The original defendant, Donald Schaaf, as third-party plaintiff, alleges that the third-party defendant, Samuel Longiotti, is liable to him for all of the plaintiff’s claim against him. His claim is based on a writing which appears in the record as follows:
“Pa Plaza Associates Inc.
Post Office Box 2208 Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
May 27, 1971
Certified Mail
*582 Mr. Don Schaaf
51 Compass Lane
Fort Lauderdale, Florida 38308
Dear Don:
This letter is to serve as a memorandum agreement until proper complete documents can be drawn up to consummate this transaction.
Mr. Longiotti hereby agrees to guarantee Mr. Schaaf against any claims due on the four (4) bank notes involving the Koretizing ventures which Mr. Schaaf and Mr. Wallens own jointly, i.e., Chapel Hill, Elizabeth City, Henderson, and Roanoke Rapids. In return for this Mr. Schaaf surrenders his interest and any claims in these Koretizing ventures to Mr. Longiotti and Mr. Wallens and as additional consideration to them he agrees the rental through May 1971 for Henderson and Elizabeth City are prоperly chargeable against funds due him from Mr. Longiotti. Also, Mr. Schaaf agrees that the rental due from Gеrry Wallens and Sam Longiotti for the Chapel Hill location is to be reduced to one-half (}/%) the normаl rent for the months of June, July, August, and September 1971, thereafter, to resume at full rental.
Accepted By:
s/ Samuel Longiotti
Sworn to and subscribed before
me this 27th day of May, 1971.
s/ Alma G. Andrews
Notary Public
My Commission Expires: June 2, 1975
Accepted By:
s/ Don Schaaf
Sworn to and subscribed before
me this 17th day of June, 1971.
s/ Allen J. Richter
Notary Public
My Commission Expires:”
Apparently, no subsequent documents were executed.
The issue presented for decision is whether the third-party complaint affirmatively pleads facts which necessarily negate *583 and defeat the third-party plaintiff’s right to relief. Resolution of this issue, in turn, depends upon whether the alleged agreement of 27 May 1971 is unenforceable as a matter of law.
According to the third-рarty defendant, Samuel Longiotti, the crucial language is contained in the first paragraph which states, “This letter is to serve as a memorandum agreement until proper complete documents can be drawn up to consummate this transaction.” Relying on
Boyce v. McMahan,
In Boyce v. McMahan, supra, the paper writing in question contained the following language: “Whereas the Owner and Developer . . . desire to enter into a preliminary agreemеnt setting, out the main features as to the desires of both parties and to execute a more dеtailed agreement at a later date; . . . That the parties hereto agree to supplement this preliminary agreement by executing a more detailed agreement at some speсific and subsequent date to be agreed to. by the parties hereto.” No further contract or agreement had been- executed in that casé. This Court held that the. writing was unenforceable as a contract, and our Supreme Court affirmed that', result, by stating that “[t]he writing itself carries the terms which destroy its efficacy as a contract.”
The Court’s reasoning in Boyce is clear. Generally, a contract, or offer to contract; which leaves- material portions open for future agreement is nugatory and void for indefiniteness. The reason is that if a prelirinnary contract fails to specify all of its, material and essentiаl terms so that some are left open for futiire’négbtiáti oils, then there "i's no way by which'a' court can determine the resulting terms of such future negotiations. Hence, there is no basis upon which to ascertain whаt damages, if any, might follow from a - refusal to enter into such future agreement. By its own terms, the writing in Boyce was income píete and subject to supplementation by a more detailed agreement. We find Boyce tq be distinguishable.
Clearly, if the рarties in the present case had manifested an intent not to become bound until the executiоn of a more formal agreement or document, then such an intent would be given effect. Howevеr, they stated that the writing would serve *584 as an agreement until “proper complete documents” could be drawn. From such language it cannot be said that execution of a later agreement was a сondition precedent to any contractual rights which might otherwise pertain. Furthermore, referеnce to a more “complete” document does not necessarily indicate that material portions of the agreement have been left open for future negotiation. It could mean only that immaterial matters, which are of no consequence, will be added to complеte the agreement. Also, the writing under consideration was sent to the third-party plaintiff by the third-party defendant, Samuel Longiotti, who now seeks to repudiate it.
As stated in Boyce, “In the usual case, the question whether an agreement is complete or partial is left to inference or further proof.” “The subsequent conduct and interpretation of the parties themselves may be decisive of the question as to whеther a contract has been made even though a document was contemplated and has never been executed.” 1 Corbin, Contracts, § 30, pp. 107-8 (1963).
In the present case there is nothing about the writing itself which destroys its efficacy as a contract as a matter of law. Therefore, we hold that it was error to dismiss the third-party' complaints for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.
Reversed.