150 F. 612 | U.S. Circuit Court for the Northern District of Illnois | 1906
These ancillary bills are brought by the North Chicago and West Chicago Companies and their stockholders to enforce causes of action belonging to the receivers of said companies, which the receivers decline to prosecute; they being made defendants. The main purpose of the suits is to redress the alleged fraud of the late Charles T. Yerkes, who, as president and managing director
Demurrers to the bills were put in by all the defendants and overruled by Judge Grosscup. All the defendants except John B. Parsons (lately brought in) and Henry G. Foreman filed their answers, and complainants have been taking proofs in support of the bills before a maátet; their proof being now (December, 1906) nearly complete. The original defendant, Yerkes, claimed the right to plead, but Judge Grosscup required him to answer. Before the time expired he died. The suits were revived against Owsley as executor, who answered, but claimed and was accorded the right to an argument on his right to file a plea-or pleas, setting up defect of parties plaintiff, estoppel, release, and laches. The Foreman pleas were filed in proper time, so that his right to file and have a hearing on at least one plea is clear, under U. S. v. California & Oregon Land Co., 148 U. S. 31, 13 Sup. Ct. 458, 37 L. Ed. 354. Parsons likewise, if he decided to enter a general appearance, has the full right to plead, answer, or demur to the bills as amended. Owsley having answered, his right to file a plea is different from that of Foreman and Parsons; but the court may exercise a discretionary power, especially if Parsons and Foreman stand on their cleat right to plead, instead of answering, to allow Owsley to plead, arid; if any plea tendered by him is deemed valid, to sustain it, permitting the evidence alreády taken to stand if complainants elect to take issue on such plea.
The Chicago Union Traction Company and its receivers, the Consolidated Company, and the Equitable Trust Company, after having fully; answered the bills, after the argument on the Foreman and Owsiey pleas, applied for leave to plead also. Later still the defendant bondholders (exbept Parsons) applied for leave to plead, answer, or demur anew, for the reason that complainants had amended their bills by bringing, in Parsons as a bondholder, and putting him in the same position as Owsley, Furbeck, and other bondholders. They insist that any amendment to the bills, however unimportant, gives all the defendants, the right to plead as fully as to the original bills, relying on the rule laid down by Daniell and certain, federal cases. At the same time-ithe same defendants move to compel complainants to annex to
The North and West Companies were organized in 1886 and 1887, and from their organization down to June 30, 1899, controlled and operated a large system of street car lines on the North and West sides in Chicago, having a practical monopoly, by reason of the location of their tracks, of the street car business in such portions of the city. During this period Charles T. Yerkes was president and managing director of both companies, the stockholders reposing such unlimited confidence in his integrity and business ability that he was allowed to exercise practically exclusive control and management of the corporate affairs, the boards of directors taking no part in actual management. Under these circumstances it was the duty of Yerkes to refrain from placing himself in a position where his personal interest would conflict with his duties to the companies, and to abstain from profiting personally at their expense; but, disregarding this duty, said Yerkes in the year 1894 devised a scheme of building and equipping, with the funds and upon the credit of the North and West Companies, electric railways in the territory north and west of that covered by the roads of comp’ainants, and appropriating to his individual use the profits accruing therefrom.
The bills then go on to state the organization of seven suburban street railroad companies, with an aggregate capitalization of $11,000,000. These companies were merged on February 1, 1899, into the defendant, the Chicago Consolidated Traction Company. These seven companies are called the “subsidiary companies.” It is alleged that Yerkes caused the roads of these feeders, or subsidiary companies, to be built and equipped with the moneys and upon the credit of the North and West Companies, and then took over to himself, but in the name of another person, all the stock of the subsidiary companies which he and certain associates admitted into the scheme appropriated to their own use and benefit. The theory of the bills is that this stock, having been obtained by Yerkes and associates in a fiduciary capacity as trusted agents of the North and West Companies, in equity vested in the companies by virtue, of the fiduciary relations existing, and became the property of the companies as soon as they learned of the situation arid decided to affirm the transaction and claim the stock; that Yerkes and associates, having used the funds arid credit of the companies to' get this stock, and being their agents and fiduciaries, took the stock for the companies and held the legal title thereto in trust for them'; and that the companies as soon as they were able to act in an independent manner in their own right, after ascertaining the real facts,-asserted their rights and brought these suits to have the stock turned ove!r 4o them and to have the Consolidated Company bonds, in exchange1 if or
The bills pray, first, that the North and West be decreed to be the owners of all the consolidated railroads, because built with their moneys or credit; but, if this be not granted, then that they be decreed the owners of all the stock of the Consolidated Company, or such part thereof as Yerkes and his associates held when it was exchanged for bonds. They further pray that the Consolidated Company mortgage for $6;750,000 be held void, as a cloud on title, and that all the bonds be held void. An account is also asked against Yerkes in case the bonds and mortgage be not set aside as to bona fide holders for moneys received for stock before the bonds were issued; that he surrender to a receiver to be appointed all bonds still owned by him, pay to the receiver all moneys received by him for the sale or pledge of any of the bonds, and all moneys received by him for said stock; and that the receiver be decreed to pay the moneys and bonds to the North and West in proper proportions; and that a receiver for the Consolidated Company may be appointed. It will be seen that the seven companies which were merged into the Consolidated, and the Consolidated Company itself, are treated in the bills as valid and subsisting corporations, and not as identical with the corporations of the North and West. The stock of the Consolidated is treated as valid, as well as the bonds, in the event that the mortgage cannot be set aside by reason of the bonds or some of them being held by holders for value in due course. It appears from the bills that the Consolidated stock was all “water,” •nothing being paid for it, and that the Consolidated did not get a dollar for the issue of the bonds, except the considerations of the second operating agreement, Exhibit F. The bills do not ask to have the stock set aside or canceled. .Probably the only person who could ask that would be the Consolidated Company. On the contrary, they treat the stock as valid and as having been taken by Yerkes in’ the capacity of their agent or trustee; just as a principal may affirm an unauthorized transaction and take the benefit of it. The North and West, having no standing to set aside the stock, simply take the position that it is valid so far as they are concerned; that Yerkes took it in their interest as their agent, and held it for them, and they are now asserting their right to it, and to the bonds issued in exchange for it, so far as they are owned by him or his associates. They say, in effect, that if Yerkes, instead of receiving the stock from the suburban companies, had received $1,000,000 from them for the aid given them by his principals, the North and West, the money would be theirs, and he would hold it, and be liable to account for it as their trustee or fiduciary; they merely asserting their right to what is theirs — their own money produced by their outlay and their credit, and not his.
The bills, after stating fully the organization of the subsidiary companies and their merger into the Consolidated Company, state that Mr. Yerkes was a man of very large means and the largest stockholder in the North and West Companies, and about April 1, 1899, he entered
The bills then state that the leases provided that the North and West Companies should maintain their corporate existence during the leasehold term, and to enable them to do so the Union Company should pay the cost thereof, not exceeding $3,000 a year for each company, and that the rentals might be paid in the shape of dividends to the stockholders of the North and West Companies. The result of these provisions was to make the North and West Companies nonactive or dormant corporations, with no business to transact and no substantial corporate powers to perform, and to save expense the Union Company, with the tacit consent of the North and West Companies, took the task of maintaining such corporate existence, which was done by having the boards of directors resign and electing in place thereof emplyés of the Union Company, and from July 26, 1899, to July 24, 1903, this system was maintained, so that the North and West Companies during this period were controlled by so-called dummy directors put in by the Union Company. None of these dummy directors owned any stock in the North or West Companies or had any pecuniary interest in their affairs, or were in any way familiar with its business, and they did not exercise their own judgment upon any question arising affecting said companies, or act under any sense of responsibility to them, but acted wholly as directed by the Union Company. The Union Company, therefore, occupied a fiduciary relation during said, four-year period to the North and West Companies, and thus became disoualified from making or benefiting by any transaction or contract made by it with the North.and West Companies through the dummy directors.
The bills further allege that shortly after July 26, 1899, the Union Company learned for the first time that the said Yerkes had after the making of the agreement for the sale of the stock to the promoters of the Union Company, and before the dummy period began, caused the execution by the North and West Companies with the Consolidated Company of an operating agreement, so called, by which the Consolidated Company was given the right to run its cars over the tracks of the North and West Companies into the down town or business district of Chicago, and it then became their duty to take steps to avoid this operating agreement (which it is alleged in another part of the bill
" It is further stated in the bills that prior to September 1, 1903, the North and West Companies had no notice that Yerkes or any of his associate directors had personally profited out of the construction and' equipment of any of' the subsidiary lines, or any notice of the making of the two operating agreements, or of the fact that said North and West Companies were the real owners of said railroads and their stock,' or of the Consolidated Company bonds, or that they were in any wáy interested in the Consolidated Company, or of the Yerkes reléase, and that the stockholders of the North and West Companies were not able to obtain until July 26, 1903, the resignations of the dummy directors and officers and the selection of independent boards of directors acting in the real interests of the companies. It is also alleged that in April, 1903, creditors’ bills were filed in this court againét the North and West Companies and the Union Company; and receivers were appointed over all three companies and their property.
It further appears that propositions were made for a modification of the leases made to the Union Company reducing the rent payable to the North and West Companies or their stockholders by making it depend to a certain extent upon the net earnings of the Union Traction System and also, as the Union Company had by virtue of the transfer of the $15,000,000 Consolidated Company stock from Yerkes and his associates to the Union Company obtained the virtual control of the Consolidated Company’s lines, the earnings of those lines were to go
By the amended leases the rent was made to depend on the gross income of the lines of the North and West and the Consolidated Company, deducting therefrom fixed charges, interest, operation, depreciation, taxes, damages for personal injuries, etc., in order to arrive at the net earnings. If the net earnings are less than $237,600 per quarter for the North Chicago Company and $197,385 per quarter for the West Chicago Company (the rents reserved in the original leases), an amount equal to the difference shall be made good out of the net earnings from all its other railways; that is, from the Consolidatéd lines. If such net earnings are insufficient to make it good, the actual amount of earnings shall be divided between the North and West in proper proportion. Any deficiency remaining after such division shall not be a charge against the lessee (the Union Company) unless the rent falls below $99,800 per quarter for the West Chicago Company, and below $118,400 for the North Chicago Company. Any deficiency below these amounts is to be a cumulative charge against the future net earnings “of the demised property and of the Traction Company”; that is of the North, West, and Consolidated lines. The Union Company guaranties that its net earnings shall be sufficient to pay these minimum rentals. The gross income is to include fares, tolls, etc., from the demised property, and income of every description from the railways owned, leased, or operated by the Union Company. In order to arrive at the net income, certain deductions of fixed charges, operation, etc., are made, and among these deductions are the following:
“Interest upon the bonds of any company, directly or indirectly controlled by the Traction Company, for which said company may be, or be held to be, liable by reason of any agreement of guaranty, or otherwise [meaning the YerJces Consolidated bonds].
“Such proportion of any deficiency arising from the operation or control of existing feeders or connecting lines, connected with the railways of the [West Chicago] Railroad Company and the North Chicago Railroad Company, or either of them, as may be agreed upon between said two companies and the Traction Company.”
Referring to any deficiency in earnings of the Consolidated lines caused by the payment of 4J4 per cent, interest on the $6,750,000 Com solidated bonds, being $303,750 annually.
It will be seen that this instrument makes the amount of rent payable to the North and West Companies depend in part on the earnings of the Consolidated lines, the control of which was given to the Union Company by-the transfer of the Yerkes stock growing out of the
Before this point is further considered, however, it is necessary to refer to the instrument referred to in the last clause above quoted, which was the “side agreement” between the North, West, and Union Companies, made the same day, and is as follows:
“Whereas, the said parties of the first and second parts have respectively demised their street railways to the said party of the third part by leases bearing date the 1st day of June, A. D. 1899, which leases have been amended and altered by instruments bearing even date herewith; and,
“Whereas, in the said amendments it is provided that the rentals to be paid shall in part be dependent upon the net earnings of the properties respectively demised to the said Traction Company, and in part be dependent upon the net earnings of the entire system of railways operated by the said Traction Company; and,
“Whereas, the said Traction Company has certain traffic arrangements relative to the lines of street railway owned by the Chicago Consolidated Traction Company, and has control over said Consolidated Traction Company under and by virtue of the provisions of a certain agreement under which the capital stock of the said 'Consolidated Traction Company is deposited with the Equitable Trust Company, and in pursuance of which the said capital stock is agreed to be voted in accordance with directions received from the President of the Union Traction Company, so long as default shall not be made in the payment of the principal or interest of the bonds of the Consolidated Traction Company, to secure the payment of which said shares of stock are deposited; and
“Whereas, controversies have arisen as to the validity and binding effect of the transactions which resulted in the issue of the said bonds, and as to the obligation to pay the interest accruing thereon; and
“Whereas, in the amendments to the said lease bearing even date herewith-it is provided that there shall be deducted from the gross income of the demised property, in order to ascertain the net income thereof ‘such proportion of any deficiency arising from the operation or control of existing feeders or connecting lines connected with the railway of the West Chicago Street Railroad Company and the North Chicago Street Railroad Company, or either of them, as may be agreed upon between said two companies and the Traction Company”; and
“Whereas, the lines of the said Chicago Consolidated Traction Company are feeders or connecting lines connected with the railways of the said West and North Chicago Street Railroad Companies, and the parties hereto are desirous of defining the rights of the respective parties hereto with reference to the said lines of the Consolidated Traction Company under the said leases as amended:
“Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises, it is hereby covenanted and agreed as follows:
“First It is covenanted and agreed that until otherwise agreed in writing between all the parties to these articles of agreement, said Union Traction Company shall continue to control or operate the lines of the Consolidated Traction Company to the same extent as at the date of the execution of these articles of agreement, and shall take all steps and cause all acts to be done and all payments to be made which shall be or become necessary in order to maintain the existing relations between the Union Traction Company and the said Consolidated Traction Company: provided, however, that nothing*621 herein shall operate or be construed to operate in any way to interfere with the parties hereto, or either of them, questioning the validity of said bonds of said Consolidated Traction Company, or the obligation to pay interest thereon, or of the operating agreement with the said Union Traction Company, or questioning the validity or binding effect of any contract or guaranty of the North or West Chicago Street Railroad Companies made in connection with any of the lines of railway .now operated by the Consolidated Traction Company, it being agreed that said controversies and the question involved therein shall be left open, to be hereafter adjusted or litigated.
“Second. It is covenanted and agreed that any deficiency in the income of the Consolidated Traction Company below the amount necessary to discharge its obligations shall be paid out of the gross earnings of the said Traction Company as a part of its operating expenses until otherwise mutually agreed between all the parties hereto, and that all the deficiencies so charged shall constitute an indebtedness due from said Consolidated Traction Company to the said Union Traction Company, to be collected or repaid to said Union Traction Company out of the first surplus net earnings of the said Consolidated Traction Company, and that when any such deficiency shall be collected by the said Union Traction Company the same shall be paid over to the North and West Chicago Street Railroad Companies to the extent that the rent payable to the said Street Railroad Companies shall have been diminished by the charging of said deficiencies as a part of the operating expenses of the said Union Traction Company, and of the said North and West Chicago Street Railroad Companies, as hereinafter provided, except to the extent that such deficiencies of rent shall have been made good to the said Street Railroad Companies out of other funds.
“It is further covenanted and agreed that all payments made by the said Union Traction Company, as above provided, on account of deficiencies in the earnings of the Consolidated Traction Company, shall be charged as a part of the operating expenses of the North and West Chicago Street Railroad Companies respectively, in the proportion of the gross earnings of each to the aggregate of their total gross earnings.
“Third. It is agreed that the Union Traction Company shall cause the stock of the said Consolidated Traction Company to be voted in such a manner as to cause these articles of agreement to be carried into effect, and shall cause all necessary contracts and agreements to be entered into to carry into effect these articles of agreement.
“It is further covenanted and agreed that any interest or right heretofore or hereafter acquired by the Union Traction Company in the stock of the said Consolidated Traci ion Company, or in any of the companies formerly owning any of its constituent lines, or in any company succeeding to the ownership of any of said lines, shall, during the continuance of said leases, be held and owned for the joint benefit of all the parties to these articles of agreement, for the sole purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of these articles of agreement and of said leases, and that in the event of the forfeiture of said leases by reason of any default of the said Union Traction Company, the same shall be the property of the said North and West Chicago Street Railroad Companies, and shall be owned by them in the proportion which the present outstanding capital stock of each bears to the aggregate of their total outstanding capital stock; and that upon the termination of the said leases by lapse of time .or surrender, without default on the part of the said Union. Traction Company, the same shall belong to the said Union Traction Company, free from any claim thereon on the part of the said North and West Chicago Street Railroad Companies.
“Fourth. This agreement shall be construed as though it were a part of said leases, respectively, of June 1, A. D. 3899, as modified as aforesaid, and any breach of this agreement shall have the same effect as a breach of any of the provisions of said leases, respectively, as so modified.
“Fifth. This agreement shall enure to the benefit of, and shall bind, the successors and assigns of the parties hereto.”
This agreement was also executed by the receivers of the three companies, pursuant to an order of court, November 12, 1903,
Upon the preliminary question whether the alleged frauds of Yerkes gave the North and West Companies beneficial ownership of the stock of the constituent companies and the $15,000,000 stock of the Consolidated Company, rather than operating as a fraud on the constituent and consolidated companies, rendering the stock voidable by them, the first view was that evidently held by Judge Grosscup in overruling the demurrers. Of course, if these constituent companies are to be regarded as mere construction companies, and they and the Consolidated Company only as dummies- or instruments of the North and West Companies, this view is sound, because Yerkes’ alleged fraud on them by causing the issue of the fictitious stock might be regarded as a fraud on the North and West Companies. If, on the other hand, the constituent companies and Consolidated Company, as the bills seem to show, are to be looked upon as independent entities, having their own stockholders, property, and business, it might possibly be in the end decided that the alleged frauds of Yerkes in appropriating to himself all its stock, without consideration to it or its constituent companies, were mainly frauds against it and them, and that North and West Companies are only to be looked upon as creditors, not entitled to the stock, but that the Consolidated Company, if ever in a position to do so, might have the stock and bonds canceled. For illustration, suppose it cost $450,000 to build and equip the road of the Ogden Street Railway Company, one of the constituent companies, under a contract with the State Construction Company (in which Mr. Yerkes owned 70 per cent, of the stock) fixing the contract price at $450,000 in bonds and $2,000,000 cash or stock of the Ogden Company; that the Ogden Company issued the bonds, Mr. Yerkes procured their guaranty by the West Chicago Company, and then the Ogden Company turned all the bonds and stock over to the construction company in full satisfaction of the contract, and Mr. Yerkes thus became possessed of 70 per cent, of the $2,000,000 stock, the other 30 per cent, going to local promoters of the Ogden Company for obtaining the franchise, etc. Suppose, further, that this was simply a scheme to enable Yerkes to control the Ogden Company, and appropriate a majority of its fictitious stock to himself. Assume, further, that the Ogden Company was an independent company, .having a street franchise, owning the road, owing the
Assuming for the present that the proviso contained in the side agreement reserved the right to, the North and West Companies to attack the bonds and the operating agreement, notwithstanding the benefits obtained by them from the transactions giving rise to that agreement under the leases and that instrument, the effect of the paragraph as to the Consolidated stock is to be determined. Complainants do not reserve the right to attack the transfer of the stock from Yerkes to the Union Company, and they treat the stock as wholly valid, claiming that it is theirs, and entitles them to control the Consolidated Company. If they had originally no right to this stock, or if they are now precluded by their acts from claiming it, they would seem to have no right to attack the Consolidated bonds or mortgage. Their right to attack these appears to be dependent on their standing as virtual stockholders, holding beneficial title to the stock through Yerkes as their trusted agent and fiduciary. Without owning the Consolidated stock, so as to give them some interest in the Consolidated Company’s property, what concern-have they in setting aside the bonds? How is their interest injuriously affected so long as they are not shareholders or property owners? They have agreed that for 98-1 years the Union Company may be the practical owner of the Consolidated lines, and may pay the interest on such bonds and deduct the amount from the rent. They have also agreed that for the same period the Union Company may continue to hold the stock and vote it for their benefit in so controlling the Consolidated Company’s lines as to be able to pay the rent. By so agreeing they accept the benefit of the means by which the Union Company obtained the stock; that is, through the Yerkes transfer, which was the consideration for the issue of the bonds to Yerkes. He surrendered the stock to get the bonds. North and West then agreed to confirm this transfer by securing from the transferee, the Union Company, a pledge to hold and vote this stock for their benefit. Tour times a year, when the North and West Companies accept the quarterly rent payments they again and again affirm the validity of the transferree’s title and the title of Yerkes, as the transferror of the stock. And so they will go on affirming it for nearly 10 centuries, unless default be made in the amended leases; and even in that event they will again affirm it, by becoming the absolute owners of the Consolidated Company’s stock by conveyance from the Union Company through the Yerkes transfer; thus obtaining it by a chain of title entirely independent of that of trust ex maleficio, as set up in their bills. As to the comprehensive interest now held by the Union Company in the property of the Consolidated Company, see Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Chicago (Ill.) 65 N. E. 470.
What right have they to attack a title so persistently affirmed, and which they would continue to affirm, every three months, even after they had successfully destroyed it, if they should gain these suits? Is a court of equity to permit them to take such inconsistent positions and continue to occupy, them for nearly 1,000 years? It is said that
The case of Brazee v. Schofield, 124 U. S. 495, 31 L. Ed. 484, 8 Sup. Ct. 604, is in point. There a husband and wife settled on land in Washington Territory, under the Oregon territorial act, allowing each settler 640 acres of land. They made improvements and became entitled to the land under the territorial act and subsequent federal statutes. The husband died, and the heirs and widow divided the
But, even if the Yerkes estate cannot rely on this estoppel, the other view of the matter seems equally conclusive. As has been said, the case of the complainants substantially depends on their alleged beneficial ownership of the stock in the hands of Yerkes as their fiduciary. If they- fail on this ground, they make no such case as would authorize the court to set aside the Consolidated Company’s bonds or mortgage simply for the reason that to.do so might increase their rent under the amended leases and side agreement. They do not state a case for any such relief, nor would it be germane to the case made in their bills. Without the stock, then, they have no interest to avoid the bonds or mortgage, since their property is not incumbered by them. Therefore, if complainants have precluded themselves from reclaiming the stock from the Union Company, the relief they ask
Counsel for complainants suggest that the transaction between Yerkes and the Union Company was simply a division of -the spoils; and this is the allegation of the bills. Upon this theory it is argued that the North and West Companies had the right to settle or litigate separately with the Union Company and the Yerkes interests, obtaining by adjustment what they could from one, and then pursuing the other for his share of the plunder. A complete answer to this suggestion seems to be that by dealing with the Union Company, through the amended leases and side agreement, the North and West Companies have precluded themselves from ever obtaining the stock as cestuis que trust of Yerkes, according to the theory of their bills, but that their so obtaining it is a condition precedent to their right to either attack or obtain the bonds or mortgage. Therefore their settlement with the Traction Company, which forecloses them from obtaining the stock by a hostile title, and prevents them from denying the title of the Union Company derived from Yerkes, puts them in a position where they have no interest to serve by attacking the bonds or mortgage. The interest in the stock taken by them under the side agreement, and their continued acceptance of rent under the amended leases, denies and destroys their right to question the title of the Ufiion
In the prayers of the bills complainants also claim title to all the property of the constituent companies now vested in the Consolidated, Company. If the fact that the lines were in part built with moneys of complainants, some of which it appears by the bills was repaid, and in part upon the credit of complainants, gives them title to the property— a proposition which it seems difficult to assent to — yet the same considerations of estoppel would seem to apply as in case of the stock. The agreement of the North and West Companies that the Union Company may control the property for their benefit to secure their rentals for 984 years would appear to be quite inconsistent with their claim to own-the property, and thus deny all validity to the stock and all title of the Union Company thereto. And they have also agreed that existing relations shall be maintained, a thing impossible if they are to own. the Consolidated property. I think, therefore, that the pleas of estoppel show that the North and West Companies are precluded by the amended leases and the side agreement from obtaining the title to the Consolidated Company’s stock, and, having lost the right to do so, they have no such interest as entitles them to question the bonds or mortgage of the Consolidated Company, and that the pleas of the defendants Owsley, the Union Company, its receivers, and the Equitable Trust Company should be permitted filing and sustained as valid pleas. I have hesitkted to reach this conclusion because if my views are not sustained as to the estoppel, and it is also held that the corporate character of the constituent companies can be ignored, and the fraud on them through the issue of the fictitious stock entirely disregarded, and that all such originally worthless stock shall by a court of equity be vested in the North and West Companies, in such case all the time consumed by possible trials of issues on the pleas and an appeal will be lost. In a case like this the matter of time is unusually important. But with my convictions on these questions I feel that the defendants should be entitled to a trial on the pleas. The Supreme Court has recognized the right to plead in U. S. v. California & Oregon Land Co., 148 U. S. 31, 13 Sup. Ct. 458, 37 L. Ed. 354, and I do not think that the peculiar circumstances of the case should induce me to overrule the pleas and' defer the questions raised to the final hearing. In reaching this conclusion, I have been somewhat influenced by the fact that Mr. Yerkes is dead, thus making it more difficult to understand the circumstances under which the constituent companies were launched, and their stock taken over by him. I do not mean to intimate that this fact should prejudice complainants unnecessarily, as I think they acted with dispatch in bringing suit within a year and a half after they became abie-te do so. In view of the great complication of the situation, the many diverse and conflicting interests, and the difficulty of the questions involved, I think they acted promptly. But the fact remains that Mr. Yerkes is dead, and it may not be possible to reach as just a knowledge of the situation ten years ago as if h¿ were living. Inasmuch as the release of Yerkes was part of the same transaction as the transfer of
In regard to the pleas of the Union Company and its receivers, each setting out the amended lease and the side agreement, they purport to cover the whole equity of the bills, including the question of the right of complainants to attack the two operating contracts. This makes it necessary to consider the effect on such contracts of the two papers pleaded. The side agreement expressly reserves the right to attack the validity of the second operating agreement. Assuming that these instruments would ratify that agreement and prevent attack upon it, without the proviso reserving such right, the question is whether the proviso has any force. A somewhat similar question was ruled in the cases cited below. In the case of International Contracting Co. v. Lamont (cited as United States v. Lamont) 155 U. S. 303, 15 Sup. Ct. 97, 39 L. Ed. 160, a contractor’s bid for dredging for the government was accepted by the engineers in charge, but the matter was held up b> the Secretary of War. The work was readvertised, and pending this bid the contractor commenced a mandamus suit to compel the Secretary of War to sign a contract with him under his first bid. Before this suit was disposed of the bids under the second advertisement were opened, and it was found that the same contractor was again the lowest bidder, at a price much lower than his first bid. Being again the lowest bidder, he obtained a contract for the work, and the mandamus proceeding was dismissed. The contractor then demanded of the Secretary of War that he should sign the contract awarding him the work under the first bid, which was refused. Thereupon the contractor again commenced a mandamus to compel the execution of a contract under the first bid. The court, after holding that mandamus would not lie in such a case, proceeded as follows:
•‘But, even if the writ of mandamus could be so perverted as to make it serve the purposes of an ordinary suit, the relator is in no position to avail himself of such relief. He entered of his own accord into the the second contract, and has acted under it and has taken advantages which resulted from his action under it, having received the compensation which was to be paid under its terms. Having done all this, he is estopped from denying the validity of the contract. Oregonian Railway v. Oregon Railway, 10 Sawy. 464, 22 Fed. 245. Nor does the fact that in making his second contract the relator protested that he had rights under the first better his position. If he had any such rights and desired to maintain them, he should have abstained from putting himself in a position where he voluntarily took advantage of the second opportunity to secure the work. A party cannot avoid the legal consequences of his acts by protesting at the time he does them that he does not intend to subject himself to such consequences. In the case of Bank of the United States v. Bank of Washingon, 6 Pet. (U. S.) 8, 8 L. Ed. 299, certain payments had been made to the first bank upon a decision by the court below, with notice that the payor intended to take the ease to the Supreme Court of the United States, and would expect the payee, the Bank of the United States, to refund the money if that court should reverse the decision of the court below, and hold that it was not due. The court said: No notice whatever could change the rights of the parties so as to make the Bank of the United States responsible to refund the money.’ The whole case of this relator is covered by Gilbert v. United States, 8 Wall. (U. S.) 358, 19 L. Ed., in which this court, through Mr. Justice Miller, said: ‘If the claimants had any objection to the .provisions of the contract they signed, they should have refused to make it.- Having made it*629 and executed it, their mouths are closed against any denial that it superseded all previous arrangements.’ ”
A similar question was presented in Wormser v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 184 N. Y. 83, 76 N. E. 1036. In that case a street railroad corporation was reorganized for the purpose of extending its road. The plaintiff, one of the stockholders of the company, • brought on behalf of the plaintiff and all other stockholders similarly situated a suit to enjoin the company and another company connected with it from carrying out the reorganization plan, and to have the same set aside as illegal and void. It appeared, however, that after suit brought, hut before the answer was put in, the plaintiff availed himself of the plan by subscribing to the capital stock of the new company, and then sold his option or privilege to third persons for over $5,000. He made this subscription under protest, claiming it to be only to preserve his rights. The court held that he had ratified the plan of reorganization and was estopped. The court quote the language from the Lamont Case, taking the position that plaintiff, taking the inconsistent position under protest, could not be considered, and that a. party cannot avoid the legal consequences of his acts by protesting at the time he does them that he does not intend to subject himsélf to such consequences. The language of the Supreme Court of Alabama in Robinson v. Pebworth, 71 Ala. 240, is quoted with approval, that an estoppel in a case of this kind simply means that you shall not take the fruits of an illegal transaction and afterwards set the transaction aside as illegal.
The second operating agreement is confined in its operation to 50 years from December 1, 1899. But, the side agreement obligates the Union Company to maintain existing relations for 984 years, unless the parties otherwise agree. So the operating agreement is extended to the full life of the amended lease. If those leases arc forfeited, the North and West Companies become owners of the Consolidated stock, so far as the legal title and full control of the feeder lines are concerned, and can make such an operating agreement as they choose. Suppose the operating agreement were set aside while the amended leases were still in force, would not the Union Company still be obliged to vote the Consolidated stock to carry into effect the provisions of the leases ,and to maintain existing relations between the Union, and Consolidated Companies, using its control of the stock for the joint benefit of the North, West, and Union Companies? On the whole, I am inclined to think that the North and West Companies, so long as they claim under the side agreement and take the benefit of it, must submit to the provision that the Union Company shall hold the stock to carry out the leases and the side agreement, and to maintain existing traffic arrangements with the Consolidated Company, notwithstanding the proviso that the North and West Companies may contest the operating agreement.
In regard to the pleas of the Consolidated Company setting- up entirely distinct grounds of estoppel to contest the operating agreements, I am inclined to think that the matter can be disposed of through the pleas of the Union Company. The motion to file pleas by the Consolidated Company is therefore denied. Complainants do not now,
The right to plead or answer to the amended bills: As stated above, complainants amended the bills by leave of court by joining as a party John B. Parsons, of Philadelphia. He is brought in as one of the represented defendants under the first paragraph of the bill, making Plenry G. Foreman and others parties in their own right and as representatives of the owners of bonds, who are not joined because they are so numerous and their names are unknown, the evidence having developed that Mr. Parsons was from January 1; 1894, to January 12, 1897, vice president and general manager and a director of the complainant companies, and wrongfully co-operated with Yerkes to carry out the illegal purpose charged in the bill, the said Yerkes having admitted into said scheme and into a participation thereof the said Parsons, and that Parsons received a large number of shares of several of the constituent companies, and later received in lieu thereof 8,455 shares of the stock of the Consolidated Company, and on April 1, 1900,
surrendered said shares to the Equitable Trust Company, and received in lieu thereof 380 of the Consolidated bonds, which said bonds said Parsons still owns. Such amendments having been made, certain of the defendants now move for leave to plead, answer, or demur anew to the bills, insisting that any amendment to the bills, however unimportant, gives all the defendants the right to plead as fully as if they were pleading to the original hills, even to the extent of putting in an entirely new defense. Counsel for complainants, on the other hand, submits that'the defendants have only the right to plead, demur to, or answer the new matter contained in the amendments and that no substantial change was made in the bills; Parsons having been made a quasi party by paragraph 12 of each of the original bills, charging that Yerkes admitted into his scheme and a participation of the profits other officers and directors of the North and West Companies, and that such persons received such profits in the shape of shares, first of the constituent companies, and subsequently of the consolidated companies, but that complainants are unable to ascertain the names of such persons, and ask that, when discovered, they may be made parties defendant. The practice in respect to the right of a defendant, who has answered, to replead, demur, or answer anew after the bill is amended, seems to be quite unsettled. There is nothing in the equity rules adopted by the Supreme Court which throws any light upon, the question. This being the case, the practice laid down in Justice Bradley’s note to Thomson v. Wooster, 114 U. S. 104, 112, 5 Sup. Ct. 788, 29 L. Ed. 105, applies. Rule 90 of the equity rules provides as follows:
' “In all cases where the rules prescribed by this court or by the circuit court do not apply, the practice of the circuit court shall be regulated by the present practice of the high court of chancery in England, so far as the same may reasonably,be applied consistently with the local circumstances and local con*631 veniences of the district whore the court is held, not as positive rules, but as furnishing just analogies to regulate the practice.”
In the note referred to Justice Bradley says that reference is made by this rule to the first edition of DanielFs Chancery Practice, published in 1837, as being, with the second edition of Smith’s Practice, published the same year, the most authoritative work on English chancery practice in use in March, 1842, when the federal equity rules were adopted, supplemented by the general orders made by Lords Cotton-ham and Eangdale in August, 1841. Such rules and orders, Justice Bradley says, exhibit that “present practice of the high court of chancery in England,” which by the ninetieth rule was adopted as the standard of equity practice in cases where the rules prescribed by the Supreme Court or the Circuit Court, do not apply. The learned justice further says that the later editions of Mr. Daniell’s work have been much modified by extensive changes introduced by the English orders of later date.
The rule quoted by counsel is found in the first edition of Dan. Ch. Pr.* 519 (307), and is as follows:
“It may be observed bere that any amendment of a bill, however trifling and unimportant, authorizes a defendant, though not required to answer, to put in an answer making an entirely new defense and contradicting his former answer.”
Mr. Daniell cites only one case, and that unreported, decided by Vice Chancellor Shadwell. In later editions to his work, however, he cites the case of Bosanquet v. Marsham, 4 Sim. 573, decided October 31, 1831, also a decision by Vice Chancellor Shadwell, who used the language quoted from Mr. Daniell. In the same edition of Mr. Dan-iell’s work (*509 [301]) he lays down the rule as follows:
“But, although the original and amended bill constitute but one record, and are so considered at the hearing, the defendant, in case he has answered the original bill, ought to answer the amendments only.” Citing only a practice work.
In the Bosanquet Case, above referred to, a general demurrer to a bill was overruled. Defendant then demurred ore tenus for want of parties, and that demurrer was allowed, with leave ’ to plaintiff to amend. The bill was then amended by adding a party and charging him to be out of the jurisdiction, but the case made, and the relief prayed, remained the same as before. Defendant then put in a general demurrer to the amended bill. Plaintiff objected that defendant could not demur twice to the same matter. “The Vice Chancellor [Shadwell] said that after a defendant has answered a bill, if any amendment, however trifling, were made in it, it would be entirely competent to the defendant to put in another answer, and to make an entirely new defense; and that he thought the same rule applied to a demurrer.” It will be noticed that this case was that of a new demurrer, and the Vice Chancellor refers to what he regards as the existing practice applying to an answer.
In Ellice v. Goodson, 3 Myl. & Cr. 653, decided in 1838, Vice Chancellor Shadwell had allowed a demurrer which had been interposed to a bill amended after answer. The amendments were Considerable
Counsel for defendants, however, cite the cases of Blythe v. Hinckley (C. C.) 84 Fed. 228, 244; Nelson v. Eaton, 13 C. C. A. 523, 66 Fed. 376; Fisher v. Simon, 14 C. C. A. 443, 67 Fed. 387; French v. Hay, 22 Wall. 238, 22 L. Ed. 854. In Blythe v. Hinckley defendants put in a cross-bill which was never answered, and then took a decree pro confesso for want of an answer. After taking this decree, they amended their cross-bill twice, not introducing new matter, but withdrawing allegations as to practice in another judicial district, and striking out the name of one of the original defendants in the cross-bill. Judge Morrill lays down the rule quoted from Daniell, but it is evident that the question here presented was not before him in any way. The defendants, not having answered at all, were, of course, entitled to answer fully the amended cross-bill. In Nelson v. Eaton, above cited, no answer of. any kind was ever put in, but after a decree pro confesso was entered, and after defendants had moved to vacate the decree and either dismiss the bill for want of jurisdiction or for leave to answer, the court allowed complainant to amend his bill to show jurisdiction. Whereupon he denied the defendant’s motion, and entered a final decree for the complainant. It was held on appeal that the defendant should have been allowed to answer. In this case, also, the question here involved was not presented. Fisher v. Simon, above cited, was also a case where no answer was ever put in. The court entered a decree supposing it to be interlocutory which was in fact final, and when his attention was called to it set aside the decree. After
Pleas No. 5 in Case 27,508, and No. 9 in 27,509, the amended fourth plea in 27,508, and amended eighth plea in 27,509, all proposed by the defendant Owsley, are allowed - to be filed, and are sustained. The proposed pleas of the Union Company and Equitable Trust Company, to be amended by alleging that the side agreement was approved by the receivers, are allowed filing and sustained. The defendant Foreman did not file any plea of estoppel. If defendant Parsons elects to enter a general appearance, he has the right to plead, answer or demur, as he shall be advised. All other pleas filed or proposed are overruled.
On Motion for Leave to Amend Bills.
The pleas of estoppel and release having been sustained,pursuant to the opinion filed December 17, 1906, complainants move to amend the bills in order to set up matters in avoidance of the pleas and in some other respects. The amendment relating to the matter of estoppel is, in substance, as follows: The negotiations resulting in amending the leases were conducted on behalf of complainants by the protective committees, who requested the Union Company to cause the dummy directors to resign and the protective committees to be elected directors in their place; also to allow the protective committees to examine the books and papers of the North and West Companies, in order to familiarize themselves with the facts affecting their interests. The Union Company refused to grant their request until the protective committees should first agree upon the terms of the amended leases. By reason of the refusal the committees could not acquire and did not have any knowledge of the. facts stated in the bill in respect to the alleged Yerkes frauds, the operating agreement, the Consolidated Company mortgage, nor the Yerkes release. While negotiations were being conducted, the question arose whether the Consolidated lines should be included in the
It is also averred by the amendment that it was not the intention of the parties to the agreement to have it admit or recognize the validity of bonds, release, operating agreements, or ownership of the stock by the Union Company, or to provide that the other parties to the agreement should thereby acquire or purchase the stock from the Union Company, but that the mutual intention of all the parties was that if the Union Company had any interest in the stock, which was not admitted or intended to be, such interest should be surrendered to the extent of being brought under the amended leases, and the making of such arrangement and agreement should be without prejudice to any controversy or claim which might arise and exist as to the validity of the bonds, operating agreement, ownership of the stock, or the right of either party to own or claim it independent of the contract; .that if such agreement as drawn, when properly construed, recognizes the validity of the bonds or operating agreement or ownership by the Union Company of the stock, or prevents complainants from contesting such validity or claiming the stock by independent title, then the agreement-does not correctly express the mutual intention of the parties, but is the result of a mutual mistake or the mistake of complainants, coupled with the fault, negligence, or misconduct of the Union Company in drawing the agreement and representing to the complainants its contents, force, and effect; that since the making of the agreement the Consolidated Company has been in possession and control of all its railways, and during all of said time they have been operated at a loss, ajidf such deficit has been met by moneys loaned to the Consolidated
Paragraph 9a of the prayer of the bill is amended so as to ask that, if the side agreement be construed to estop complainants from maintaining this suit, then that it be corrected so as to provide that nothing in the agreement contained shall operate or be construed to prevent the parties from questioning the validity or ownérship of the .bonds, the validity of either operating agreement, the Yerkes release, and from contending that the transactions which resulted in the issue of the bonds and the execution of the release were fraudulent, or to interfere with or prevent complainants from claiming that all the stock was, before making the agreement and still is, the property of the complainants, and that the Union Company then had and now has no interest in or title thereto.
- By an amendment to paragraph 30 of the bill in the case of the North Company, it is alleged that a dividend of $88,000, as provided in the amended lease, was paid by the receivers of the Union Company to the stockholders of the North Company October 16, 1903, but that neither the stockholders nor the North Company have received any other moneys by way of rentals or dividends under the amended lease. A further amendment is sought to be made to the bills, by which the complainants claim that an issue of stock of the Chicago North Shore Electric Railway Company to the amount of $400,000 to Charles T. Yerkes, May 10, 1894, be held to be the property of the complainants; said stock having been obtained by said Yerkes as particularly alleged in the amendment in substantially the same way as the stock of the subsidiary companies. This amendment was objected to on the ground that it makes the bill multifarious, as none of the defendants are interested in it except the executor of the Yerkes estate. All the amendments sought to be made were allowed by the court, except the amendment found on page 4 of the amendments, alleging that the Consolidated bonds were delivered directly to the trust company, instead of being delivered to the Traction Company, and by it delivered to the trust company. This amendment was not allowed because thought to raise an entirely immaterial issue. These amendments having been allowed, hearing was had on the .question whether the amendment as to thé side agreement changes the conclusions arrived at in the orders allowing the pleas. One of the purposes of this amendment is to bring this case within the case of Bybee v. Railroad, 139 U. S. 663, 11 Sup. Ct. 641, 35 L. Ed. 305. In that case the railroad company was entitled to certain lands under a congressional land grant. The grant was made by the act of July 25,1866, and was a grant in prassenti. On May 17, 1879, one Eisher attempted to appropriate to his own use under the mining laws of the United States a portion of the lands previously granted to the company, and constructed a ditch thereon, and on. which its right of way had been laid out. The railroad company was then the owner of the right of way upon which the ditch was located, but, under a misapprehension of its rights and a mistake of law it erroneously supposed that its title had not vested, and that the appropriation of Fisher under the mining laws was valid; whereupon a deed was
The complainants seek to put themselves within the rule of this case by making the amendments in question as to the side agreement, and the question is whether the amendment so allowed should change the conclusions formerly reached. Question is suggested whether the court could properly grant a reformation of the contract in the respects suggested, whether the action of the court and receivers in approving the side agreement and amended leases is entitled to have any binding effect, and whether the complainants have taken the benefit of the side agreement or amended leases since they discovered the facts alleged in the hills. By one of the amendments allowed it is averred that the complainants did not have knowledge of the facts so stated until the 1st day of February, 1904; the bills being filed December 1, 1904. At the date of the amended leases and side agreement, July 24, 1903, the title to the rights of action asserted in these cases was vested in the receivers of complainants by assignment following the appointment. This appears from the bills. The leases and side agreement were at first executed only by the parties. Later on the court, by
Afterwards, and by February 1, 1904, North and West companies became fully informed of all the facts stated in their bills. Acting for them, and all other parties in interest, the receivers had adopted the agreement of 1903, approving it as beneficial. The receivers still held and controlled all right of action against Yerkes and the Union Company now sought to be enforced in these suits, and these cases are now being prosecuted in their interest, as their cause of action, and for the benefit of the trust represented by them. Desiring to enforce such cause of action, complainants requested the receivers to bring a suit containing the allegations of the bills, but, they having declined to do so, complainants, for the purpose of enforcing the same cause of action, themselves filed the bills. This was done December 1, 1904. As has been stated, complainants ignored the side agreement until brought to the attention of the court by the pleas. When the pleas were sustained, the amendment was presented, and was allowed for the reason that it was thought that complainants should be permitted, to make the case in their own way, in order that the court might be fully apprised of their position, and in order that the case might be disposed of as fully as possible on appeal. The receivers, under direction of the court, having approved the leases and side agreement as beneficial to the interests of all parties, the question arises whether
Another question is yet to be considered — whether the amendment in respect to the side agreement makes necessary a change in the conclusions reached on the former hearing on the pleas. Counsel now claim that the estoppel created by the side agreement is gone, because the parties agreed that no estoppel should exist. They expressly stipulated that the North and West Companies might contend that the Consolidated stock was not owned by the Union Com-
These very serious and far-reaching consequences of successful attack on the Union Company’s stock title merit most careful consideration. If the Union Company loses the stock, it loses also the power to do any of the things it agrees to do in the side agreement, and some of those which it agrees to do, and has the right to do, under the amended leases. Losing the stock it loses the Consolidated roads, the operating agreements, the mortgage fund supporting its guaranty, the present income, and the probability of enormous future return from the Consolidated lines. It loses also, the conditional title to the stock which depends on surrender or full performance cf the leases. All it retains is the enormous burden of the guaranty, stripped of the supporting fund. At the hearing on the pleas I thought that the stipulation for attack on the bonds and operating contract did not deprive the leases and side agreement—all being one contract—of the essential element of mutuality, because there was no right of attack on the stock title, the supporting arch of the whole structure. With the stock title intact in the Union Company, and the supposed acquiescence of complainants in the validity of that title, it seemed that the reservation for attack did not go far enough, giving the North and West Companies no standing to disturb the legal relations depending on the bonds, the mortgage, the operating contract, or the Yerkes release.
The admitted new agreement, however, goes the full length. Assuming the allegations of the bills to be true (as must be done at this stage, since the. pleas of estoppel and release are still on the record, followed by demurrers to the new matter), the Union Company knew all about the Yerkes frauds, and simply divided with him the plunder.
Is this an extreme or exaggerated statement of the effect of a stipulation in the side contract, to permit complainants to contend that the Union Company has no title to the stock? Certainly it gives complainants an option not to be bound by the side agreement, the power to escape its obligation, and nullify all the large interests depending on the stock owmership and control of the Union Company; and they now ask the court, under its power to act as equity and good conscience require, by a belated amendment, to insert in the side agreement a provision which may destroy great interests, produce disorder, and confusion,. and lay a heavy hand on the Union Company. Would a court of equity be justified in permitting correction under such pircum-stances? Complainants first ignore the side agreement, then assert it to be immaterial, and finally ask its correction so as not to embarrass them. The bills state the agreement of July 24, 1903, include some of it and omit the rest. Counsel for the Yerkes estate assert their ignorance of the side agreement for some time after suit commenced. When they discovered it, they sought to set it up in a plea. Upon the hearing complainants’ counsel supposed, and so stated, that the Union Company did not rely on the agreement as an estoppel, regarding it as unimportant in its effect on these suits. Reaming of this statement, counsel for the Union Company asked leave to withdraw its answer and file a plea of estoppel, which was granted; the Equitable Trust Company and Consolidated Company doing the same. Then, after the pleas were allowed, complainants obtained leave to amend by alleging
Counsel for complainants insist that they may wait until this suit is decided, and, if it goes against them, may take the stock under the side agreement. If they gain it, the court, as a condition of relief, may require them to surrender to the Union Company any interest in the stock secured by the side agreement; that is, after complainant’s title to the stock is confirmed, and they have control thereby of the Consolidated lines, and after it has been decided that the Union Company never had any title to the stock, and the side agreement had nothing to operate on, and passed nothing, that what it did pass — that is, nothing at all — be given up to the Union Company, possibly to enable it to pay its big guaranty after the mortgage security supporting it is gone. Suppose complainants should succeed in these suits, but should be decreed to be entitled to less than half of the Consolidated stock, less than a controlling interest, what would be their position then as to conditions of relief?
Counsel cite a number of cases of rescission where, under peculiar circumstances, persons seeking to avoid transactions were allowed at the trial to restore benefits received, which the general rule requires to be restored promptly, and as soon as grounds of rescission are discovered. These cases do not bear any resemblance whatever to this one. They are Kley v. Healey, 127 N. Y. 555, 28 N. E. 593; Hollenback v. Shoyer, 16 Wis. 499; Winter v. K. C. Cable Ry., 160 Mo. 159, 61 S. W. 606; Metropolitan El. R. Co. v. Manhattan R. Co., 14 Abb. N. C. 229; Du Pont v. Du Bos, 52 S. C. 244, 29 S. E. 665; Billings v. Aspen Min. Co., 51 Fed. 338, 348, 349, 2 C. C. A. 252. These cases and many others along the same line simply establish the rule that where there is a liability admitted or established in favor of the person who rescinds the contract, so that he has a clear right to retain a certain amount of money or certain property, he may retain the money or property upon the admitted or established liability. In other cases he must, upon discovery of grounds of rescission, promptly return what he has received. On this question, see Castle Creek Water Co. v. Aspin (C. C. A.) 146 Fed. 8; Heck v. Railway Co. (C. C.) 147 Fed. 775; Barker v. N. P. R. Co. (C. C.) 65 Fed. 460; Hill v. N. P. R. Co., 113 Fed. 914, 51 C. C. A. 544. A number of other cases are cited by Judge Lewis in his opinion in the Heck Case. Un
In regard to the amendments seeking to bring in the alleged fraud of Mr. Yerkes in receiving $400,000 of the stock of the North Shore Company, I was at first inclined to think that the amendment should be allowed, and so announced to counsel at a former hearing. This North Shore Company was never merged in the Consolidated, nor did its stock'ever pass to the Union Company, so that the only parties interested in that question are the complainants, their receivers, the North Shore Company, and the Yerkes estate. It appears from the first paragraph of the bills that the North and West Companies in .April, 1903, duly assigned all their property to their receivers. This cause of action is therefore vested entirely in the receivers. They have never been requested to enforce this cause of action, which is entirely separate from the causes of action set up in the bills. The North and West Companies simply asked the receivers to file a bill containing the allegations of the bills of complaint in these cases. This would not include a separate cause of action like the one in question. For this reason, and because further reflection has convinced me that it will cause some inconvenience to allow this cause of action to be brought in by amendment, I have concluded to deny the first amendment asked on pages 1 to 4 of the proposed amendments. Although it appears that the Illinois statute of limitations of one year applies to this cause of action, under the case of Security Trust Co. v. Black River Nat. Bank, 187 U. S. 211, 23 Sup. Ct. 52, 47 L. Ed. 147, yet I think, on the whole, it should be denied.
Amendment No. 3 is allowed, Nos. 3a and 3b, relating to the delivery of the Consolidated bonds, are disallowed as presenting an immaterial issue. Nos. 3d, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are allowed, except paragraph 9b, on the last page of the proposed amendments. All other amendments, including those suggested since the last hearing, are disallowed. Demurrers to new matter affecting side agreement sustained.
