1 Ga. 243 | Ga. | 1846
By the Court.
This was an indictment for a high misdemeanor, founded upon the presentment of a grand jury in Sumpter Superior Court.
At May term, 1846, the defendant, being arraigned, pleaded not guilty, and moved to quash the proceeding on the following grounds, to wit: 1st and 2d. Because the act of 1837, under which he was prosecuted, was contrary to the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Georgia.
3d. Because the indictment does not show and charge that the defendant (below) carried the pistols secretly, with the having and keeping of which he is charged in the indictment.
4th. Because there is no sufficient evidence of record that said presentment ever was made by a grand jury, or delivered into court.
5th. Because the bill of indictment was never sent before any grand jury for action upon it.
6th. Because the act of 1837 is void for uncertainty, and the absurdity and contradictions in its different provisions.
All these objections being overruled by Judge Warren, they are now presented in the bill of exceptions for the determination of the Supreme Court.
The view taken by us of the first grounds submitted to our consideration, will dispose finally of this case : still, as there are several important points of practice contained in some of the other grounds, and which are properly before us, and have been fully discussed by counsel, we deem it advisable to express our opinion respecting them.
In the opinion of this court, it is not necessary that an indictment, founded upon presentments, should be referred to the grand jury for the further action of that body. A presentment is the notice taken already by the grand jury of any offence, from their own knowledge or observation, and into which it is their duty to inquire. And although the party cannot be put to answer it until it is delivered into court, and an indictment framed thereon by the proper officer, still, it is never sent hack to the grand inquest to be acted on a second time. — Burn’s J. Presentment; 1 Chitty’s Crim. Law, 163. Neither is it indispensably necessary that the whole presentment bo spread upon the minutes of the court, with the action of the jury thereon. The endorsement on the paper itself, of file in the office, or the signatures of the body, or of the foreman, in the name of himself and his fellows, aided by the testimony of the solicitor and clerk, would be sufficient. It is, however, a highly useful and safe practice, and a duty required to be performed, no doubt, by the law, that the whole presentment be put upon the minutes.
Tí is always with unfeigned reluctance that we approach a question involving the constitutionality of a state law. It is made our duty, howev
There are certain fundamental principles appertaining to questions of this character, which should never be overlooked. I will state a few of them, and then proceed to examine the statutes in controversy.
It ought seldom or ever to be decided, in a doubtful case, that a law is void for its repugnance to the Constitution. And it is not on slight implications and vague conjectures that the Legislature is to be pronounced to have transcended its powers. On the contrary, the opposition between the law and the Constitution should be such, that the judges feel a clear and strong conviction of their incompatibility with each other. The presumption is in favor of every legislative act, and the whole burden of proof li'es on him who denies its constitutionality. These doctrines have been repeatedly advanced by the highest judicatory in the nation. — See 6 Cranch, 128 ; 4 Wheaton, 625 ; 12 Ib. 436.
The act of 1837 was passed to guard and protect the citizens of the State against the unwarrantable and too prevalent use of deadly weapons.
Section 1st enacts, “ that it shall not be lawful for any merchant or vender of wares or merchandize in this State, or any other person or persons whatever, to sell, or to offer to sell, or to keep or to have about their persons, or elsewhere, any of the herein-after-described weapons, to wit: Bowie or any other kinds of knives, manufactured and sold for the purpose of wearing or carrying the same as arms of offence or defence; pistols, dirks, sword-canes, spears, &c., shall also be contemplated in this act, save such pistols as are known and used as horseman’s pistols,” &c.
Section 2d, prescribes the punishment.
Section 3d, makes it the duty of all civil officers to be vigilant in carrying the act into full effect, &c.
Section 4th, disposes of the fines arising under the act, and exempts sheriffs and other officers, therein named, from its provisions while in the actual discharge of their respective duties. . It then declares, that no person or persons shall be found guilty of violating the before-recited act, who shall openly wear, externally, bowie-knives, dirks, tooth-picks, spears, and which shall be exposed plainly to view. It allows venders or any other persons to sell any of the aforesaid weapons,which they then owned or had on hand, “ till the first day of March next ensuing its date.”
There is great vagueness in the wording of this statute. It would seem to have been the intention of the Legislature to make the proviso in the 4th section as broad as the enacting clause in the 1st. But such is not the fact. Pistols and sword-canes are inserted in the 1st, and omitted in the 4th section; and tooth-picks are mentioned for the first time in the proviso, in the 4th section. Were we disposed to criticise language, an ample field is here spread out before us. It might be insisted, and with much plausibility, that even sheriffs, and other officers therein enumerated, might be convicted for keeping, as well as carrying, any of the forbidden weapons, while not in the actual discharge of their respective duties. And yet it is hardly to be supposed, that it was expected of sheriffs, constables, marshals, overseers and patrols, to procure a new supply of arms for each successive service, and throw them away when it was accomplished: for they dare not sell or otherwise dispose of them after March, 1838. It is the plain and literal meaning of the act, too,
What, then, is the obvious purpose of the Assembly, to be deduced from the whole act, deviating a little, as we are at liberty to do, from the literal meaning of its language, and looking to the subject matter, to which the words are always supposed to have regard, and the reason and spirit of the act ? It prohibits bowie-knives, dirks, spears, (and it may be, tooth-picks,) from being sold, or secretly kept about the person, or elsewhere; and it forbids, altogether, the use, or sale, or keeping, of sword-canes, and pistols, save such pistols as are known and used as horseman’s pistols, &c. Now, the defendant, Hawkins H. Nunn, was indicted and convicted of a high misdemeanor, “ for having and keeping about his person, and elsewhere, a pistol, the same not being such a pistol as is known and used as a horseman’s pistol.”
It is not pretended that he carried his weapon secretly, but it is charged as a crime, that he had and kept it about his person, and elsewhere. And this presents for our decision the broad question, is it competent for the Legislature to deny to one of its citizens this privilege ? We think not.
This question has occasionally come before the courts of the Union for adjudication. In Bliss vs. The Commonwealth, (2 Littell’s Rep. 90,) the defendant was indicted, on the act of the Legislature “ to prevent persons from wearing concealed arms.” It provides that any person in the Commonwealth, who shall, after its passage, “ wear a pocket-pistol, dirk, large knife, or sword in a cane, concealed as a weapon, unless when traveling on a journey, shall be fined in any sum not less than one hundred dollars ; which may be recovered in any court having jurisdiction of like sums, by action of debt, or on presentment of a grand jury.”
The indictment, in the words of the act, charges Bliss with having worn, concealed as a weapon, a sword in a cane.
Bliss was found guilty of the charge, and a fine of one hundred dollars assessed by the jury, and judgment was thereon rendered by the court. To reverse that judgment, Bliss appealed to the Supreme Court, by a majority of which (Judge Mills dissenting) the judgment was reversed.
The argument in this case turned mainly on the 23d section of the 10th article of the Constitution of Kentucky, which provides “ that the right of the citizens to bear arms in defence of themselves and the State, shall not be questioned.”
The attorney-general did not contend that it would be competent for the Legislature, by the enactment of any law, to prevent the citizens from hearing arms ; but a distinction was taken between a law prohibiting the exercise of the right, and a law merely regulating the manner of exercising that right. And while the former was admitted to be incompatible with the Constitution, it was insisted that the latter was not so. And under that distinction, and by assigning the act in question a place in the latter description of laws, its consistency with the Constitution was attempted to be maintained.
“ If, therefore, the act in question imposes any restraint on the right, immaterial what appellation may be given to the act, whether it be an act regulating the manner of bearing arms, or any other, the consequence in reference to the Constitution is precisely the same, and its collision with that instrument equally obvious.”
“ And can there be entertained a reasonable doubt, but the provisions of the. act import a restraint on the right of the citizens to bear arms ? The court apprehends not. The right has no limits, short of the moral power of the citizens to exercise it, and in fact consists of nothing else but the liberty. Diminish that liberty, therefore, and you necessarily restrain the right; and such is the diminution and restraint which the act in question most indisputably imports, by prohibiting the citizens bearing weapons. In truth, the right of the citizens to bear arms has been as directly assailed by the provisions of this act, as though they were forbid carrying guns on their shoulders, swords in scabbards, or when in conflict with an enemy, were not allowed the use of bayonets. And, if the act be consistent with the Constitution, it cannot be incompatible with that instrument for the Legislature by successive enactments to entirely cut off the exercise of the right of the citizens to bear arms. For in principle there is no difference between a law prohibiting the wearing concealed arms, and a law forbidding the wearing of such asare exposed ; and, ift he former be unconstitutional, the latter must be so likewise.”
The conclusion at which the court arrived was, that an act to prevent persons from wearing even concealed weapons is unconstitutional and void.
In the State vs. Reid, (1 Ala. Rep. 612,) the same question came up, but was differently adjudged ; thus verifying the old truth, “ tot homines, quot sentential — so many men, so many opinions.
By the first section of the act of Alabama (passed 1838-1839) it is dedared, “ that if any person shall carry concealed about his person any species of fire-arms, or any bowie -knife, Arkansas tooth-pick, or any other-knife of the like kind, dirk, or any other deadly weapon, the person so offending shall, on conviction thereof before any court having competent jurisdiction, pay a fine not less than fifty, nor more than five hundred dollars, to be assessed-by the jury trying the case ; and be imprisoned for a term not exceeding three months, at the discretion of the judge of said court.”
Under this section, the defendant was indicted in the Circuit Court of Montgomery, for carrying concealed about his person a certain species of fire-arms, called a pistol, contrary to the form of the statute. The defendant pleaded not guilty, and insisted, that the law under which he was prosecuted, was contrary to the constitution of Alabama, which declares, “ that every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence of himself and the State.” — 23d sect. 1st art. of the Constitution.
The Constitution, in declaring that every citizen has the right to bear arms, in defence of himself and the State, has neither expressly nor by implication denied to the Legislature the right to enact laws in regard to the •manner in which arms shall be borne.
“ We do not desire to be understood as maintaining, that in regulating the manner of bearing arms, the authority of the Legislature has no other limit than its own discretion. A statute which, under the pretence of regulating, amounts to a destruction of the right, or which requires arms to he so borne as to render them wholly useless for the purpose of defence, would be clearly unconstitutional. But a law which is merely intended to promote personal security, and to put down lawless aggression and violence, and to this end prohibits the wearing of certain weapons in such a manner as is calculated to exert an unhappy influence upon the moral feelings of the wearer, by making him less regardful of the personal security of others, does not come in collision with the Constitution.
The same point arose in the case of The State vs. Mitchell. — 3 Black. Rep. 229. There the defendant was indicted under a statute of Indiana, which is as follows: “ Every person, not being a traveler, who shall wear or carry a dirk, pistol, sword in a cane, or other dangerous weapon, concealed, shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred dollars.” — Laws of Indiana, ed. of 1831, p. 192.
The court decided that this act was not contrary to the Constitution of that State, which declares that “ the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the State.”
It is true, that these adjudications are all made on clauses in the State Constitutions ; but these instruments confer no new rights on the people which did not belong to them before. When, I would ask, did any legislative body in the Union have the right to deny to its citizens the privilege of keeping and hearing arms in defence of themselves and their country ?
If this right, “ inestimable to freemen,” has been guarantied to British subjects, since the abdication and flight of the last of the Stuarts and the ascension of the Prince of Orange, did it not belong to our colonial ancestors in this western hemisphere ? Has it been a part of the English Constitution ever since the bill of rights and act of settlement ? and been forfeited here by the substitution and adoption of our own Constitution ? No notion can be more fallacious than this 1 On the contrary, this is one of the fundamental principles, upon which rests the great fabric of civil liberty, reared by the fathers of the Revolution and of the country. And the Constitution of the United States, in declaring that the right of the people to keep and bear arms, should not be infringed, only reiterated a truth announced a century before, in the act of 1689, “ to extend and secure the rights and liberties of English subjects ” — whether living 3,000 or 300 miles from the royal palace. And it is worthy of observation, that both charters or compacts look to the same motive, for the irrespective enactments. The act of 1 William and Mary, declares that it is against law to raise or keep a standing army in the kingdom, in time of peace, without the consent of Parliament, and therefore places arms in
I am aware that it has been decided, that this, like other amendments adopted at the same time, is a restriction upon the government of the United States, and does not extend to the individual States. The court held otherwise, however, in the case of the People vs. Goodwin, (18 John. Rep. 200) and Chief Justice Spencer, who delivered its opinion, says : “ The defendant’s counsel rely principally on the fifth article of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States, which contains this provision: Nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be tiuice put in jeopardy of life or limbd It has been urged by the prisoner’s counsel, that this constitutional provision operates upon State courts — pruprio vigore. This has been denied on the other side. I am inclined to the opinion, that the article in question does extend to all judicial tribunals, whether constituted by the Congress of the United States or the States individually. The provision is general in its nature and unrestricted in its terms; and the sixth article of the Constitution declares, that that Constitution shall be the supreme law of the land, and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. These general and comprehensive expressions extend the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, to every article which is not confined by the subject matter to the national government, and is equally applicable to the States. Be this as it may, the principle is undeniable, that no person can be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offence.”
The language of the second amendment is broad enough to embrace both Federal and State governments — nor is there anything in its terms which restricts its meaning. The preamble which was prefixed to these amendments shows, that they originated in the fear that the powers of the general government were not sufficiently limited. Several of the States, in their act of ratification, recommended that further restrictive clauses should be added. Arid in the first session of the first Congress, ten of these amendments having been agreed to by that body, and afterwards sanctioned by three-fourths of the States, became a part of the Constitution. But admitting all this, does it follow that because the people refused to delegate to the general government the power to take from them the right to keep and bear arms, that they designed to rest it in the State governments ? Is this a right reserved to the States or to themselves ? Is it not an unalienable right, which lies at the bottom of every free government ? We do not believe that, because the people withheld this arbitrary power of disfranchisement from Congress, they ever intended to confer it on the local legislatures. This right is too dear to be confided to a republican legislature.
Questions under some of these amendments, it is true, can only arise under the laws and Constitution of the United States. But there are other provisions in them, which were never intended to be thus restricted, but were designed for the benefit of every citizen of the Union in all courts and in all places ; and the people of the several States, in ratifying them in their respective State conventions, have virtually adopted them
Such, I apprehend, was never the meaning of the venerated statesman who recommended, nor of the people who adopted, this amendment.
The right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for a redress of grievances ; to bo secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures; in all criminal prosecutions, to be confronted with the witness against them; to be publicly tried by an impartial jury ; and to have the assistance of counsel for their defence, is as perfect under the State as the national legislature, and cannot be violated by either.
Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : “ The right of the people to bear arms shall not he infringed.” The right of the whole people, old and young, men, women and boys, and not militia only, to keep and bear arms of every description, and not such, merely as are used by the militia, shall not be infringed, curtailed, or broken in upon, in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained: the rearing up and qualifying a well-regulated militia, so vitally necessary to the security of a free State. Our opinion is, that any law, State or Federal, is repugnant to the Constitution, and void, which contravenes this right, originally belonging to our forefathers, trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors, reestablished by the revolution of 1688, conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists, and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charla l And Lexington, Concord, Camden, River Raisin, Sandusky, and the laurel-crowned field of New Orleans, plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right.
We are of the opinion, then, that so far as the act of 1837 seeks to suppress the practice of carrying certain weapons secretly, that it is valid, inasmuch as it does not deprive the citizen of his natural right of self-defence, or of his constitutional right to keep and bear arms. Rut that so much of it, as contains a prohibition against bearing arms openly, is in conflict with the Constitution, and void; and that, as the defendant has been indicted and convicted for carrying a pistol, without charging that it was done in a concealed manner, under that portion of the statute which entirely forbids its use, the judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the proceeding quashed.