Petitioner Fero appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, dismissing with prejudice his habeas corpus petition brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 against respondent Kerby, Warden of the Central New Mexico Correctional Facility.
I
Background
On June 20, 1985, Fero was convicted of first degree murder by a New Mexico state jury. This conviction was affirmed by the New Mexico Supreme Court in February 1987 after a direct appeal.
See State v. Fero,
Having presented all of his claims to the state courts, Fero pro se petitioned the district court for federal habeas relief, asserting the same issues raised before the New Mexico Supreme Court: (1) whether the trial court erred in refusing to declare a mistrial, or suppress testimony, when it came to light that the State had lost potentially exculpatory evidence; (2) whether the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial for three instances of prosecutorial misconduct; (3) whether petitioner was deprived of his right to an impartial judge where the trial judge’s son, a law student, worked as a clerk for the prosecution on petitioner Fero’s case, and the trial judge’s brother-in-law, an attorney, had filed a civil action against petitioner prior to trial on behalf of the deceased’s family; (4) whether the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on lesser included manslaughter offenses violated petitioner’s right to due process and a fair trial; and (5) whether petitioner’s rights to due process and a fair trial were violated when the trial court judge informed the jury that petitioner was not facing the death penalty, but refused to instruct *1467 them that petitioner was facing life imprisonment if convicted.
In March 1989 the magistrate judge recommended that claims (3) — (5) be summarily dismissed. Subsequently Fero, still acting pro se, filed a response to this recommendation stating that he did not object to summary dismissal of claims (3)-(5). Fero also requested that counsel be appointed to prosecute his remaining claims. On April 10, 1989, the district judge adopted the magistrate’s proposed findings and recommended disposition and dismissed grounds (3)-(5).
In April 1989 the magistrate judge appointed the Federal Public Defender’s Office to represent Fero. Soon thereafter, Fero’s new attorney filed a brief with the magistrate judge addressing all five of Fero’s claims, the two remaining claims and the three previously dismissed claims, and requested that the previously dismissed claims be reconsidered.
In May 1993 the magistrate judge denied Fero’s motion for reconsideration and recommended that Fero’s petition be denied. Fero objected to the magistrate judge’s recommendation, and moved the district court to reconsider its dismissal of claims (3)-(5). On July 6, 1993, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s proposed findings and disposition and dismissed Fero’s petition with prejudice. 1 On July 28 the district court declined to grant Fero a certificate of probable cause.
Fero appeals the district court’s July 6, 1993, order dismissing his petition, raising the five issues set out above. Believing that Fero raises issues that are debatable, we grant his application for a certificate of probable cause,
see
28 U.S.C. § 2253;
Bowser v. Boggs,
ÍI
The Carpet Evidence Issue
A
While Fero admits shooting the victim, Paul Hansen, he contends that he acted without the necessary deliberation, or mens rea, required for first degree murder. Fero says that during the murder investigation the police removed from beneath Hansen’s head a piece of bloody carpet with a bullet hole in it. This piece of carpet, which Fero claims to be critical evidence, was lost by the State prior to trial but was subsequently recovered and provided to the defense after trial. Fero argues that the post-trial examination of this carpet by a defense expert proves that he did not act with the necessary deliberation; therefore, the State’s failure to produce this evidence violated his right to due process.
At trial the State introduced the testimony of Dr. Smialeck, Chief Medical Examiner for the State of New Mexico, who performed the autopsy of the victim. The defense assumed that Smialeck was being called merely to establish the corpus delicti of the crime charged. See State R. at 363. Smialeck testified that Hansen had been struck by five 38-ealiber bullets. This testimony was introduced without objection. However, when Smialeck sought to testify regarding the firing of the bullets and Fero’s position relative to Hansen when Fero shot him, the defense vigorously objected. 2
*1468 The defense claimed that the prosecution’s failure to provide it with the carpet for examination, despite numerous promises to do so, made it impossible to effectively cross-examine Smialeck. This objection was overruled. Smialeck then testified that the first three shots were fired directly at Hansen, from across Hansen’s desk — which separated the assailant and Hansen — with the assailant standing face-to-face toward Hansen. 3 He said the assailant fired the final two shots while standing in a position near Hansen’s feet, firing in a downward direction towards the back of Hansen’s head, which was face down. See State R. at 352, 366; Tr. T. 13. 4 It was Smialeck’s opinion that one of these two final shots was probably instantly fatal because it struck Hansen in the brain stem. This shot, according to Smialeck, entered the back of Hansen’s neck, exited the front of Hansen’s neck, and left bullet fragments on the carpet located beneath Hansen’s head. See State R. at 366; Tr. T. 13. The defense moved for a mistrial. That motion was denied.
Fero was convicted of first degree murder. He appealed to the New Mexico Supreme Court claiming, inter alia, that the trial court erred in not ruling that the State’s suppression of the carpet denied him a fair trial. In rejecting this argument, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that Fero had failed to suggest how he would have used the carpet evidence to cross-examine Smialeck; that Smialeck did not rely on the evidence in testifying; and that the determination of whether the evidence was material was left to the trial court’s sound discretion. The court affirmed the trial court’s rulings as to the carpet evidence, making the following findings which we presume correct, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d): 5
Fero was the principal of Tohatchi High School. The Superintendent of Schools for the Gallup-McKinley school system, which included Tohatchi, was Paul Hansen. Both men resided in the Tohatchi Teacher-age, whose administration was also Fero’s responsibility as principal. This arrangement evidently caused friction between the two men. By all accounts, Fero was extremely conscientious and hard working, a perfectionist. To some he even seemed obsessed with his duties, a man for whom his “job was his life and his life was his job.”
After several postponements and cancellations, Hansen scheduled an evaluation of Fero’s employment for the morning of February 22, 1985, at Hansen’s office in Gallup. Witnesses testified that the day before the evaluation, Fero seemed to be depressed, disturbed, even suicidal. He had drafted a will, boxed his personal belongings and left his life insurance policy prominently on a chair in his office. That night Fero called a close friend and read to her several “goodbye” letters he had written to his parents and his daughter.
On the morning of the evaluation, Fero stopped by his school and told his assistant, Carl Montoya, “I won’t be seeing you again.” Then he drove into Gallup for his 9:00 a.m. appointment. Carrying his customary files and a portfolio, he appeared calm in casual conversation with witnesses in the central offices, before entering Hansen’s office just after 9:00. At approximately 10:00 a.m., five shots rang out. *1469 Soon afterward, Fero came out calmly, instructed the secretary to call the police and told two other employees that everything was okay. These two men testified that he appeared “normal.”
Proceeding down the hall, Fero entered the office of Hansen’s assistant, Bud Hen-drickson, and handed him his school keys. He then called Montoya, told him that he had shot Hansen, and referred to some papers he had left for Montoya. Next he went into Hendrickson’s inner office and sat down, calmly informing Hendrickson that he had shot Hansen because of his insistence on negative criticism and his refusal to appreciate the positive aspects of Fero’s performance as principal. Fero handed Hendrickson his portfolio with the gun in it. He was arrested and gave a statement to the police.
In it, Fero stated that Hansen ridiculed and threatened him, fired him, and then offered a handshake with the words, “This is not personal.” Fero started to stand up to leave, he recounted, at which point the gun fell out of his portfolio onto his lap. The next thing he remembered was seeing Hansen lying on the floor, then bending down to touch him. Fero explained how the gun had ended up in his portfolio after he and a teacher had been searching for a prowler around the Teacherage a few days earlier.
At trial, the defense requested and received an instruction on second degree murder based on mental illness. The court, however, denied defense requests for instructions on voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. The jury found Fero guilty of first degree murder, for which the court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment. This appeal followed.
Fero I,
While Fero’s direct appeal to the New Mexico Supreme Court was pending, the piece of carpet was inadvertently discovered by the Gallup police in a boiler room in the Gallup Police Station. Consequently on October 15, 1986, Fero filed a post-trial motion for a new trial based on a newly discovered evidence theory. In May 1987 the State trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion.
At the hearing the defense introduced the testimony of Dr. Jerry O’Donnell, a forensic chemist with a private laboratory. 6 O’Donnell observed that for purposes of testifying the defense had provided him with the carpet evidence, including the padding. He described this evidence as a single piece of carpet, about twenty-eight by thirty-eight inches. 7 The carpet appeared to have a hole in it, consistent with the type and size that a 38-caliber bullet might make. 8 O’Donnell believed that this hole was made when the bullet, which Smialeek determined had entered the back of Hansen’s neck and was probably instantly fatal because it hit Hansen’s brain stem, exited from Hansen’s body through the front of his neck and passed through the carpet beneath Hansen’s head.
O’Donnell testified that he conducted a series of tests in an effort to determine the angle and position of Fero’s gun when he fired the shot that made the hole. Based on these tests, he concluded that the angle that the bullet was traveling when it pierced the carpet was the same angle that the bullet was traveling when it struck the back of Hansen’s head. O’Donnell did not believe that the bullet’s striking Hansen’s head be *1470 fore hitting the carpet would have changed the bullet’s trajectory. In conducting his experiments, O’Donnell endeavored to simulate the passage of a bullet through human bone and tissue and the carpet. O’Donnell concluded, unlike Smialeck, that Fero fired all five bullets from Fero’s side of the desk, including the last two.
Fero’s trial counsel, Mr. Gaddy, also testified at the May 1987 evidentiary hearing on the motion for a new trial. He said that on March 27, 1985, he had traveled to Gallup to review the physical evidence and the list of the State’s witnesses. At that time Gaddy and his associate, Mr. Slosberg, met with the prosecutor, Mr. Aragon, at Aragon’s office in Gallup. After Gaddy had reviewed the list of witnesses, Aragon escorted Gaddy and Slos-berg to the Gallup Police Station so that the defense could examine the physical evidence in the State’s possession. Gaddy testified that at the station he made a detailed list of every piece of evidence that was shown to him. Twenty-two items were shown to him, but the carpet was not one of them.
Gaddy also testified that three or four weeks prior to trial in 1985, he was called by Aragon and informed that there was an additional item of evidence which the prosecution might seek to introduce at trial, the carpet. Gaddy at this time asked to have access to the carpet so that he could have it independently examined. Aragon agreed to provide the carpet to Gaddy. Though promised by the prosecution, a week before trial the carpet still had not been delivered to Gaddy’s office. Gaddy called Aragon and repeated his request for the carpet. Aragon told him that it had been lost. Gaddy told Aragon that the defense would object to any admission of evidence regarding the carpet. Since the State’s witness list did not include any witnesses whom the defense had not questioned and who would testify about the significance of the carpet evidence, the defense decided not to press the issue. Gaddy said that at no time prior to or during the trial in June 1985 was the carpet made available to the defense. The first time the defense ever saw the carpet was after Fero had been convicted.
In response to Gaddy, the State introduced testimony by Captain Coriz of the Gallup Police Department. Coriz said that he met with Gaddy, Slosberg, and Aragon at the Gallup Police Station on March 27,1985. He was there to show Gaddy and Slosberg the physical evidence in the possession of the police. He was instructed to show them only evidence which they specifically requested. Coriz testified that he showed Gaddy and Slosberg all of the evidence that was being held in the station’s evidence safe. He did not show them the carpet, a light fixture, and the victim’s personal items which were being stored in the station’s boiler room. Apparently the carpet, which was soaked with Hansen’s blood, was put in the boiler room to dry. Coriz maintained that he asked Gaddy if he wanted to see the carpet, but was told by Gaddy that he would look at it some other time, and he reserved the right to do so.
Coriz explained the discovery of the carpet. He said that another officer was in charge of securing the carpet evidence. That officer retired from the police department prior to the discovery of the carpet. After the officer retired, and several months after Fero had been convicted, Coriz and another officer entered the boiler room so that the officer could familiarize himself with the room’s contents. At this time the carpet was found. Coriz said that nobody actually looked for the carpet; it was found inadvertently. Coriz immediately informed Aragon of the discovery.
On July 27, 1987, Fero’s motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence was denied by the trial judge. See State R. at 397. The judge concluded that Fero had satisfied the materiality requirement of New Mexico’s newly discovered evidence rule, but he had failed to meet the rule’s five other requirements. 9 Arguing that the trial court *1471 abused its discretion in.denying his motion, Fero appealed this ruling. The New Mexico Supreme Court held a hearing on May 9; 1988, and affirmed the ruling on July 29, 1988. The New Mexico Supreme Court held that Fero’s motion was properly denied under both tests that applied to his theories.
First, under the loss of evidence test, the State did not act in bad faith regarding the loss of the carpet, in which case the defendant had to show that the evidence was material and prejudicial to satisfy the test under
State v. Chouinard,
Second, the New Mexico-Supreme Court held- that Fero did not satisfy the test for a new trial based on the six requirements of
State v. Volpato,
B
“Due process requires that the government disclose to the accused all evidence that is both exculpatory and material.”
United States v. Fleming,
It is undisputed that the carpet evidence could not be located by the State when the defense requested it. Thus at least initially the carpet evidence was subject to the rule stated in
Arizona v. Youngblood,
The Supreme Court’s jurisprudence divides cases involving nondisclosure of evidence into two distinct universes. Brady and its progeny address exculpatory evidence still in the government’s possession. Youngblood and [California v. Trombetta,467 U.S. 479 ,104 S.Ct. 2528 ,81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984) ] govern cases in which the government no longer possesses the disputed evidence.
Here, however, the carpet evidence was later discovered during the pendency of Fero’s direct appeal. Once the evidence was found, it could be and was tested by the defense and there was no task of guessing as to its probative value. We therefore agree with Fero that reliance on Youngblood in these circumstances is misplaced. 11 Therefore, Fero’s due process claim must be determined under the standard of Brady.
To establish a
Brady
violation, the defense must prove that the prosecution suppressed the evidence, the evidence would have been favorable to the accused, and the suppressed evidence was material.
Brady,
Our next inquiry is whether the carpet evidence would have been favorable to Fero — the second element of a Brady violation. We are persuaded that it would have been. In addition to using the carpet to support Fero’s theory that he shot Hansen during a brief psychotic episode, Fero could use the carpet to attack Dr. Smialeek’s credibility as to the angle of the fifth shot. In sum, the suppressed evidence arguably supported Fero’s defense and we believe it was favorable to the defense for Brady purposes.
Materiality is the third requirement of a
Brady
violation. “[E]vidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
United States v. Bagley,
Considering the entire record, we believe there was strong evidence indicating that Fero deliberately killed Hansen and supporting the first degree murder conviction. The New Mexico Supreme Court reasoned that:
The result of the trial would not have been different if defendant had had the carpet in his possession....
The record indicates that defendant had announced his intention to kill the victim prior to the evaluation, he took a gun with him to the evaluation session, he fired three shots at point-blank range at Hansen’s head, and then reaimed and fired two more shots at Hansen’s head. After the shooting, defendant told a secretary to call the police and, subsequently, told the assistant superintendent what he had done and why he did it. In light of the evidence presented, which is consistent with a theory of premeditated murder, we are unable to conclude that the loss of the evidence prejudiced defendant’s case.
Fero II,
We are convinced that the conclusion of the New Mexico court was correct. We hold that the evidence was not material under the standard applied by the Supreme Court in Bagley. Accordingly,' Fero has not established a due process violation under Brady.
Ill
The Claim of Prosecutorial Misconduct
Fero claims that three instances of allegedly improper conduct by the State prosecutors violated his due process rights. He also argues that the cumulative effect of these acts denied him due process.
Such allegations of prosecutorial misconduct present mixed issues of law and fact, subject to
de novo
review.
See Nichols v. Sullivan,
A
The first instance of alleged misconduct was the prosecutor’s improper remarks during rebuttal. The prosecutor asked the jury to “[g]ive justice to Mrs. Paul Hansen and her young son who have stayed in the courtroom the past four days.” The defense moved for a mistrial, which was denied. Fero maintains that these remarks were intended to appeal to the jury’s sense of sympathy and prejudice. He claims the prejudice was exacerbated because the statement was made immediately before the jury began its deliberations and the trial judge did not give specific instructions to the jury to disregard the improper remarks. Fero contends that the general instruction the judge gave to *1474 the jury, that sympathy or prejudice should not play a role in the verdict, was insufficient to remedy the prosecutor’s alleged misconduct.
In evaluating claims of prosecutorial misconduct based on improper remarks made by the prosecutor, we have stated:
To view the prosecutor’s statements in context, we look first at the strength of the evidence against the defendant and decide whether the prosecutor’s statements plausibly “could have tipped the scales in favor of the prosecution.” ... We also ascertain whether curative instructions by the trial judge, if given, might have mitigated the effect on the jury of the improper statements .... When a prosecutor responds to an attack made by defense counsel, we evaluate that response in light of the defense argument.... Ultimately, we “must consider the probable effect the prosecutor’s [statements] would have on the jury’s ability to judge the evidence fairly.”
Hopkinson,
In light of the ample evidence of guilt which we have detailed earlier, and the general instruction on sympathy and prejudice which we presume the jury followed, we are not persuaded that the remarks, while clearly improper, denied Fero a fair trial or infringed his right to due process.
B
The second act challenged by Fero is the prosecutor’s cross-examination of Carol Shiffley, Fero’s friend and co-worker. The prosecutor asked Shiffley to read silently the transcript of a statement prepared by a defense investigator after he had interviewed her. The prosecutor then asked Shiffley to read aloud the portions of the statement with which she disagreed. Shiffley proceeded to read:
Shiffley said she never heard Chick Fero make a definite threat toward Paul Hansen, but she said that in the spring of 1984 she was talking with Fero about Hansen and during that conversation Fero said something like, “the only thing Hansen understands is violence,” and Fero made the outline of the pistol with his hand and held it to his head.
Defense counsel objected, and the trial judge sustained this objection. Defense counsel also requested a mistrial, which the court denied. Defense counsel then asked the judge to admonish the jury, which the court did: “You are to disregard that statement as being a statement made by Mr. Fero to Shiffley, since she did deny that she made that statement. So you are to disregard it.” According to Fero, the court’s curative instruction could not effectively eradicate the prejudicial effect of the cross-examination.
The State argues that Fero has not shown that Shiffley’s cross-examination rendered his trial unfair. Moreover, the evidence was cumulative of Katie Weber’s testimony that Fero told her that Hansen didn’t deserve to live and that he [Fero] could kill him; 13 the report was prepared by a defense investigator; Shiffley denied making the statement; and the judge gave a curative instruction. Consequently, the State asserts that any error was cured. Fero replies that the evidence was not cumulative; the fact that the report was prepared by a defense investigator made it more damaging; and the judge’s curative instruction came too late and did not remedy the prejudice caused by the cross-examination.
This claim of error is premised on an alleged violation of a state procedural rule. However, “federal habeas corpus relief does not- lie for errors of state law_ In conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.”
Estelle v. McGuire,
We are not persuaded that there was any constitutional error. In any event, the curative instruction by the trial judge remedied any error, as the New Mexico Su
*1475
preme Court concluded.
Fero I,
C
The remaining claim of prosecutorial misconduct is that the prosecuting attorney improperly allowed the trial judge’s son, Mr. Louis DePauli, Jr., to assist on the prosecution team. We consider this claim and all the circumstances relating to it below. See Part IV, infra. We there reject the claim of denial of due process which is premised in part on the employment of the judge’s son. For those same reasons we hold that the alleged prosecutorial misconduct in employing Mr. DePauli, Jr. as a law clerk was not a denial of due process to Fero.
D
Finally, citing
Floyd v. Meachum,
An en banc panel of this circuit has recently held that a cumulative-error analysis applies only where there are two or more actual errors.
United States v. Rivera,
[J]ust as harmless-error analysis is utilized only to determine whether actual error should be disregarded, a cumulative-error analysis aggregates only actual errors to determine their cumulative effect. Individual rulings frequently will have an adverse effect on a party, but unless that party can demonstrate that the ruling was an error, reversal would not be warranted. Impact alone, not traceable to error, cannot form the basis for reversal. The same principles apply to a cumulative-error analysis, and we therefore hold that a cumulative-error analysis should evaluate only the effect of matters determined to be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.
Id. at 1470-71 (citations omitted).
We noted, however, that “[t]he only possible exception is the holistic analysis conducted to determine whether the entire trial was so fundamentally unfair that defendant’s due process rights were violated.” Id. at 1471 n. 8. We are not persuaded that the circumstances presented by this record demonstrate a trial so fundamentally unfair that due process was denied.
In sum, we hold that the claims of prosecu-torial misconduct must fad.
IV
The Claim of Judicial Bias
A
With respect to Fero’s judicial bias claim, the record reveals the following facts: Fero’s criminal case was assigned to Judge Louis DePauli of New Mexico’s Eleventh Judicial District on March 12,1985. On June 3, 1985, two weeks before Fero’s trial was scheduled to commence, Joseph Rich, a Gallup attorney who is Judge DePauli’s brother-in-law, filed a four-million dollar wrongful death action against Fero on behalf of Hansen’s family. Fero’s criminal defense team learned of this on June 14, 1985, the Friday before trial. Moreover, during jury deliberations the defense learned that a prosecution law clerk—who had' allegedly been introduced to the defense by the prosecution simply as “Louis”—was Louis DePauli, Jr., Judge DePauli’s son. 14 Because of these circumstances, and the additional fact that Judge DePauli’s wife was a nurse in the Gallup-McKinley school district and allegedly under the supervision of Hansen, the defense moved orally for the disqualification of Judge DePauli and later moved orally for a mistrial. 15 These motions were denied by the judge.
*1476 Fero was convicted on June 20 and sentenced to life imprisonment by the judge on June 24,1985. On July 19,1985, Fero filed a post-trial motion for a new trial again claiming, inter alia, that Judge DePauli should have recused himself from Fero’s criminal ease. 16
An evidentiary hearing on this motion was held on August 12,1985. There Fero argued that he should be given a new trial, with a new judge, for any one of three reasons: (1) it was incumbent on either the court or the prosecution to inform the defense that the prosecution’s law clerk was Judge DePauli’s son and that Judge DePauli’s brother-in-law was representing the Hansen family in the civil suit against Fero; (2) Judge DePauli should have recused himself sua sponte from Fero’s criminal ease; or (3) the prosecution had a “very strong duty,” which it did not satisfy, to “insulate and isolate” the judge’s son from Fero’s ease to ensure that he had absolutely no involvement in the case. 17
At the hearing Judge- DePauli’s son testified that he had served as a law clerk in the Gallup District Attorney’s office during the summer of 1985. He said that he had traveled to Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, with Steve Seeger, an assistant district attorney from the Gallup District Attorney’s Office; he had roomed with him; 18 he had gone water skiing with him on Judge DePauli’s boat during trial; and he had communicated with Seeger about Fero’s case on a daily basis. 19 Mr. DePauli, Jr. also admitted that while in Truth or Consequences, he and Seeger had contact with Judge DePauli. According to Mr. DePauli, Jr., “[n]ow and then they would meet ..., my dad, Mr. Seeger and the rest of my family would meet in the restaurant or in the lobby of the hotel since they were staying in the same place.” The record does not, however, reveal the subject matter of any contacts these parties had.
While the defense alleged that the judge’s son had worked extensively on Fero’s ease, researched “various critical issues, which became pivotal issues at the trial,” and researched various issues for the prosecution throughout the trial, Louis DePauli, Jr. said that he had researched “one issue in particular” for the trial. When asked if he “did look at the other matters, such as jury instructions and so forth,” he stated, “cursorily I did, yes.” He also admitted having done some research for the jury instructions on what constitutes a mental deficiency. 20 Mr. DePauli, Jr. also said that he had worked “basically, exclusively” on the Fero case for the seven to ten days preceding the trial. With respect to the defense’s intimation that the prosecution was trying to conceal Mr. DePauli, Jr.’s identity from the defense, the *1477 judge’s son testified that he believed he was introduced by the prosecution to the defense as follows: “this is Louis, he works for us.” He did not remember if his last name was mentioned to the defense.
The judge denied Fero’s post-trial motion from the bench on August 12 and by written order on September 12,1985. Fero’s conviction and sentence were affirmed by the New Mexico Supreme Court and the claim of error in denying recusal and a mistrial was rejected in that opinion.
Fero I,
While we are mindful of the importance of protecting the right of every litigant to a fair and impartial tribunal, we nonetheless conclude that the circumstances and relationships surrounding this trial did not warrant the disqualification of Judge De-Pauli. Defense counsel explored this issue at the hearing on their motion for a new trial. The facts adduced at the hearing were that Louis, Jr. was never at counsel table and seldom even in the courtroom during the trial. He did not live with his father and no evidence emerged that he had any private conversations with his father or any meetings more frequent than had the defense or prosecution teams, all of whom were staying at the same inn as the judge. Fero fails to suggest any means, other than the mere fact of the son’s employment, by which he might have influenced his father. Indeed, the fact that defense counsel did not recognize that the law student assisting the district attorney was the judge’s son, until after the jury had retired tends to negate even the appearance of bias.
Neither the judge’s son nor his brother-in-law were “parties” to this case, nor did either possess an “interest” in the outcome as this Court has elucidated that term in [prior cases].... We hold, therefore, that the trial judge did not abuse his discretion by declining to disqualify himself.
Id.
at 343,
Fero also raised his judicial bias claim in his federal habeas petition, which he filed pro se. In the Magistrate’s Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition, the magistrate judge recommended the summary dismissal of three claims in Fero’s petition, including the claim of judicial bias.
22
He did not, however, apprise Fero of the consequences of failing to object to the proposed findings and recommendations. We have since held that where a party appears without the benefit of counsel, we will “require magistrates within the circuit to inform a pro se litigant ... of the consequences of a failure to object, i.e. waiver of the right to appeal from a judgment of the district court based upon the findings and recommendations of the magistrate.”
Moore v. United States,
Although Fero did file, pro se, a response to the proposed findings in which he stated that he did not object to the summary dismissal of these claims, we decline to treat that response as a waiver. “A waiver is ordinarily an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a
known
right or privilege.”
Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S.
458, 464,
B
The Supreme Court has said clearly:
A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process. Fairness of course requires absence of actual bias in the trial of cases. But our system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the probability of unfairness.
In re Murchison,
In
Nichols v. Sullivan, supra,
this court noted that “[i]n general, the standard for evaluating whether a habeas petition alleges judicial bias amounting to a denial of due process is whether the judge was ‘actually biased or prejudiced against the petitioner.’ ”
Fero does not appear to be claiming actual bias. He has not drawn our attention to any part of the record which reveals any alleged bias by Judge DePauli. Disqualification of a judge for actual bias or prejudice is a serious matter and should only be required when the evidence is compelling.
United States v. Balistrieri,
The Seventh Circuit recently considered when the appearance of bias rises to the level of a due process violation.
Del Vecchio v. Illinois Dept. of Corrections,
When the Supreme Court talks about the “appearance of justice,” it is not saying that bad appearances alone require disqualification; rather, it is saying that when a judge is faced with circumstances that present “some [actual] incentive to find one way or the other” or “a real possibility of bias,” a court need not examine whether the judge actually was “biased.”
Id.
at 1372 (citations omitted). Without an incentive for actual bias, however, disqualification is not required regardless of appearances.
Id.
This is so because at some point a biasing influence becomes too remote and insubstantial to violate due process.
Aetna
*1479
Life Ins. Co. v. Lavoie,
Experience teaches that there are situations where the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.
Withrow v. Larkin,
Here the fact that Judge DePauli’s brother-in-law had a substantial financial interest in the outcome of the civil action did not give rise to a direct, pecuniary interest on the judge’s part sufficient to overcome the presumption of judicial integrity. It is true that a conviction in the criminal case could have enhanced the value of the civil suit for Judge DePauli’s brother-in-law. . However, the judge himself had no direct, pecuniary interest in that civil action. The judge stood to gain nothing personally from his brother-in-law’s success in the civil action other than, perhaps, a feeling of pride and satisfaction in his brother-in-law’s accomplishments. This interest is one of kinship -not finance. Thus, the potential biasing influences, the involvement of the judge’s son and brother-in-law in the criminal and civil cases, respectively, were matters of kinship only.
In
Dyas I, supra,
the Eighth Circuit faced a fact situation somewhat similar to Fero’s. The petitioner had been convicted of felony-murder before an Arkansas state trial judge whose nephew was the prosecuting attorney in the case, whose brother and son were the two deputy prosecuting attorneys in the ease, and whose wife was the court reporter.
Dyas I,
We note that if disqualification under the Code of Judicial Conduct were deemed to imply impermissible bias under the Due Process Clause, then, in effect, the federal courts would be assuming supervisory control over issues of judicial disqualifica
*1480
tion in the state courts. However, because federal courts hold no supervisory power over state judicial proceedings,
Smith v. Phillips,
Dyas
presented a more compelling case for disqualification than the case before us. In
Dyas,
the judge would have been required to rule on motions and objections and to consider legal arguments made by his nephew. Here, Judge DePauli’s son was only a law clerk and did not appear in court other than as a spectator. Judge DePauli was not required to rule on motions or objections, nor to consider oral arguments made by his son, and there is no showing that his son was identified with any written submission to the judge.
Cf. Bradshaw v. McCotter,
Nor is the involvement of Judge DePauli’s brother-in-law as plaintiffs counsel in a wrongful death action against Fero a biasing influence sufficient to overcome the presumption of evenhandedness. Any interest Judge DePauli may have had in wishing to see his brother-in-law succeed is not the type of interest which would lead the average judge to fail to apply the proper criminal rules in Fero’s trial, nor lead the average judge not to hold the balance nice, clear, and true between the state and the accused.
Tumey,
In sum, Fero’s due process right to a fair and impartial tribunal was not violated by the circumstances shown here. 27
V
The Lesser Included Offense Claim
We next turn to the claim that the trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury on the lesser included offenses of voluntary and involuntary manslaughter was a denial of due process. Fero contends that there was sufficient evidence to warrant the lesser included offense instruction.
Fero acknowledges that a panel of this court recently held that a state court’s failure to submit a lesser included offense instruction cannot form the basis for federal habeas relief.
Lujan v. Tansy,
In light of Lujan v. Tansy, we reject this claim of error.
VI
Failure to Instruct About a Possible Life Sentence
We turn to Fero’s final claim of constitutional error. During voir dire, in response to a venireman’s remark, the trial court informed the venire that the state was not seeking the death penalty. Because the trial judge also refused to instruct the jury that Fero nevertheless faced life imprisonment if convicted, Fero contends that he was denied due process. He argues that by failing to do so, the judge implied to the jury that the sentence Fero received was relevant and that he might not receive a heavy sentence if convicted. Consequently Fero says that the jury may have been willing to convict on weaker evidence. Because the jury did not know the heavy punishment Fero actually faced, he believes his due process rights were violated.
In the instant case the New Mexico Supreme Court held that it was proper under the circumstances for the trial court to inform the jury that the State was not seeking the death penalty.
See Fero I,
The Supreme Court has held that
“[vjoir dire
is conducted under the supervision of the court, and a great deal must, of necessity, be left to its sound discretion.”
Ristaino v. Ross,
Here we are not persuaded that the trial judge’s instruction to the venire, pursuant to the rule adopted by the New Mexico Supreme Court, violated Fero’s right to due process. It is constitutionally permissible to question the venire during voir dire about their attitudes concerning the death penalty in a ease where the prosecution
is
seeking the death penalty.
See Lockhart v. McCree,
We find no constitutional violation where a state court informs the venire that the state is not seeking the death penalty, while not informing the jury that the defendant will, if convicted, receive a sentence of life imprisonment.
See State v. Zimmerman,
We note that in
Clark v. Tansy,
— N.M. -,
The length of incarceration facing a capital defendant before he can be considered for parole, as an alternative to a death sentence, is information that must be provided to a jury before it deliberates on the capital charge if the defendant decides it is in his best interest to have the jury apprised of this information. To withhold this information after it is requested violates the petitioner’s due process right to have accurate information presented to the jury to rebut the prosecution’s case for death.
Clark,
at -,
We are not persuaded that any constitutional error occurred when the State trial judge here declined to inform the jury concerning the life sentence which Fero was facing, even though the jury had been informed that the State was not seeking the death penalty.
VII
Conclusion
In sum, we GRANT a certificate of probable cause to petitioner Fero. We hold that no constitutional error has been demonstrated in the state court conviction and sentence of Fero and the dismissal of his habeas petition is accordingly
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. The district court did not explicitly address Fero’s request that it reconsider claims (3)-(5).
. At trial Smialeck stated:
When Hansen was in a face down position causing this particular pooling of hlood, the gunshot Wound, the gunshot wound that was inflicted on the back, the left side of the neck, that traveled through the base of the skull, exited from the front of the neck which had fragmented, left some fragments in the, at the base of the skull, would have been the missile that left fragments in this particular location which I believe these particular pieces of material represent particles of the slug.
State R. at 363. The prosecutor then asked Smialeck if he had an opinion as to what position Hansen's body was in when this bullet was fired, to which he responded that "[t]he particular presence of the missile fragments beneath the, the body when it was in a face down position as it was described as being originally found, I believe...." Id. At this point the defense made the following objection:
At this time in order to properly cross-examine this witness on this hypothetical, because you are talking about fragments on the carpet, the *1468 district attorney cut out some samples of the carpet, we found out. They have never been produced, haven't been shown to us, not been discovered.... [sic] as part of the evidence of the crime scene, they have been unable to produce it to us, and we demanded them and they admitted that they got it and in order to properly cross-examine this witness, I need those carpet samples and the blood stains and so forth and to deny an individual these would be a denial of confrontation to, to the defense and the denial of proper cross-examination. ...
Id. at 364.
. Fero conceded at trial that he was the individual who shot Hansen.
. This is consistent with the testimony of Hansen’s secretaries who testified that they first heard three shots, then a pause between the third and fourth shots, and then two more shots, i.e., the fourth and fifth shots. See I Supp.R. at Doc. 24, p. 14.
. These subsidiary findings, are not challenged by Fero. We recite them as background here, although they bear particularly on the question of the materiality of the withheld carpet evidence, discussed below. See Part II-B, infra.
. O'Donnell had previously been the director of the Albuquerque Police Crime Laboratory for seven years.
. The prosecutor, Mr. Aragon, stated at trial that there were in fact two pieces of carpet, each the size of a medium pizza. It later turned out that there was only one piece of carpet. At the May 1987 evidentiary hearing, Aragon admitted that he stated at trial that there were in fact two pieces of carpet of the aforementioned size. However, he observed that at the time of trial he was operating under the assumption that there were two pieces of carpet of medium-pizza size because he had instructed the police to cut out two pieces of carpet. The police, however, did not follow his instructions. At the time of trial, Aragon said he had never seen the carpet evidence before.
.At trial the prosecution represented to the court and to defense counsel that there were no "bullet hole[s]” or "indentations'' in the carpet where the fragments were left. See State R. at 365.
. To be entitled to a new trial in New Mexico based on newly discovered evidence, the evidence must meet six requirements:
(1) It will probably change the result if a new trial is granted; (2) it must have been discovered since the trial; (3) it could not have been discovered before the trial by the exercise of due diligence; (4) it must be material; (5) it must not be merely cumulative; and (6) it *1471 must not be merely impeaching or contradictory-
Fero II,
. In that opinion in Fero II, the New Mexico Supreme Court also stated:
At trial, there was no dispute that Fero killed Hansen. At issue was defendant’s intent. The state argued that the murder was deliberate, while defendant claimed that he acted without intent during a brief psychotic episode. The state called as a witness Dr. John Smialeck, the medical examiner, who testified to the cause of death. Over defendant’s objection, Dr. Smialeck opined that Fero fired four nonfatal shots mostly to the head region before firing the fifth and fatal shot to the back of Hansen's head. Fero [I],105 N.M. at 344 ,732 P.2d at 871 . The first shot hit the victim in the mouth, the second in the cheek, the third in the arm as Hansen started to fall. Defendant then walked around Hansen's prone body and fired two more shots from the feet area of the victim. The fifth shot was instantly fatal entering the back of the neck into the brain stem. The sixth shot remained unfired in the gun. During the investigation, the police removed pieces of carpet, the size of a "medium pizza”, on which they had found the body. These pieces, however, were lost a few days before trial and found again after defendant’s first motion for a new trial. Dr. Smialeck never saw the carpet pieces and did not refer to them in his testimony.
Thereafter, defendant moved for a new trial based upon an analysis of the lost carpet as newly discovered evidence. An evidentiary hearing on the motion was held. Defendant’s expert testified that the carpet showed that defendant fired the fifth, fatal shot from a position in front of the victim’s desk rather than from behind it as testified to by the state’s medical examiner. Defendant claimed that by eliminating the steps he had to take to walk behind the desk to fire the last shots, this indicated he acted without the requisite intent needed for a conviction of first degree murder.
Fero II,
. The magistrate judge relied on analysis under Youngblood and said that Fero failed to show that the prosecution suppressed evidence. Magistrate Judge’s Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition of May 24, 1993, at 9.
. Because the police are considered agents of the prosecution for
Brady
purposes, the fact that it was the police and not the prosecutor who misplaced the carpet, is irrelevant.
United States v. Buchanan,
. Katie Weber was a teacher at Fero’s school with whom Fero was romantically involved.
. Having just completed his first year of law school, Louis DePauli, Jr. was employed'during the summer of 1985 as a law clerk in the Gallup District Attorney's Office.
. The oral motion to disqualify, based on the *1476 fact that the judge's brother-in-law had filed the wrongful death action, was made the first day of trial, June 17, 1985. The oral motion for a mistrial, based on the participation on the prosecution team by the judge’s son, was made on the last day of trial, June 20, 1985.
We have determined these dates after considerable effort in working with the State court audio tapes, which is all we have concerning much of the State proceedings. The difficulty and inadequacy of this type of record causes us serious concern about its reliability. This record has impeded and delayed this decision considerably. While this difficulty does not in this case produce a denial of due process in our judgment, this type of record is clearly undesirable and inferior to a transcribed record.
. We note that the civil action filed by Judge DePauli's brother-in-law on behalf of Hansen's family against Fero, was also originally assigned to Judge DePauli. Judge DePauli, however, re-cused himself from that case.
. The defense also noted that while it had been aware that Judge DePauli’s wife was an employee in the Gallup-McKinley school district, it did not file a motion at the time it first got this information because it did not think it was a significant reason for recusal. However, when considered together with the fact that the judge's son had worked on Fero’s prosecution team, and that the judge's brother-in-law was representing the Hansen family in the civil action, the defense believed there was ample evidence for disqualification.
. The prosecution, the defense, and Judge De-Pauli and his son all stayed at the same hotel in Truth or Consequences.
. Mr. DePauli, Jr. also admitted that he communicated "now and then” with Aragon at recesses during the trial and in the evenings. See August 12, 1985 Post-trial Motion Tape 1.
. The defense also alleged in its motion papers that the judge’s son had specifically assisted in the preparation of the prosecution's "brief in opposition to the submission of a voluntary manslaughter jury instruction”. See State R. at 290.
. In Fero's docketing statement submitted October 2, 1985, to the New Mexico Supreme Court, Fero stated that Judge DePauli’s son “either wrote, helped draft or researched the trial brief arguing against giving jury instructions for voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter; said instructions were requested by the defense and denied by the Court." State R. at 316.
. The other claims for which the magistrate recommended summary dismissal were (1) that the trial court committed reversible error by ré-fusing to instruct the jury on voluntary and involuntary manslaughter, and (2) that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that the state was seeking life in prison. Because we conclude that Fero did not waive his right to appellate review of these claims, we address the merits of these issues.
.We note that neither the magistrate judge nor the district judge had the Moore or Hardiman opinions when their orders were entered.
. In
Dyas I
the Eighth Circuit remanded the case to the district court to determine whether the petitioner had waived the trial judge’s offer to disqualify himself and, if not, to determine whether the judge exhibited any actual bias. On appeal after the hearing on remand, the Eighth Circuit again remanded, this time on the ground that the district court had failed to "fully discharge its obligation to conduct a hearing.”
Dyas II,
We note that Fero has not requested a remand on the issue of actual bias. Furthermore, Fero raised the issue of judicial bias in his first post-trial motion for a new trial and had the benefit of an evidentiary hearing on that claim. Thus, unlike the petitioner in Dyas,- Fero had the opportunity to litigate the issue of actual bias in state court. Therefore, a remand is unwarranted.
.On rehearing the Fifth Circuit, relying on dictum in
Aetna,
concluded that because the vote of the disqualified judge was not controlling, the petitioner could show no prejudice.
Bradshaw,
. The record makes no showing whether Judge DePauli had any knowledge of the nature of his son's participation in the prosecution.
. Though we find no due process violation, we feel constrained to observe that the avoidance of such circumstances would be advisable.