman, J. P., and Lynch, J., concur with Kassal, J.; Sandler and Sullivan, JJ., dissent in an opinion by Sullivan, J.
Order, Supreme Court, New York County, entered on September 16, 1982, modified, on the law, without costs and without disbursements, the motion for a protective order granted only to the extent of deleting from the notice any direction to produce documents concerning plaintiff’s finances and limiting the deposition of plaintiff to preclude any examination as to his finances, without prejudice to such other further proceedings as the parties may deem