106 Me. 436 | Me. | 1910
This is an action of assumpsit on an account annexed wherein the plaintiff seeks to recover the sum of six hundred and thirty-five dollars and fifty cents for labor in excavating 205 cubic yards of ledge below grade for the foundation of the Agricultural building of the University of Maine at Orono. The plaintiff in August or September, 1907, made an oral contract with a representative of the defendant for excavating the cellar of this building, the price agreed upon being sixty cents per cubic yard for all dirt, and three dollars and ten cents per cubic yard for all ledge removed. Work was begun at once and as soon as the soil was removed and the ledge laid bare, the plaintiff asked for a plan, which was furnished by an instructor in the university who was the engineer in charge of the work. This plan or cross section showed the depth desired. The plaintiff continued this work in his own way by blasting the ledge so that he reached. the designated grade in some places and went below it in others. He has been paid for all dirt and ledge excavated and removed to grade, and this controversy involves his claim to compensation for the ledge excavated below grade. At the conclusion of the testimony for the plaintiff the presiding Justice directed a verdict for the plaintiff for $132.65, the amount conceded by the defendant to be due, and the case is before this court on plaintiff’s exceptions to this ruling, as he claims that he is entitled to the full contract price of $3.10 per cubic yard for the entire 205 cubic yards excavated below grade. He rests his claim on two grounds, first, an implied liability arising of necessity out of the contract itself; second, a local usage. Neither ground is tenable.
1. The plaintiff contends that he had a right by implication under the contract to excavate and remove as he did and to receive pay for such excavation below grade because such excavation was necessary and incidental to the reaching of the grade required by the defendant’s engineer.
The reason assigned works against his contention rather than in its favor. Under his contract he was obliged to reach a certain
In Voorhis v. Mayor, 62 N. Y. 498, the plaintiff entered into a contract for regulating and grading a street the entire width, with a specified price for rock excavation, and he claimed to recover for rock excavation made outside the lines of the street, in sloping the sides, which was necessary to effect the excavation within the street.
The court in disallowing the claim state reasons that apply with equal force to the case at bar : "The plaintiff concedes that if he had excavated the rock upon perpendicular lines, at just the width of the avenue and down to the grade, he would have performed his contract fully and could not have been compelled to have done more. It follows that the excavation of it with slopes was not within the terms of the contract, nor so in the contemplation of the parties as that the city could insist that it should be done, or the contractor
2. Usage. The plaintiff further relies upon an alleged usage in the business under which the contractor is entitled to compensation for excavating the extra amount below grade in order to reach grade, and this was the main issue at the trial. The evidence to prove the existence of such a usage was meagre and indefinite. It came from only one witness, a civil engineer, while one Sawyer, a contractor, of large experience, also called by the plaintiff was unable to state that such a general and uniform usage prevailed even in that vicinity. .
But admitting that in the absence of evidence to the contrary a jury might have been justified in finding that such usage did exist, certain insuperable obstacles prevent its application in this case.
In the second place the alleged usage is of no effect because it is repugnant to the express contract made by the parties and is unreasonable. This court in Marshall v. Perry, 67 Maine, 78, after a careful analysis of the decided cases stated the doctrine in these words : Page 82. "The current of authorities in this country, both state and federal, establishes the proposition that local usage cannot be shown to contradict or vary the terms of a contract express, or implied by law, or control its legal interpretation and effect.” See also Randall v. Smith, 63 Maine, 105, and Ulmer v. Farnsworth, 80 Maine, 500. In compliance with this principle where stone cutters contracted to furnish stone for a building according to plans and specifications of an architect, and in carrying out their contract it was necessary to have wooden patterns made, it was held in an action brought by the contractors to recover the amount paid for these patterns, that evidence of a usage for stone cutters in cutting stone for a building to procure such -patterns and recover cost from the owner was inadmissible. Davis v. Galloupe, 111 Mass. 121.
That meant cubic yards of stone, not of masonry. That meaning cannot be varied by local usage, unless it be uniform, reasonable and known to the parties, so they may be presumed to have contracted with reference to it. Marshall v. Perry, 67 Maine, 78; Schooner Reeside, 2 Sum. 567. The measure in the wall was over 102 cubic- yards, on the dump about 58. Certainly a usage that might nearly double the quantity of ■ goods sold must be unreasonable. Better have honest measure and fair price.”
A similar increase of liability would obtain in the case at bar if this local usage is injected into the contract, for while the cost of removing the ledge above the designated level as contracted for was $1072.60, that of removing the ledge.below the level if governed by usage would be $635.50 additional. Such a result emphasizes the unreasonableness of the claim contended for.
The fact that the defendant did not object to a verdict against it for the amount ordered by the presiding Justice, has no probative force upon the legal issues between the parties. It may have been regarded as compensation for removing the rock below grade after it was blasted in accordance with additional instructions from the defendant, or it may have been in the nature of a concession to end litigation. Whatever the reason the result was favorable to the plaintiff, more favorable perhaps than a strict construction of the contract would have permitted.
The ruling of the presiding Justice was without error and the entry must be,
Exceptions overruled.