Oats v. Singletary

141 F.3d 1018

11th Cir.

1998

Check Treatment

Sonny Boy OATS, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Harry K. SINGLETARY, Jr., Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, Respondent-Appellee.

No. 96-3725.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

May 19, 1998.

their award based on any number of valid reasons.” Id. (emphasis added). Similarly, in this case, it is not difficult to discern a reason for the arbitrators’ decision to hold Scott liable for the debts of the Fund. The facts of this case and the arbitrators’ award suggest that the arbitrators were convinced that Scott so dominated and controlled the Fund and CSI that he ought to be held liable for their debts on a theory of alter-ego liability. Scott‘s attempts to argue that this conclusion was arbitrary and capricious amount to nothing more than a rehashing of his disagreements with that result. As we have observed before, a mere error in the application of the law will not support the reversal of an arbitration award. See

Montes, 128 F.3d at 1460. Accordingly, we hold that the district court correctly denied Scott‘s pleas to vacate the arbitration award.²²

CONCLUSION

On appeal, Scott asks us to reverse the district court‘s ruling that the NFA‘s Member Arbitration Rules gave the arbitrators the power to resolve issues of arbitrability. He also asks that we reverse the district court‘s alternative, independent holding that his status as an associate member of the NFA required him to arbitrate this dispute with PSI. Finally, he urges us to vacate the arbitration award for a variety of statutory and non-statutory reasons. We hold that the district court erred when it found that the NFA Member Rules gave the arbitrators the authority to determine whether the dispute was subject to arbitration. We agree, however, with the district court‘s independent holding that Scott‘s association with the NFA required him to arbitrate the dispute with PSI. We also find no error in the district court‘s decision to deny Scott‘s motion to vacate the arbitration award or its decision to confirm that award in PSI‘s favor. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.

Todd Gerald Scher, Capital Collateral Representative, Miami, FL, for Petitioner-Appellant.

Randall Sutton, Asst. Atty. Gen., Miami, FL, for Respondent-Appellee.

Before ANDERSON, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

ANDERSON, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Sonny Boy Oats (“Oats“), a prisoner awaiting execution on Florida‘s death row, appeals from the district court‘s denial оf his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. For the reasons stated below, we affirm the district court‘s decision to deny the writ.¹

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On December 20, 1979, Jeanette Dyer, the cashier at a convenience store near Ocala, Florida, was killed during a robbery of the store. The cause of her death was a single bullet fired from approximately one foot away that penetrated her right eye and her brain. On December 24, 1979, a police officer observed an automobile with two suspicious looking occupants in the vicinity of another convenience store in Ocala. As the officer approached the car, it sped away at a high rate of speed. The officer gave chase. The fleeing car soon crashed and the occupants dispersed. Shortly thereafter, Donnie Williams was arrested as a suspect in the high-speed chase, transported to the Marion County Jail, and gave a statement to the police implicating the appellant Sonny Boy Oats in the murder of Jeanette Dyer. Subsequently, Oats was arrested as a suspect in the high-speed chase and given Miranda warnings. During the interview that followed, Oats admitted his involvement in the chase and stated he had thrown his firearm away during the chase. The firearm was later discovered on the roadside near the location described by Oats.

In his interview with the police, Oats also admitted his involvement in an ABC liquor store robbery and shooting that had occurred on December 19, 1979,² one day prior to the robbery and murder of Jeanette Dyer. On December 28, 1979,³ during a tape recorded interview, Oats again confessed to the ABC liquor store robbery and shooting, and also admitted robbing and killing Jeanette Dyer on December 20. Ballistics tests conducted on the gun recovered from the roadside established that it was the same weapon used in both the ABC liquor store and Jeanette Dyer shootings.

Oats was indicted on two counts of robbery and first degree murder, arising out of the killing of Jeanette Dyer on December 20, 1979. Oats was also charged separately in another case for the robbery and attempted murder at the ABC liquor store that occurred on December 19, 1979. During February and March of 1980, Oats was examined, at the request of trial counsel, by three separate psychiatrists, Drs. Frank Carrera, Rafael Gonzalez, and Fausto Natal, all of whom reported to the court and to Oats’ counsel that Oats was sane at the time of the offenses and competent to stand trial.⁴

In early June 1980, Oats was tried in a separate proceeding for the ABC liquor store robbery and shooting and was convicted of robbery with a firearm and attempted murder in the first degree.⁵ On June 14, 1980, Oats escaped from the Marion County Jail. He was recaptured approximately six months later in Texas, and was returned to Florida for trial in the instant capital case.⁶

On February 6, 1981, the jury in the instant case found Oats guilty of first degree murder and robbery with a firearm. After hearing the evidence relevant to sentencing, the same jury rendered an advisory sentence of death. On February 10, the trial judge followed the jury‘s recommendation and imposed the death sentence for the murder charge and ninety-nine years imprisоnment for the robbery charge.

In Oats’ direct appeal of his conviction and sentence,⁷ the Florida Supreme Court affirmed Oats’ conviction, but remanded for resentencing and a reweighing of the aggravating circumstances by the trial judge because the trial judge erred in his original determination of three of the aggravating circumstances.

Oats v. State, 446 So.2d 90, 95 (Fla.1984). On April 26, 1984, following the remand from the Florida Supreme Court, the state trial court conducted another sentencing hearing. At the resentencing hearing, Oats’ attorney objected to the resentencing and made a motion seeking the appointment of experts to determine Oats’ sanity and competence. The trial judge denied this motion based on the judge‘s observations of Oats’ demeanor at that time and during prior proceedings. The trial judge then reweighed the valid aggravating circumstances against the single mitigating circumstance and reimposed the death penalty, which was affirmed by the Florida Supreme Court.⁸ See , cert. denied, .

On October 7, 1987, Oats filed a motion for post-conviction relief in the state trial court pursuant to Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850, and in May 1989, filed an original petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Florida Supreme Court. Following the signing of a death warrant by the Governor in 1989, the state trial court granted a stay of execution and subsequently conducted an evidentiary hearing on Oats’ Rule 3.850 motion. This Rule 3.850 hearing lasted eleven days over a period from February 19 to June 5, 1990, and primarily concerned whether Oats’ trial counsel were constitutionally deficient in their representation of Oats. The state trial court denied Oats’ Rule 3.850 petition in November 1990. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the trial court‘s denial of Oats’ Rule 3.850 motion and denied Oats’ original state habeas corpus petition in

Oats v. Dugger, 638 So.2d 20 (Fla.1994), cert. denied, . Oats then filed the instant federal habeas action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court denied Oats’ petition without holding an evidentiary hearing.

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims

The law regarding collateral review of ineffective assistance of counsel claims under the Sixth Amendment is well settled. In order to obtain habeas corpus relief with respect to a conviction or a death sentence based on ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must shоw both (1) that the identified acts or omissions of counsel were deficient, or outside the range of professionally competent assistance, and (2) that counsel‘s deficient performance prejudiced the defense such that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). See also . When applying Strickland, we are free to dispose of ineffectiveness claims on either of its two grounds. See . Furthermore, we note that under the rules and presumptions set down in Strickland and its progeny, “the cases in which habeas petitioners can properly prevail on the ground of ineffective assistance of counsel are few and far between.” (en banc) (quoting ).

Oats alleges that he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel in a variety of ways throughout his defense of the criminal proceeding in state court. The primary focus of Oats’ ineffective assistance of counsel claims is his assertion that, at all material times in this case, he was mentally retarded with organic brain damage, complicated by both physical and psychological abuse as a child and by his own abuse of alcohol and other substances. Oats claims that his attorneys failed to adequately and fully present evidence of his mental deficiencies at numerous proceedings in the state trial court.

The record reveals that, during the pendency of the case in state court, a minimum of eight different mental health experts testified and/or issued reports concerning Oats’ mental capacity. In February and March, 1980, during the pretrial stages of the ABC liquor store case and the instant capital case, Oats was examined separately by three different court-appointed psychiatrists, Drs. Frank Carrera, Rafael Gonzalez, and Fausto Natal. The examinations by these court-appointed psychiatrists were performed prior to the ABC liquor store case at the request of Oats’ trial counsel.⁹ All three psychiatrists reported then that Oats was mentally competent at the time of the оffenses and was mentally competent to stand trial.¹⁰

The remaining experts became involved in the case during the 1990 post-conviction Rule 3.850 hearings before the state trial court. At this time, defense experts ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍Drs. Robert Phillips and Joyce Carbonell testified, and Dr. Harry Krop issued a report concluding that Oats was mentally retarded with organic brain damage.¹¹ They also opined that Oats was incompetent to stand trial in 1980,¹² incompetent at resentencing in 1984, and incapable of knowingly waiving his Miranda rights at the time of his confessions. However, the conclusions reached by the defense experts were challenged by Drs. Charles Mutter and Leonard Haber, who testified on behalf of the State at the Rule 3.850 hearings. Drs. Mutter and Haber contradicted the defense experts concerning the degree of Oats’ brain damage and the level of his intelligence,¹³ and both concluded that Oats was competent to stand trial in 1980, competent at resentencing in 1984, and capable of making a knowing and intelligent waiver of his Miranda rights.

1. Oats’ Competency to Stand Trial

Oats contends that his trial counsel were inеffective in failing to adequately argue that he was incompetent to stand trial and in failing to provide to the court-appointed psychiatrists, Drs. Carrera, Gonzalez, and Natal, information concerning his background and mental health history which potentially could have altered the psychiatrists’ opinions concerning his competency to stand trial.¹⁴ The second prong of the Strickland test requires Oats to show that if his trial counsel had performed as he argues they should have, there is a reasonable probability that the trial judge would have determined that Oats was incompetent to stand trial. We conclude that Oats fails this prejudice prong of Strickland. After the eleven day Rule 3.850 hearings in which Oats was able to fully introduce the evidence concerning his family background, his mental health history, and the opinions of defense mental health experts, the state court judge found “no reasonable doubt about [Oats‘] competency.”¹⁵ The state court‘s finding that Oats was competent to stand trial is a factual finding entitled to a presumption of correctness, and thus will not be overturned on federal habeas review unless the state court‘s finding is not fairly supported by the record. See

Demosthenes v. Baal, 495 U.S. 731, 735, 110 S.Ct. 2223, 2225, 109 L.Ed.2d 762 (1990) (concluding that state court‘s finding that defendant was competent to waive his right to pursue further post-conviction review of his claims was entitled to a presumption of correctness on federal habeas corpus review); (concluding that state court‘s finding of competency to stand trial was “fairly supported by the record“); (concluding that state court‘s finding of competency to stand trial is a finding of fact reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard).

We conclude that the state court‘s finding is fairly supported by the record. Although defense experts testified and/or issued reports opining that Oats’ alleged mild mental retardation, organic brain damage, and history of substance abuse rendered him incompetent to stand trial, this evidence was contradicted by (1) the conclusions of the State‘s mental health experts, (2) Oats’ own coherent testimony at his trial and at the pretrial suppression hearing,¹⁶ (3) Oats’ confession to the police in which he was able to accurately describe details regarding the two offenses,¹⁷ and (4) the circumstances surrounding Oats’ two escapes from police custody.¹⁸ See

Daugherty v. Dugger, 839 F.2d 1426, 1432 (11th Cir:1988) (concluding that defendant failed prejudice prong of Strickland because expert testimony regarding defendant‘s alleged domination by another would have been subject to rebuttal by defendant‘s prior contradictory statements). In denying Oats’ Rule 3.850 motion for post-conviction relief, the state court found that “the ultimate conclusions of the [defense] experts are positively refuted by the record, including the Defendant‘s conduct prior to, during, and subsequent to the criminal episodes and throughout the judicial proceedings.” Order Denying Rule 3.850 Relief, at 5 (November 21, 1990). The state court‘s finding that Oats was competent to stand trial is amply supported by the evidence. Thus, we conclude that Oats fails to satisfy the prejudice requirement of Strickland, and we reject this aspect of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.¹⁹

2. Oats’ Capacity to Validly Waive His Miranda Rights

Oats also contends that his trial counsel were ineffective in failing to argue that his confessions should be suppressed because he lacked the capacity to waive his Miranda rights. Oats’ trial counsel filed a motion to suppress Oats’ confessions to the ABC liquor store robbery-attempted murder and Jeanette Dyer robbery-murder based on the contention that his confessions were involuntary because of wrongful inducements made to him during his interrogation by the examining officers. Oats’ trial counsel vigorously argued this wrongful inducement theory at the suppression hearing, but it was ultimately rejected by the state trial court. Oats contends that, rather than or in addition to arguing this “wrongful inducement” theory, his trial counsel should have found mental health experts to testify that he did not have the mental capacity to understand and knowingly waive his Miranda rights.²⁰ We reject this aspect of Oats’ ineffective assistance of counsel argument because Oats is unable to demonstrate that if expert testimony had been offered at the suppression hearing, the trial judge probably would have found that Oats’ Miranda waiver was ineffective. The trial judge denied Oats’ motion to suppress after (1) hearing the testimony of the interrogating officers concerning their observations of Oats at the time of his confessions,²¹ (2) listening to a recording of Oats’ statements during one of the police interviews, and (3) personally observing Oats during his testimony at the suppression hearing.²² In light of this evidence actually introduced at the suppression hearing, and in light of the evidence adduced in the 1990 Rule 3.850 hearing and the state court‘s findings in that regard, we cannot conclude that the trial judge probably would have ruled differently on Oats’ motion to suppress if Oats’ trial counsel had presented expert testimony concerning Oats’ ability to knowingly waive his Miranda rights.²³ Therefore, Oats fails the prejudice prong of Strickland.²⁴

3. The Penalty Phase of Trial

Oats contends that his trial counsel were ineffective in failing to adequately prepare for the penalty phase of trial. Specifically, Oats argues that his trial counsel (1) failed to ask Dr. Carrera, the only mental expert who testified during the penalty phase, to address the existence of statutory and non-statutory mitigating circumstances, (2) failed to call any other mental experts to testify as to his alleged mental retardation and incompetеnce, or to testify as to the existence of mitigating circumstances, and (3) failed to call numerous relatives who could have testified regarding his abusive childhood and supported a finding of mitigating circumstances.²⁵ Oats contends that if his trial counsel had adequately prepared for the penalty phase, he would have been able to prove the statutory mitigating circumstances of extreme mental or emotional disturbance, lack of capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct and conform his conduct to the requirements of the law, and substantial domination by others.²⁶

We reject this aspect of Oats’ ineffective assistance of counsel argument because he is unable to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland. First, a great deal of evidence regarding potential mitigating circumstances was introduced during the penalty phase, and apparently rejected by the jury and the judge. The record reveals that Dr. Carrera testified at length about the mistreatment that Oats suffered at the hands of his aunt during his abusive childhood, the emotional and impulse disorders that Oats developed as a result of his upbringing, and Oats’ history of alcohol and substance abuse. Dr. Carrera also testified regarding his conclusion that Oats was functioning at either the “very low average range or possibly the upper part of the borderline range of intelligence” and at a seventh-grade level in terms of classroom information. Furthermore, four relatives testified at the penalty phase regarding Oats’ mistreatment as a child, the head injury he suffered during childhood as a result of his aunt‘s mistreatment, and his frequent headaches and strange behavior. Following this testimony, trial counsel argued in closing summation that Oats should not receive the death penalty because he functioned at a “borderline level,” that the mitigating circumstance of age applied, that Oats was under an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the offense, and that Oats was unable to appreciate the criminality of his conduct.

With regard to Oats’ contention thаt his trial counsel should have called other experts, such as Drs. Phillips and Carbonell, to testify as to his mental retardation and brain damage and the existence of mitigating circumstances, we note that the state court, after the eleven day Rule 3.850 hearing, rejected this argument based on its finding that

the factual bases upon which these experts posit their opinion are not believable and are not supported by such objective evidence as to suggest a reasonable possibility that the jury‘s recommendation and therefore the sentence would have been different. Moreover, the ultimate conclusions of the experts are positively refuted by the record, including the Defendant‘s conduct prior to, during, and subsequent to the criminal episodes and throughout the judicial proceedings.

Order Denying 3.850 Relief, at 5 (November 21, 1990). These state court findings of fact are entitled to deference, see

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698, 104 S.Ct. at 2070 (stating that state court findings of fact made in the course of deciding an ineffective assistance of counsel claim аre subject to the deference requirement of § 2254(d)). Our review of the record of the Rule 3.850 proceeding persuades us that these factual findings are fairly supported by the record. The state court‘s finding of fact discrediting ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the factual bases of the defense mental health experts has support in the record and undermines the opinions of these experts. Moreover, if Oats had sought to call Drs. Carbonell and Phillips to testify regarding his mental functioning and brain damage, the State could have called Drs. Mutter and Haber to contradict these conclusions.²⁷ Also, the potential testimony of the defense mental health experts regarding the existence of mitigating circumstances could have been rebutted by the State. Drs. Mutter and Haber concluded that Oats was not under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the offense, and had the capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. Drs. Mutter and Haber also testified that Oats’ conduct during the offense and its aftermath, his dеtailed confession, his conduct during his two escapes, and his conduct during the litigation proceedings were inconsistent with the picture of Oats painted by the defense experts. In light of the foregoing, in light of the fact that the substance of Oats’ mental deficiencies and abusive childhood were presented to the jury, and in light of the four strong aggravating circumstances found by the sentencing judge on remand,²⁸ we conclude that there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have returned a life sentence. Thus, Oats has failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland. See (concluding that “given the severity of the aggravating circumstances in this case, we cannot conclude that the absence of psychiatric testimony in the sentencing phase creates a reasonable probability that the jury would have recommended life“).²⁹

4. Oats’ Competency at Resentencing

As previously noted, the Florida Supreme Court affirmed Oats’ conviction but found error in the sentence and remanded to the state trial court for resentencing.

Oats v. State, 446 So.2d 90, 95-96 (Fla.1984). When the case returned to the trial court in 1984, Oats’ trial counsel filed a series of motions including a motion seeking the appointment of three mental health experts pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.740 (1984) entitled “Procedure When Insanity Is Alleged as Cause for Not Pronouncing Sentence.” Rule 3.740 at that time³⁰ provided that “if the court has reasonable ground to believe that the defendant is insane, it shall immediately fix a time for a hearing ... [and] may appoint not exceeding three disinterested qualified experts to examine the defendant and testify at the hearing as to his mental condition.” The trial court conducted a hearing on the motion for the purpose of determining whether experts should be appointed and whether a further hearing should be scheduled in accordance with Rule 3.740. During that hearing, Oats’ counsel recounted at length the history of the case and Oats’ deprived background, represented to the court their belief that Oats lacked the mental capacity to proceed with a sentencing hearing, and invited the trial judge to personally question Oats concerning his understanding of the resentencing proceedings. Oats then testified and was examined by his counsel and cross-examined by the prosecution about his understanding of the impending resentencing hearing. At the conclusion of Oats’ testimony, the trial judge denied the motion and proceeded with the resentencing hearing based on the judge‘s finding that there were no reasonable grounds to believe that Oats was insane and unable to proceed in the resentencing.

Oats appealed the trial court‘s refusal to appoint a panel of experts to determine his sanity at resentencing and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed.

Oats v. State, 472 So.2d 1143, 1144 (Fla.1985). The court concluded that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion in denying Oats’ Rule 3.740 motion and concluded that the clear language of Rule 3.740 required the sentencing court to find reasonable grounds for believing that a defendant is insane as a precondition to the appointment of experts and the scheduling of a further hearing. Id. In discussing Rule 3.740, the court contrasted the language of Rule 3.740 with the language of Rule 3.210 (Competency to Stand Trial) and Rule 3.216 (Insanity at the Time of the Offense) as they then existed,³¹ and emphasized that the appointmеnt of experts under those rules, which applied to earlier stages of criminal proceedings, was automatically triggered by the mere filing of a motion by defense counsel, whereas Rule 3.740, specifically applicable to sentencing, required a prior judicial determination of reasonable grounds. The court concluded, therefore, that under Rule 3.740, unlike the other rules, an assertion of incompetency by defense counsel was not sufficient, standing alone, to mandate appointment of mental health experts and a hearing on competency. Id.

In this appeal, Oats contends that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel because his trial counsel filed the resentencing motion under the “wrong rule.” Oats argues that if his trial counsel had sought a competency evaluation under Florida Rules 3.210 or 3.216, the appointment of experts at resentencing would have been mandatory. We reject this argument as without merit because Oats’ trial counsel filed the motion under the right rule as the rules existed at thаt time.³² Under the clear language of the rules, Rule 3.740 applied to claims of insanity and/or incompetence at sentencing, while Rules 3.210 and 3.216 applied to earlier stages of criminal proceedings.³³

Oats also claims that his procedural due process rights were violated under

Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 815 (1966), because the judge at his resentencing failed to conduct a sua sponte competency hearing despite information raising a bona fide doubt as to his competency.³⁴ We reject this argument as without merit. As noted above, Oats’ counsel made a motion objecting to resentencing on the grounds that Oats was insane and asked the judge to inquire of Oats whether he understood the nature of the resentencing proceedings, and as a result, Oats testified at the hearing. Having observed Oats’ demeanor at both the resentencing hearing and during the prior litigation of the case, and having reviewed the prior reports of court-appointed mental health experts, the judge found that there was no reasonable basis to believe that Oаts was insane and unable to proceed in the resentencing. After reviewing the record, we conclude that there was no evidence before the trial judge at resentencing that would raise a bona fide doubt as to Oats’ competency, and thus the court did not have a sua sponte duty to hold a competency hearing under Pate.

B. Whether Oats Was Entitled to a New Advisory Jury at Resentencing

Oats v. State, 446 So.2d 90, 95-96 (Fla.1984), the Florida Supreme Court affirmed Oats’ conviction, but set aside his death sentence and remanded for “entry of a new sentencing order” because the trial court erred in its determination of three of the aggravating circumstances.³⁵ Following remand, Oats’ counsel moved for the court to impanel a new jury for resentencing. The court denied the motion, and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed this denial based on its conclusion in the original appeal that “[b]ecause a new jury would be considering essentially the same evidence as was presented to the original jury, we find no reason to resubmit the evidence to a jury.” (quoting ).

Oats claims that he was entitled to have a new penalty phase jury impaneled upon remand for reweighing of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances. We reject this argument because the errors that occurred at the original sentencing proceeding did not affect the jury‘s recommendation. See

Funchess v. Wainwright, 772 F.2d 683, 692-93 (11th Cir.1985) (concluding a new advisory jury was not required on remand because the initial proceeding was free from serious error); (same). First, we emphasize that there was no error found in either the trial court‘s evidentiary rulings or in its definitional instructions to the jury regarding aggravating and mitigating circumstances. See (concluding that it was not essential for a new jury to be convened on remand for resentencing because the defendant had not demonstrated any error in the instructions given to the jury or the evidence it considered in making its recommendation).³⁶ Oats contends that “erroneous information” about the ABC liquor store crimes was presented to the original jury because the jury heard evidence that Oats was convicted of attempted first degree murder and robbery in the ABC liquor store case, but the convictions were subsequently reversed and Oats was convicted of attempted second degree murder and robbery after a retrial.³⁷ We disagree. Second degree attempted murder and robbery are prior violent felony convictions and thus supported the aggravating circumstance that Oats was previously convicted of a “felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.” See Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(b). Furthermore, the same underlying facts presented to the jury regarding the ABC liquor store case supported both Oats’ original conviction and his conviction after retrial in that case.³⁸ Therefore, we agree with the Florida Supreme Court that a new jury would be considering essentially the same evidence as was presented to the original jury. We reject Oats’ argument that a new advisory jury should have been impaneled for resentencing.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court‘s order denying Oats’ petition for a writ of habeas corpus.

AFFIRMED.³⁹

Notes

Oats’ petition for writ of habeas corpus was filed before April 24, 1996, the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA“), and thus the AEDPA standard of review provisions are not applicable. See ; see also ; , vacated in part on reconsideration, .

In the ABC liquor store robbery, Oats robbed the store‘s clerk, Eric Slusser, and then shot Slusser in the head.

This second interview occurred four days after Oats’ first interview because Oats escaped frоm police custody during a visit to his mother‘s house and was not recaptured for three days.

Additional facts regarding these psychiatric evaluations and the evaluations of other doctors will be discussed later in this opinion.

The ABC liquor store case was noncapital and thus proceeded at a faster pace than the instant case.

While on escape from prison, Oats robbed a liquor store in New York and stabbed the clerk numerous times in the head, neck, and back.

While Oats’ appeal of his conviction and sentence in the instant case was pending before the Florida Supreme Court, Florida‘s Fifth District Court of Appeal reversed Oats’ convictions in the ABC liquor store case because the trial court had failed to instruct the jury concerning the applicable ranges of punishment as required by a Florida rule of criminal procedure. . On February 9, 1982, after a re-trial, Oats was convicted of robbery and attempted second degree murder. That conviction was affirmed in , prior to the Florida Supreme Court‘s resolution of Oats’ direct appeal in the instant capital case.

The trial judge weighed the mitigating circumstance of age against the aggravating circumstances of (1) Oats’ prior violent felony conviction, (2) murder during the commission of a robbery, (3) the murder was committed to avoid lawful arrest, and (4) the murder was cold, calculated, and premeditated.

Like the state court that denied Oats’ request for post-conviction relief under Rule 3.850, we conclude that the fact that the psychiatrists’ evaluations of Oats were performed in connection with the companion ABC liquor store case does not limit the relevance of those evaluations in regard to the instant case. Drs. Carrera, Gonzalez, and Natal examined Oats between February 17 and March 25, 1980, and the trial in the instant case was conducted in February 1981. However, if Oats had not escaped from custody in June 1980, he presumably would have been tried as his counsel requested in July 1980. No evidence has been presented to suggest any change in Oats’ competency from March 1980 to February 1981. Moreover, one of Oats’ attorneys at trial in the instant case was also Oats’ attorney in the ABC trial.

Dr. Carrera evaluated Oats on February 19, 1980, apparently in regard to both the ABC liquor store case and the instant capital case. Dr. Carrera concluded that (1) Oats was of low average to borderline intelligence, (2) Oats was competent to assist in his defense and stand trial, and (3) at the time of the alleged crimes Oats was legally sane. Dr. Natal evaluated Oats on March 18, 1980, in regard to the ABC liquor store case. Dr. Natal concluded that (1) Oats’ intellectual level seemed to be in the “dull, normal range,” (2) Oats “is competent to stand trial and knows the nature and consequences of the legal situation he is involved in and can work with counsel in preparing a rational defense,” (3) with respect to Oats’ state of mind at the time of the alleged crime, he “was not suffering from a defect of reason resulting from a disease of the mind” and knew the nature and quality of the act was wrong, and (4) Oats understood the Miranda warnings and was psychologically able to waive his rights. Dr. Gonzalez evaluated Oats in late March 1980, in regard to the ABC liquor store case and concluded that Oats “is not at present time psychotic and that he can be of assistance to his attorney in the process of preparation of his defense.”

Dr. Phillips testified that he believed that Oats’ brain damage was the result of a long-standing history of alcohol and drug abuse, inhalation of liquid paper, and multiple open and/or closed head injuries during childhood.

Unlike Drs. Phillips and Carbonell, Dr. Krop did not specifically conclude that Oats was incompetent to stand trial and unable to understand and waive his Miranda rights in 1980. However, he concluded that it was likely that Oats would have had great difficulty in assisting his counsel at the time of his trial. Dr. Krop and Dr. Carbonell reported that Oats scored approximately 57 and 61 on IQ tests, placing him in the mildly mentally retarded range of functioning, and that he was at a beginning third grade level in terms of basic academic skills. These conclusions are inconsistent with Department of Corrections records indicating that Oаts scored a 93 on an IQ test in 1976, and Dr. Carrera‘s testimony that Oats’ scores on basic academic skills tests put him at a seventh-grade level in terms of classroom information. Furthermore, Dr. Charles Mutter testified that, in his opinion, Oats’ ability to process material and his knowledge of language indicated that Oats “was smarter than he was showing on the tests.”

Dr. Mutter first challenged the defense experts’ assumption that Oats’ brain damage was partly the result of sniffing liquid paper. Dr. Mutter testified that this assumption was flawed because the inhalation of the solvents in liquid paper may cause severe liver damage and gastrointestinal problems, but there is no medical evidence that the solvents produce brain damage. Dr. Mutter also testified that Dr. Krop‘s conclusion that Oats suffered from diffuse brain damage was contradicted to some degree by Dr. Krop‘s conclusion that Oats was orientated to time, place, and person. Based on his evaluation of Oats, Dr. Mutter concluded that Oats suffered from a “minimal organic disturbance” in expressing himself in terms of words and certain types of vocabulary, but that Oats understood the questions asked in the evaluation, his answers were responsive and appropriate, and Oats’ psychomotor activity and other body language were in context with an individual who does not show “any kind of frank organic impairment.” Finally, Drs. Mutter and Haber concluded that Oats’ IQ scores, as reported by defense experts, did not reflect Oats’ actual mental functioning and that Oats demonstrated an ability to use certain language and appreciate the nuances of the doctors’ questions that were “far beyond the ability of an individual with a full scale IQ of 57.”

Oats also contends that his trial counsel were incompetent by failing to inform the court-appointed psychiatrists of trial counsel‘s concerns regarding Oats’ competency to stand trial and ability to participate in his defense. In light of the new information provided by Oats’ collateral counsel (including in particular a new IQ test which would place Oats in the category of borderline mentally retarded), Drs. Carrera and Gonzalez gave testimony at the Rule 3.850 hearing that backtracked to some degree from their previous testimony that Oats was competent to stand trial.

The state court specifically found that Oats “knew the charges against him and possible penalties; that he testified rationally and relevantly at the suppression hearing; that he was able to follow and understand the testimony of witnesses at trial; and that he understood his subpoena power to call witnesses and the roles of the judge, jury, prosecutor and defense counsel.” Order Denying Rule 3.850 Relief, at 4 (November 21, 1990).

We note that during the cross-examination of his mother during the penalty phase of trial, Oats appeared to be alert and listening attentively to the testimony. Oats’ mother testified that the co-defendant in the ABC case told her that he had shot the liquor store clerk, dropped the gun because he was wearing gloves, and then Oats picked up the gun. After the state attorney stated to Oats’ mother that Oats’ fingerprints were found on the gun, Oats interrupted and stated “[s]he just told you he had glоves on, didn‘t she?” Later, during his own testimony during the guilt phase of the trial, Oats apologized to the judge for this earlier interruption.

We note that after giving his confession to the police, Oats was able to direct the police to the overpass where he had thrown his gun during the high-speed car chase with the police.

Oats’ first escape occurred on December 24, 1979, while he was in custody for police interrogation. After confessing to the ABC liquor store crime, Oats told police officers that because his mother was very ill, he wished to see her and tell her in person that he had been arrested. The officers complied with Oats’ request and let Oats visit his mother. During this visit, Oats escaped out the back door of her house and remained free for three days. Oats’ second escape occurred on June 14, 1980, prior to his trial in the instant case. While a guard was distracted, Oats and other inmates climbed over a wall at Marion County Jail. Oats was recaptured approximately six months later after traveling to New York and Texas.

Based on the foregoing, we also reject Oats’ substantive claim that he was incompetent to stand trial in 1980. We conclude that the state court‘s finding, after the eleven day Rule 3.850 hearings, that Oats was competent at the time of his trial is fairly supported by the record, and thus is entitled to a presumption of correctness on federal habeas review. See ; ; . Finally, to the extent that Oats argues that his procedural due process rights were violated under , because the trial judge failed to hold a hearing regarding Oats’ competency prior to trial, we reject the argument as without merit. The three court-appointed psychiatrists had found Oats competent to stand trial, there was little or no evidence before the trial court raising a bona fide doubt as to Oats’ competency, and thus the trial court did not have a sua sponte duty to hold a pre-trial competency hearing under Pate.

Oats bases this argument on the testimony of Drs. Phillips and Carbonell at the 3.850 hearing that Oats was incapable of knowingly waiving his Miranda rights at the time of his confession. State еxperts Drs. Mutter and Haber reached the opposite conclusion that Oats was capable of knowingly waiving his Miranda rights.

The officers testified that at the time of his confessions, Oats was alert and did not appear to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs, accurately described the details of the ABC liquor store robbery and shooting, and filled out and signed a written waiver of Miranda rights form.

Scott‘s arguments that the NFA‘s excessive filing fees violate his right of access to the courts, guaranteed by Florida‘s Constitution, are without merit. Even if Scott could somehow convince ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍us that Florida‘s constitutional protections apply to an allegedly federal agency‘s conduct of an arbitration hearing in Georgia, his arguments find no support in Florida law. See (“The short answer to these arguments [invoking Florida‘s constitutional protections] is that the plaintiffs waived these rights by consenting to arbitrate....“). Scott‘s equal protection attack on the same NFA fee, in addition to having no merit, was raised for the first time on appeal. See (declining to address an argument not raised in the district court). During his suppression hearing testimony, Oats never claimed he did not understand his Miranda rights.

For the foregoing reasons, we also reject Oats’ substantive claim that the state trial court erred in denying his motion ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍to suppress his confessions because he lacked the mental capacity to intelligently and voluntarily waive his Miranda rights. Oats also argues that his confessions should have been suppressed because they were induced by promises of leniency and/or family visitation, and were therefore legally involuntary. This claim of improper inducement primarily is based on an investigating officer‘s statement to Oats that:

We as police officers can‘t promise you anything other than we will like I told you before, we‘ll talk to everybody in the system about getting help for you, and we‘ll talk to the State Attorney‘s Office about your bond; I‘ll promise you that.

The state trial court, after considering all of the evidence at the suppression hearing, including Oats’ own testimony confirming that the interrogating officers stated that they could not promise him anything, found that Oats’ confessions were voluntary and not the product of improper promises or inducements. The Florida Supreme Court also concluded that Oats’ confessions were free and voluntary. . After reviewing the record, we conclude that Oats’ statements to the police were voluntary. The interrogating officers did not promise leniency and made no statements that would render Oats’ confessions involuntary. See . Therefore, we conclude that the state trial court properly denied Oats’ motion to suppress.

Oats also contends that his trial counsel were deficient in failing to pursue a defense of voluntary intoxication. We reject this argument. There were significant inconsistеncies in Oats’ statements about his consumption of alcohol and/or use of drugs on the days of the crimes. Oats reported to Dr. Carrera that he had drunk one beer and used no drugs on December 19 and 20, 1979, yet also stated to Dr. Carrera and others that he consumed a fifth of alcohol, two six packs of beer, and other drugs each day in the days leading up to the crimes. Oats stated that drinking this amount of alcohol “would get him high, but not drunk,” yet he also reported to Dr. Carrera that drinking half a pint of liquor would cause him to become “dizzy, see stars and almost faint.” In denying his motion for collateral relief under Rule 3.850, the state court found that Oats “presented no credible evidence of intoxication at the time of the murder.” We agree. Oats’ self-serving and inconsistent statements are not sufficient evidence warranting a jury instruction on voluntary intoxication under Florida law, see , and thus Oats’ trial counsel were not deficient in failing to raise an affirmative defense that was unreasonable under the circumstances or for failing to request a jury instruction that was not warranted by the evidence. Oats also contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by not properly challenging the prejudicial effect of his shackling during trial. This specific claim is procedurally barred because it was raised for the first time in Oats’ appeal from the state trial court‘s denial of his request for Rule 3.850 relief. Oats is unable to establish cause for not raising the issue in a timely manner, and is unable to establish actual prejudice from the alleged error. See . The record shows that Oats’ trial counsel did object to his appearing in court in a shackled condition, and thus prior to trial a procedure was arranged to prevent the jury from seeing Oats’ shackles.

Oats’ trial counsel called four of Oats’ relatives to testify during the penalty phase: Vernittia Mae Gant, his sister; Edith Marie Johnson, his aunt; Freddie Oats, his brother; and Willie Mae Oats, his mother. Oats alleges that his trial counsel were deficient in preparing these witnesses for the penalty phase.

Oats relies on the testimony of Drs. Carbonell and Phillips at the Rule 3.850 proceeding that these mitigating circumstances were present at the time of the offense. He also emphasizes Drs. Carrera, Gonzalez, and Natal‘s post hoc suggestions that if Oats’ trial counsel had asked them to consider mitigating circumstances, they probably would have found that Oats was suffering from an extreme mental disturbance, was unable to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law at the time of the offense, and was under the substantial domination of others. This testimony was contradicted by Drs. Mutter and Haber, who after interviewing and evaluating Oats, concluded that he was not under an extreme emotional or mental disturbance at the time of the crime, and that he had the capacity to conform his conduct to the requirements of law and capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct.

See supra note 13.

See supra note 8.

Oats’ brief on appeal also includes a separate claim entitled “The Ake v. Oklahoma Claim.” See . However, the thrust of Oats’ argument is merely a restatement of his claim that counsel was ineffeсtive in failing to ensure that he received a comprehensive and competent mental health evaluation, a claim which we reject in the text. To the extent Oats has attempted to articulate a different, but related claim, his attempt is too vague and imprecise; we decline to address any such claim.

The Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure have since been completely revised. Rule 3.740 was repealed in 1988 at the same time that Rule 3.210 et seq. (Competency to Stand Trial) was amended to apply to all stages of a criminal proceeding. See .

See supra note 30.

Oats contends that the Florida Supreme Court “clearly noted” trial counsel‘s error in filing the motion under Rule 3.740. Oats is mistaken. The Court‘s reference to Rules 3.210 and 3.216 was not made to suggest that Oats’ trial counsel should have invoked them instead of Rule 3.740; rather, the reference to those rules was made as part of the Court‘s explanation of its interpretation of Rule 3.740. .

Oats also contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel at resentеncing by failing to present “available and compelling” evidence of mitigating circumstances. We conclude that Oats is unable to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland for the same reasons that we rejected Oats’ claim relating to his original sentencing. See supra Section II.A.3.

Oats contends that his mental state deteriorated between the 1981 sentencing and the resentencing in 1984. In rejecting Oats’ Rule 3.850 claim for post-conviction relief, the state trial court found that “no new evidence was presented in the 3.850 hearing to cast any doubt on the Defendant‘s competency [in April 1984].” Order Denying Rule 3.850 Relief, at 4 (November 21, 1990). This factual finding is entitled to a presumption of correctness, see ; ; , and we conclude that the finding is fairly supported by the record. Based on this reasoning, we also reject Oats’ substantive claim that he was incompetent at the resentencing in 1984.

In sentencing Oats to death, the trial judge found that the State had proven beyond a reasonable doubt six statutorily enumerated aggravating circumstances and only one mitigating circumstance. . The Florida Supreme Court concluded that the trial judge erred by (1) finding that the “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” aggravating circumstance was applicable, (2) “doubling up” on the aggravating circumstances of “commission of a crime during a robbery” and murder “for pecuniary gain,” and (3) considering Oats’ prior conviction in the ABC liquor store case as an aggravating factor because that conviction was later reversed. Id. However, in regard to the ABC liquor store conviction, the Florida Supreme Court noted that Oats had subsequently been convicted on retrial in that case, and thus on remand for resentencing, there would be no need to resubmit the evidence to a jury for resentencing. Id.

In , the Florida Supreme Court vacated the defendant‘s death sentence because the trial judge improperly considered six aggravating circumstances, and remanded to the trial judge for consideration of the one properly found aggravating circumstance and one mitigating circumstance.

See supra note 7.

To the extent that Oats argues that a new jury should have been impaneled because the Florida Supreme Court held that the evidence did not support the trial judge‘s finding of a heinous aggravator and did not support the finding of both a robbery and pecuniary gain aggravator, , we conclude that this argument is without merit. The jury of course did not know that the trial judge would later find the heinous factor or make the doubling-up error. Rather, Oats’ argument would be that the jury should never have been given an instruction that included the heinous factor or both the robbery and pecuniary gain factors. Oats’ trial counsel argued both of these precise points to the jury during the penalty phase of trial, and we decline to presume that the jury based its death sentence recommendation on those aggravating circumstances that were not supported by the evidence. See (concluding that a jury is “likely to disregard an option unsupported by evidence,” and thus the Court would not presume that the jury‘s sentence recommendation rested on an aggravating circumstance that was not supported in the evidence).

Oats’ other claims on appeal are either procedurally barred or are without merit and warrant no discussion. Oats contends that: (1) the jury instructions on the “heinous, atrocious, or cruel” and “cold, calculated, and premeditated” aggravating circumstances were constitutionally inadequate and a narrowing construction of these aggravators should have been applied during the “sentencing calculus;” (2) certain instructions and prosecutorial arguments diluted the jury‘s sense of responsibility for sentencing in violation of ; (3) the jury was erroneously instructed that a majority vote was required to recommend life imprisonment; (4) the trial court‘s sentencing and resentencing orders failed to detail specific factual findings in support of each aggravating and mitigating factor related to imposition of the death penalty; (5) the execution of a person with Oats’ mental deficiencies violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments; (6) Florida‘s capital sentencing scheme violates the Eighth and Fourtеenth Amendments; and (7) the state trial judge was biased. These claims are procedurally barred. Any allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel (trial or appellate) in failing to raise these claims are without merit. In addition, the contention numbered (1) above is also Teague barred. ; see (en banc). In addition, the following claims are without merit and warrant no discussion: (1) the argument that Oats was denied his right to a fair and impartial jury in violation of , because of the trial court‘s failure to change venue and/or sequester the jury; (2) the argument that the introduction of evidence relating to the ABC store robbery/shooting rendered Oats’ trial fundamentally unfair; and (3) the allegation of prosecutorial misconduct. ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍To the extent that Oats has made other arguments not mentioned specifically in this opinion, these claims are also rejected without need for discussion. Finally, we need not decide whether the Florida Board of Executive Clemency is required, under , to reveal the information in Oats’ “clemency investigation file” because Oats has not made a showing that any information in this file is either exculpatory or was unavailable to him.