The opinion of the court was delivered by
The question presented in this case is, whether the husband is liable for the slanderous words spoken by his wife when hе is not present and in which he in no manner participates. The rule of the common law makes thе husband liable for the torts of his wife committed during coverture. The reason assigned for this liability is, that the husband is еntitled to the rents and profits of the wife’s real estate during coverture, and to the absolute dominion over her personal property in possession. Another ground of this liability at common law, sometimes given, is that the wife, by her marriage, is entirely deprived of the use and disposal of her property and can acquire none by her industry; that her person, labor and earnings belong unqualifiedly to the husband. (Rеeves’s Domestic Relations, 3; Tyler on Infancy and Coverture, §233.)
Again, the husband by common law might give the wife mоderate correction, for, as he was to answer for her misbehavior, the law thought it reasonable to intrust him with this power of restraining her by domestic chastisement in the same moderation that a man is allowed to correct his apprentices or children, for whom the master or parent is also liable in some cases to answer. (1 Blackstone’s Corn., Wendell’s ed., 444, 445.)
Under the provisions of our statutе, the reasons assigned for the liability of the husband for the torts of his wife no longer hold good, and therefоre, in our opinion, under the
At common law the husband had control almost absolute over the person of the wife; he was entitled, as the result of their marriage, to her services, and consequently to her earnings; to her goods and chattels; had the right to reducе her choses in action to possession during her life; could collect and enjoy' the rents and рrofits of her real estate, and thus had dominion over her property and became the arbiter of her. future. She was in a condition of complete dependence; could not contrаct in her own name; was bound to obey him, and her legal existence was merged in that of her husband, so thаt they were termed and regarded as one person in law. (Martin v. Robson,
Under the statute,
“ The property, real and persоnal, which any woman in this state may own at the time of her marriage, and the rents, issues, profits or proceeds thereof, and any real, personal or mixed property which shall come to her by descent, devise, or bequest, or the gift of any person except her husband, shall remain her sole and separate property, notwithstanding her marriage, and not be subject to the disposal of her husband or liable for his debts.” (Comp. Laws of 1879, ch. 62, § 1.)
“A married woman, while the marriage relation subsists, may bargain, sеll and convey her real and personal property, and enter into any contract with refеrence to the same, in the same manner, to the same extent and with like effect, as a married man may in relation to his real and personal property.” (§ 2 of ch. 62, supra.)
“Any married woman may carry oh any trade or business, and perform any labor or services, on her sole and separate account; and the earnings of any married woman from her trade, business, labor, or services, shall be hеr sole and separate property, and may be used and invested by her in her own name.” (§4 of ch. 62, supra.)
In addition, § 3 of said chapter provides that a woman may, while married, sue and be sued in the same manner as if she
Again, in this state, the common-law power of correction оf the wife by the husband is no longer tolerated. Under the common law, the married woman’s legal existence was almost entirely ignored. She was sunk into almost absolute nonenity, and rested in almost total disability; but аll of this has been changed by the statute, and to-day in our state, “her brain and hands and tongue are her own, and she should alone bo responsible for slanders uttered by herself.” (Martin v. Robson, supra.) Our conclusion is that the provisions of our statute change the common-law rule, and thereby discharge the ipisband from liability for the torts of the wife committed when he is not present and with which he has no connection. In this state the wife stands upon an equality, in all respects, with the husband. She is alone responsible for her contracts, and should be alone responsible for her words and her acts.
We have examined the various authorities conflicting with these views, but owing to the provisions of our statute we are not inclined to follow them, and therefore think it unnecessary to refer to them.
The judgment of the district court will be affirmed.