Lead Opinion
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge KEENAN wrote the opinion, in which Judge WILKINSON and Judge DIAZ joined. Judge WILKINSON wrote a separate concurring opinion.
OPINION
This appeal involves a regulatory action by the Department of Labor (the Department), which suspended various regulations for temporary agricultural workers and reinstated other prior regulations. We primarily consider: (1) whether the Department’s action constituted “rule making” under the Administrative Procedure Act (the APA), 5 U.S.C. §§ 553, and 701 through 706; and (2) if the action was “rule making,” whether the Department satisfied the APA’s “notice and comment” requirements.
I.
1. The 1987 Regulations
In 1986, Congress passed the Immigration Reform and Control Act amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act, which permitted the temporary admission of foreign workers to engage in agricultural jobs in the United States (the H-2A program). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(H)(n)(a). In 1987, the Department promulgated regulations governing the H-2A program to effectuate Congress’ intent that domestic agricultural workers (U.S. workers) be given preference over foreign agricultural workers (H-2A workers), and that the employment of H-2A workers would not adversely affect the wages or working conditions of U.S. workers (collectively, the 1987 regulations, or the 1987 rule). See Labor Certification Process for the Temporary Employment of Aliens in Agriculture; Adverse Effect Wage Rate Methodology, 54 Fed.Reg. 28,-037 (July 5, 1989); Labor Certification Process for the Temporary Employment of Aliens in Agriculture and Logging, 52 Fed. Reg. 20,496 (June 1, 1987). An agricultural employer seeking to participate in the H-2A program is required to apply with the Department and certain other federal agencies, certifying that there are insufficient U.S. workers available to perform work for the employer and agreeing to abide by requirements regarding wages, housing, and working conditions. See 52 Fed.Reg. at 20,513-20,516.
The 1987 regulations required, among other things, that participating employers pay' H-2A workers and similarly-situated U.S. workers a wage rate calculated by a formula, which is known as an “adverse effect wage rate” (AEWR). See
2. The 2008 Regulations
In February 2008, the Department published a notice of proposed rule making, stating that the agency intended to make substantial changes to the H-2A program. Temporary Agricultural Employment of H-2A Aliens; Modernizing the Labor Certification Process and Enforcement, 73 Fed.Reg. 8538 (Feb. 13, 2008). A 60-day comment period was provided, during which the Department received 11,000 comments. See Temporary Agricultural Employment of H-2A Aliens; Modernizing the Labor Certification Process and Enforcement, 73 Fed.Reg. 77, 110, 77, 111 (Dec. 18, 2008); Extension of Comment Period, 73 Fed.Reg. 16, 243 (Mar. 27, 2008). A final rule was published in December 2008 and became effective on January 17, 2009 (collectively, the 2008 regulations, or the 2008 rule). See 73 Fed.Reg. 77,110 (Dec. 18, 2008). The 2008 regulations
The classification of foreign seasonal workers employed on Christmas tree farms also is at issue in this appeal. Under the Department’s prior practice, such workers were defined as “agricultural” employees under the H-2A program, but as “non-agricultural,” “forestry” employees under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 through 219. The Department’s distinction in this regard was material, because, among other things, persons “employed in agriculture” do not qualify to receive “overtime” pay under the provisions of the FLSA. 29 U.S.C. § 213(b)(12). Therefore, under the Department’s prior practice, growers of Christmas trees not only were required to provide their H-2A workers with housing, meals, and transportation benefits set forth in the Immigration Reform and Control amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act, but also were required to pay the H-2A workers for overtime hours worked.
In 2004, this Court found that the Department’s position regarding the classification of H-2A workers on Christmas tree farms, adopted without rule making allowing notice and comment and without a formal adjudication, lacked any statutory foundation and was not a persuasive interpretation of the FLSA. On that basis, this Court invalidated the Department’s determination. Dep’t of Labor v. N.C. Growers Ass’n,
3. The 2009 Suspension
In March 2009, just two months after the 2008 regulations took effect, Hilda Solis, the newly-appointed Secretary of Labor, issued a “notice of proposed suspension” of the 2008 regulations (the 2009 Notice). Temporary Employment of H-2A Aliens in the United States, 74 Fed. Reg. 11,408 (Mar. 17, 2009). In the 2009 Notice, the Department proposed to suspend the 2008 regulations, during a nine-month period, for further review and reconsideration “in light of issues that have arisen since the publication of the [2008 regulations].” 74 Fed.Reg. at 11,408. The 2009 Notice also stated that during the period that the 2008 regulations would be suspended, the Department proposed “to reinstate on an interim basis” the 1987 regulations to avoid a “regulatory vacuum” in the H-2A program. Id.
The Department articulated various reasons in the 2009 Notice to support the proposed suspension and reinstatement, including: (1) a lack of agency resources to implement the 2008 regulations efficiently; (2) delays resulting from processing increased numbers of H-2A applications under the 2008 regulations, which volume was expected to impede the Department’s performance of its statutory duty “to process H-2A applications within a strict timeframe”; (3) the Department’s inability “to implement the sequence of operational events” required to process applications under the 2008 regulations; (4) the De
For agricultural employers who submitted H-2A applications before the proposed suspension, the Department stated that it would process their applications under the 2008 regulations then in effect.
Please provide written comments only on whether the Department should suspend the [2008 regulations] for further review and consideration of the issues that have arisen since [their] publication. Comments concerning the substance or merits of the [2008 regulations] or the [1987 regulations] will not be considered.
74 Fed.Reg. at 11,408. During this 10-day period, 800 comments were received. 74 Fed.Reg. at 25,973.
On May 29, 2009, after two months of consideration, the Department published a “final rule; suspension of rule” that suspended the 2008 regulations, and reinstated the 1987 regulations, for a nine-month period effective June 29, 2009 (collectively, the 2009 Suspension). 74 Fed.Reg. 25,972 (May 29, 2009). In addition to the reasons set forth in the 2009 Notice, the Department also included as grounds supporting the decision the likely depressive economic effects of the 2008 regulations, and the lack of training by the Department, state agencies, and H-2A employers.
Under the 2009 Suspension, agricultural employers hiring H-2A workers would be required to pay the higher wage rate afforded under the directives contained in the 1987 regulations. The Department also published higher AEWRs near the end of May 2009, which were scheduled to take effect one month later.
4. The NCGA Files Suit To Enjoin Suspension
In June 2009, the North Carolina Growers’ Association, Inc., and other growers’ associations, farmers, and related lobbying organizations (collectively, the NCGA), filed a complaint in the district court against the Department and other federal agencies (collectively, the federal defendants). The NCGA sought to enjoin the Department’s 2009 Suspension, arguing that such action violated the APA. The district court granted the NCGA’s summary judgment motion, and issued a preliminary injunction prohibiting implementation of the 2009 Suspension.
As a result of the district court’s injunction, the 2008 regulations continued to govern administration of the H-2A program, and H-2A and U.S. agricultural workers were paid at lower wage rates for nine months based on the 2008 AEWRs and the 2008 regulations.
5. The 2010 Regulations
In September 2009, the Department issued another notice of proposed rule making in a second attempt to replace the 2008 regulations.
6.The Claims In The NCGA’s Suit
The district court held that the NCGA’s claims against the federal defendants were moot, in light of the Department’s promulgation of the 2010 regulations. In December 2009, the district court permitted the United Farm Workers, the Farm Labor Organizing Committee, AFL-CIO, and representative H-2A workers (collectively, the Farm Workers) to intervene as defendants in this case. The Farm Workers filed a purported class action counterclaim against the NCGA on behalf of H-2A workers and U.S. agricultural workers who had been paid at wage rates based on the lower AEWRs in effect during the preliminary injunction.
The Farm Workers sought the difference between the higher wages that would have been paid under the reinstated 1987 regulations, and the lower wages actually received by the workers under the 2008 regulations as a result of the district court’s preliminary injunction. The Farm Workers sought payment of this wage differential for the period between June 29, 2009, the date that the reinstatement of the 1987 regulations would have taken effect, and March 14, 2010, the last day
The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment on the issue whether the 2009 Suspension was promulgated in compliance with the APA. In its summary judgment decision, the district court held that issuance of the 2009 Suspension, that is, “the suspension of the 2008 Rule and reinstatement of the 1987 Rule[,] constituted ‘rule making’ ” under the APA and required compliance with the APA’s notice and comment procedures. The court further concluded that the. 2009 Suspension violated the APA, because the Department refused to consider comments addressing the substance of either the 2008 regulations or the 1987 regulations. According to the court, these were relevant issues that the Department was required to consider before suspending the 2008 regulations and reinstating the 1987 regulations.
The district court held that the Department’s failure to consider such comments rendered the Department’s action imposing the 2009 Suspension arbitrary and capricious. The court granted the NCGA’s motion for summary judgment, denied the Farm Workers’ motion for partial summary judgment, and dismissed with prejudice the Farm Workers’ counterclaims. The Farm Workers timely appealed.
II.
We review de novo a district court’s decision awarding summary judgment. Laber v. Harvey,
The APA requires that agencies follow certain procedures before issuing a rule. 5 U.S.C. § 553. When an agency is engaged in “rule making,” the agency must: (1) publish a general notice of proposed rule making in the Federal Register that includes “the terms or substance of the proposed rule or a description of the subjects and issues involved”; (2) give “interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written data, views, or arguments”; and (3) “[ajfter consideration of the relevant matter presented ... incorporate in the rules adopted a concise general statement of their basis and purpose.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b), (c).
The important purposes of this notice and comment procedure cannot be overstated. The agency benefits from the experience and input of comments by the public, which help “ensure informed agency decisionmaking.” Spartan Radiocasting Co. v. FCC,
Under the APA, a reviewing court will overturn an agency action only if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law, ... [or] without observance of procedure required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2); see also Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
We have recognized that courts best provide oversight of an agency decision “by scrutinizing process and by determining whether the decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” Kennecott v. EPA,
III.
We first consider the issue whether the Department’s suspension of the 2008 regulations or its reinstatement of the 1987 regulations qualified as “rule making” under the APA, thereby triggering the statute’s notice and comment requirements. If the contested action did not qualify as “rule making,” as the Farm Workers contend, the Department was not required to provide notice and comment and the district court erred in enjoining the 2009 Suspension. However, if the Department did engage in “rule making,” as the NCGA contends, the agency was required to comply with regular notice and comment procedures barring an express exception afforded under the APA.
The district court assumed, without deciding, that the Department’s suspension of the 2008 regulations qualified as “rule making.” The court held that “[i]n addition to withdrawing a rule, [the Department] effectively formulated a new rule by reinstating the 1987 Rule.” (Emphasis added). The court further held that “rule making” under the APA “explicitly covers rule formulation,” and, thus, reinstatement of the 1987 regulations required compliance with regular notice and comment procedures.
The Farm Workers contend that the district court’s analysis was erroneous in two respects. First, the Farm Workers argue that the act of “reinstating” a rule does not fall within the definition of “rule making.” According to the Farm Workers, “reinstating” means restoring something that is not new, while “formulating” means creating something new. Second, the Farm Workers contend that the Department’s reinstatement of regulations that previously had been subject to notice and comment procedures did not require a “second rule making process before reinstatement.” We disagree with the Farm Workers’ arguments.
We begin by considering the relevant statutory language. Under the APA, a “rule” is defined as
the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency and includes the approval or prescription for the future of rates, wages, corporate or financial structures or reorganizations thereof, prices, facilities, appliances, services or allowances therefor or of valuations, costs, or accounting, or practices bearing on any of the foregoing.
We are not persuaded by the Farm Workers’ textual argument that, under the APA, the act of “reinstating” a rule does not qualify as “formulating” a rule. This argument is not supported by any precedent, and actually is undermined by a definition of the term “formulating” cited by the Farm Workers, which is “to reduce to or express in or as if in a formula,” or to “put into a systematized statement or expression.” See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 894 (1986). Notably absent from this definition is any requirement of originality or novelty in the substance or text of the subject matter expressed. Thus, under this definition of “formulating,” it is immaterial whether the rule at issue was newly drafted or was drawn from another source.
When the 2008 regulations took effect on January 17, 2009, they superseded the 1987 regulations for all purposes relevant to this appeal. As a result, the 1987 regulations ceased to have any legal effect, and their reinstatement would have put in place a set of regulations that were new and different “formulations” from the 2008 regulations.
We also find no merit in the Farm Workers’ argument that the Department’s action was not “rule making,” but was merely a suspension of regulations as occurred in American Mining Congress v. EPA
The Department’s own conduct, however, is highly relevant and shows that the Department viewed the reinstatement of the 1987 regulations as “rule making.” The Department published the 2009 Notice (entitled “Notice of proposed suspension of rule”), proposing both to suspend the 2008 regulations and to reinstate the 1987 regulations, and the Department sought and considered comments on such action. 74 Fed.Reg. at 11,408-11,409. The Department later promulgated the 2009 Suspension (entitled “Final rule; suspension of rule”), and explained the basis for its decision. 74 Fed.Reg. at 25, 972-25,984. Similar attempts by an agency “to comply with APA notice-and-comment procedures suggest that the agency believed them to be applicable,” and support the conclusion that “those procedures were applicable.” Manufactured Housing Inst. v. EPA
We therefore conclude that, by reinstating the superseded and void 1987 regulations (albeit temporarily), the Department engaged in the “formulating” and the “repealing” aspects of “rule making” under
IV.
The Farm Workers contend, nonetheless, that the Department did not violate the APA, because the Department’s action fell within the “good cause” exception to the APA’s notice and comment requirements. These notice and comment requirements do not apply “when the agency for good cause finds (and incorporates the finding and a brief statement of reasons therefor in the rules issued) that notice and public procedure thereon are impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest” (the good cause exception). 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3)(B).
The APA requires that the agency relying on the good cause exception “incorporate[ ] the finding [of good cause] and a brief statement of reasons therefor in the rules issued.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3)(B). This requirement, that an agency articulate its basis for dispensing with normal notice and comment, is not a procedural formality but serves the crucial purpose of ensuring that the exceptions do not “swallow the rule.” Cf. Mobil Oil Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy,
Under the first statutory ground for good cause, notice and comment on a rule may be found to be “impracticable” when “the due and required execution of the agency functions would be unavoidably prevented by its undertaking public rule-making proceedings.” Nat’l Nutritional Foods Ass’n v. Kennedy,
The second statutory ground, the “unnecessary” prong of the good cause exception, applies when an administrative rule is “a routine determination, insignificant in nature and impact, and inconsequential to the industry and to the public.” Id. at 94 (quoting Util. Solid Waste Activities Group,
We construe the good cause exception narrowly. United States v. Gould,
As a result, the circumstances justifying reliance on the good cause exception are “rare,” and will be accepted only after a reviewing court “examine[s] closely” the proffered reason for an agency’s deviation from public notice and comment. Council of the S. Mountains, Inc. v. Donovan,
We consider an explanation for good cause that the agency has advanced at the time of the rule making. See Gould,
The present record reveals that the Department did not expressly invoke the good cause exception when reinstating the 1987 regulations. See 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(3)(B). Indeed, in undertaking its reinstatement of the 1987 regulations, the Department quoted the notice and comment requirements of § 553(b) and (c), but omitted the text of the good cause exception in subsection (b)(3)(B). See
The Department did not plainly manifest its reliance on the good cause exception in this case. Rather, the record reflects the Department’s position that the APA’s notice and comment provisions were applicable, but that the agency had satisfied such obligations.
The Department actually provided notice and sought comment on the issue “whether to suspend the [2008 regulations] and reinstate on an interim basis the [1987 regulations].” 74 Fed.Reg. at 11,409. The Department stated the reasons why it “believe[d] that the 10-day comment period for this rule-making [was] reasonable.” 74 Fed.Reg. at 25,978. The Department also stated that “comments on the merits of the [2008 and 1987 regulations] would be appropriate when the merits of the program are actually at issue,” apparently referring to a time after the period of suspension if the Department decided to engage in further rule making. Id. at 25,979. The Department did not justify its content restriction on the basis of urgency or exigency, but rather on its stated judgment that the merits of either program were not actually “at issue” because the 1987 regulations were reinstated only as “a temporary measure.”
The 2009 Notice and Suspension therefore demonstrate that the Department attempted to justify its suspension of the 2008 regulations and its reinstatement of the 1987 regulations on the basis that such action complied with the APA’s regular notice and comment procedure. Accordingly, we do not accept the proposition that “good cause” was invoked by the rationale offered by the Department in support of the proposed rule making. Such a conclusion would undermine the good cause exception, by permitting a party to invoke the exception only when challenged.
We hold that the language of the 2009 Notice and Suspension fails to show that
V.
Having determined that the Department’s reinstatement of the 1987 regulations qualified as “rule making” under the APA, and that the Department did not invoke the APA’s good cause exception, we turn to consider the issue whether the agency action complied with the notice and comment provisions of the APA. We need not address this issue at length, because the record clearly demonstrates that the Department did not satisfy its notice and comment obligations.
The district court focused on the “content restriction” in its analysis whether the Department complied with the APA’s notice and comment requirements. As recited above, the content restriction provided that “[c]omments concerning the substance or merits of the [2008 regulations] or the [1987 regulations] will not be considered.” 74 Fed.Reg. at 11,408. The court noted that the Department “refused to consider comments that it received as to those rules’ substance and merits.” According to the court, such comments were “relevant and important” to the Department’s stated basis for its decision to suspend the 2008 regulations, namely, the severe economic circumstances facing the country. The court further explained that the Department’s refusal to consider such comments was a failure to “give interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making,” and a “failure to consider important aspects of the problem.”
The Farm Workers, however, argue that the 10-day comment period was reasonable, and was adequate to provide notice and the opportunity for public comment. They also point to the fact that 800 comments were received, contending that this volume of response indicates that the Department provided adequate opportunity for comment. According to the Farm Workers, the Department adequately explained its action and “responded to the public’s comments with reasoned explanations.” Thus, the Farm Workers assert that the district court improperly attempted to craft additional procedural requirements, beyond those mandated by the APA, in concluding that the content restriction prevented the Department from receiving comments on matters “relevant and important” to the “rule making.” We disagree with the Farm Workers’ arguments.
The notice and comment provisions of the APA require, among other things, that the agency give “interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written data, views, or arguments,” and that the agency shall explain its decision, “[a]fter consideration of the relevant matter presented.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b), (c). In addition, the Supreme Court has emphasized that agency action “normally” will be deemed arbitrary and capricious when the agency “entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem.” State Farm,
By the very terms of the 2009 Notice, the Department stated that it would not receive or consider comments that were not only “relevant and important,” but were integral to the proposed agency action and the conditions that such
We therefore agree with the district court that, as a result of the Department’s content restriction, the Department refused to receive comments on and to consider or explain “relevant and significant issues.” See 5 U.S.C. § 553(b), (c); Tindal,
Our conclusion that the Department did not provide a meaningful opportunity for comment further is supported by the exceedingly short duration of the comment period. Although the APA has not prescribed a minimum number of days necessary to allow for adequate comment, based on the important interests underlying these requirements, Chocolate Mfrs. Ass’n,
We also observe that when the Department earlier engaged in rule making related to the 2008 regulations, the agency received about 11,000 comments over a 60-day comment period. See 73 Fed.Reg. at 77,111; 73 Fed.Reg. at 16,243. In this context, the 800 comments received over the 10-day comment period allowed here do not support the Farm Workers’ argument that the Department provided adequate opportunity for comment.
Accordingly, because the Department did not provide a meaningful opportunity for comment, and did not solicit or receive relevant comments regarding the substance or merits of either set of regulations, we have no difficulty in concluding that the Department “ignored important aspects of the problem.” Kempthorne,
Under the terms of the 2009 Notice and Suspension, the Department also proposed that H-2A workers employed on Christmas tree farms be defined as “agricultural” workers for purposes of the H-2A program, but defined as “non-agrieultural” workers under the FLSA. 74 Fed.Reg. at 25,982. As a result of this distinction, Christmas tree workers would be entitled to various benefits under the H-2A program, and overtime pay benefits under the FLSA. The Farm Workers contend that the district court improperly applied the APA’s notice and comment requirements to this determination, which was merely interpretive in character and construed the term “agriculture,” within the meaning of the FLSA. Thus, the Farm Workers contend that the 2009 Notice and Suspension lawfully returned Christmas tree farmers to a classification they had enjoyed before our N.C. Groivers Ass’n decision. We disagree with the Farm Workers’ arguments.
“Interpretative rules” are not subject to the APA’s notice and comment requirements. 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A). However, interpretative rules only are entitled to deference as articulated in Skidmore v. Swift & Co.,
We noted in N.C. Groivers Ass’n that the Department’s interpretation was not the product of “notice and comment rule-making,” and thus “lack[ed] the thoroughness of such rules.”
VII.
In sum, we hold that the Department’s reinstatement of the 1987 regulations for the H-2A program qualified as “rule making” under the APA. We further hold that the Department did not invoke the “good cause” exception of the APA and, therefore, was required to satisfy the APA’s notice and comment requirements. Because the Department did not comply with those statutory requirements, the Department’s action was arbitrary and capricious, in that the Department failed to follow procedures required by law. Finally, we hold that the Department’s action did not validly extend the FLSA’s overtime pay provisions to Christmas tree farmers, and we remain bound by our decision in N.C. Growers Ass’n.
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s award of summary judgment to the NCGA.
AFFIRMED
Notes
. The Department published the AEWR rates for 2008 in a separate notice. See Labor Certification Process for the Temporary Employment of Aliens in Agriculture and Logging: 2008 AEWRs and Other Provisions, 73 Fed.Reg. 10,288 (Feb. 26, 2008).
. This would result in a higher hourly wage both for H-2A workers and for U.S. agricultural workers who worked alongside the H-2A workers.
. For example, under the 2008 AEWR, an H-2A worker in North Carolina would be paid $8.85 per hour rather than $9.34 per hour under the 2009 Suspension. See 74 Fed.Reg. at 26,016 (2009 Suspension AEWR);
. Appeals from the district court’s preliminary injunction order to this Court were later withdrawn in light of the Department’s action promulgating the 2010 regulations.
. The Department also stated that the suspension of the 2008 regulations and the reinstatement of the 1987 regulations would take effect after 30 days, pursuant to a separate notice and comment procedural rule set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 553(d). 74 Fed.Reg. at 25, 978-25, 979. The fact that the Department provided 30 days’ notice before the effective date of the suspension and reinstatement, but did not attempt to argue that the agency had “good cause” to dispense with this procedural requirement under the separate good cause exception found in § 553(d)(3), further demonstrates that the Department did not rely upon the good cause exception in any aspect of the notice and comment proceedings. See 5 U.S.C. § 553(d)(3) (providing, in relevant part, that "the required publication or service of a substantive rule shall be made not less than 30 days before its effective date, except ... as otherwise provided by the agency for good cause found and published with the rule”).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
The different sets of regulations at issue in this case obviously reflect a political back-and-forth between employers seeking to more easily hire foreign agricultural workers through the H-2A program and those representing domestic agricultural workers, whose wages and employment prospects could be adversely affected by guest workers from abroad. The 1987 regulations, 54 Fed.Reg. 28,037; 52 Fed. Reg. 20,496, embodied one set of priorities.
There is nothing necessarily wrong with this sort of seesaw. No one expects agency views to be frozen in time or to be immune from electoral mandates that will predictably result in alterations and modifications of agency rules and regulations.
Changes in course, however, cannot be solely a matter of political winds and currents. The Administrative Procedure Act requires that the pivot from one administration’s priorities to those of the next be accomplished with at least some fidelity to law and legal process. Otherwise, government becomes a matter of the whim and caprice of the bureaucracy, and regulated entities will have no assurance that business planning predicated on today’s rules will not be arbitrarily upset tomorrow. Thus, the APA contemplates what is essentially a hybrid of politics and law— change yes, but only with a measure of deliberation and, hopefully, some fair grounding in statutory text and evidence.
I readily concur in Judge Keenan’s fine opinion because it demonstrates, as did the district court’s decision, that the very rudiments of process were absent here. It quite defies belief that the 2009 Notice of Proposed Suspension of Rule deemed comments on the merits of the regulations to be suspended or the regulations to be reinstated out of bounds. See 74 Fed.Reg. 11,408. In other words, the very agency actions that would most affect those subject to the varying sets of regulations were ruled off limits to discussion.
This all risks giving the impression that the agency had already made up its mind and that the comment period was, at best, for show and provided only in an effort to do the minimum necessary to squeak by judicial review. The confusion was further compounded when the 2009 Notice invited comments on whether the Department should suspend the 2008 regulations, but then stated that comments concerning the “substance or merits” of those very same regulations “will not be considered.” Id. How in the world was a prospective commenter to know what could and could not be commented on, or what the agency would or would not deem worthy of its attention? The situation was further worsened by the highly abbreviated comment period allowed for what was, in reality, a complicated matter involving widespread real-world impacts on the different participants in the agricultural community and the difficulties and problems involved with the various regulations’ implementation.
It is not a matter of tying an agency’s hands in the face of a fresh electoral mandate. After all, the Department was able to achieve its objectives with the 2010 regulations. To have approved the process at issue in this case, however, would have been to generate a blueprint for agency unaccountability, at odds with the very idea that government at all levels is subject to the written law.