97 Va. 631 | Va. | 1899
delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiff in error, Norfolk and Western Railway Company, entered into a contract with the Phoenix Bridge Company, by which the latter undertook to put in a new bridge in the place of an old one over South river, a tributary of North river, in the county of Rockbridge, Virginia. The substitution of a new bridge for an old one, without interrupting the traffic upon the road, must be done with caution, and by skillful and capable mechanics, but when reasonable care is exercised it appears from
Upon the occasion of the accident which is the subject of this suit, the bridge was approaching completion. One span was finished, and another had progressed so far that, in the opinion of the Phoenix Bridge Company, it was safe to remove the whole of the false work which had supported the bridge while the work was being done upon it. Under these circumstances, a train of the plaintiff in error approached at the stipulated rate of speed, not exceeding four miles per hour, passed over the completed span in safety, and crushed through the other, killing Joseph Stevens, the fireman. His administrator brought suit against the railway company, and recovered a judgment in the Circuit Court of Pulaski county for $5,000, and the case is now before us upon certain errors assigned during the progress of the trial.
The first bill of exceptions is to the admission of evidence that the father and mother of intestate were both living, and that the news of the death of her son threw the mother into a highly nervous condition, so that her death was momentarily expected, and from which she had not recovered at the time of the trial.
The second bill of exceptions is to the admission of the testimony of Dr. Buckner, who stated that, since the death of her son, the mother had been in a very nervous state, and in a very “ run down condition,” due, in the opinion of the physician, to the death of her son, and that she suffered with-a severe attack of bronchitis, probably caused by the nervous condition following the death of her son.
“ The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, they may assess damages for his killing at such sum as they'may deem fair and just under all the circumstances of the case, such damages not to exceed $10,000. The court further instructs the jury that, in ascertaining the damages, they are not limited to the mere pecuniary damages sustained by the parents of said Joseph Stevens, by the death of said Joseph Stevens, but may add to such damages such sum as they may deem fair and just by way of solace and comfort to his said parents for the sorrow, suffering, and mental anguish occasioned them by his death.”
Plaintiff in error contends that the evidence should not have been admitted, because: “ Pirst, the father being alive, the mother would not be entitled to receive, under the statute, any portion of the damage found by the verdict of the jury.
“ Second, that no special damage could be recovered for the physical condition of the mother of the plaintiff’s intestate, because no such damage was claimed in the declaration.
“ Third, because such damages were too remote, and the evidence in regard thereto was otherwise illegal and irrelevant.”
As was said by Judge Staples in B. & O. R. Company v. Wightman’s Adm’r, 29 Graft. 441: “ The manner in which the damages are to be distributed is no concern of the defendant, and not under the control of the plaintiff. It is a question for the jury exclusively, not involved in the issue.” The first objection is overruled.
Nor do we think the second objection well taken, for “ there is no rule,of law which compels a party to state in his declara
The third objection, however, to the admissibility of the evidence, is well taken. There was no necessary or probable connection between the negligence which resulted in the death of the plaintiff’s intestate and the nervous condition of his mother, which resulted in an attack of bronchitis. Fowlkes v. Southern Ry. Co., 96 Va. 742. This ruling excludes from the case the only evidence of physical injury to the mother as consequent upon the death of her son, and the sixth instruction would therefore be erroneous as being predicated upon evidence improperly admitted. Whether or not the merely mental anguish of the mother could with propriety be considered as an element of damage we shall leave as an open question, as was done in the case of B. & O. Ry. Co. v. Wightman’s Adm’r, supra.
That the Phoenix Bridge Company was an independent contractor is clear upon the law and evidence, and is scarcely controverted by the defendant in error. In the case of Bibb’s Adm’r v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 87 Va. 711, where the contract with the railroad company was essentially the same as that under consideration, an independent contractor is defined to be “ one who renders service in the course of an occupation and represents the will of his employer only as to the result of his work and not as to the means whereby it is accomplished.” The syllabus of that case is as follows: “A railroad company employs, for an agreed price, a skillful contractor to repair, according to specifications and with privilege reserved of supervision by its engineer, a bridge in such a manner that the passing, of its trains should not be prevented, but they were not to pass except upon signal from contractor’s foreman. On day of accident, upon such signal, a train was proceeding across the bridge, when the engine broke down one of the spans, and, falling, killed the plaintiff’s intestate, who was a servant of the contractor and engaged at the time in working on the bridge. Held: The railroad company is not liable for the injury.” To a like effect see Sher. & Red. on Neg., sec. 164.
The case of Bibb’s Adm’r v. N. & W. Ry. Co., supra, would be conclusive of this case upon all points were it not that the accident, which was the subject-matter of that suit, resulted in the death of a servant of the independent contractor, while in this ease the victim was a fireman and employee of the railroad company, and upon that distinction counsel for the defendant in error seems to rest his right to recover. It is argued with great earnestness that it is the duty of a railroad company to provide suitable and safe appliances, machinery, and roadway for its employees, and that this duty is one which cannot be assigned to another, being a primary obligation resting upon the company itself, all of which is true, and is established by abundant authority. See Norfolk, &c. R. Co. v. Nuckol’s Adm’r, 91 Va. 193; Norfolk, &c. R. Co. v. Houchins’ Adm’r, 95 Va. 398; and Bertha Zinc Co. v. Martin’s Adm’r, 93 Va. 791.
In the latter case, Judge Buchanan, speaking for the court, said: “According to the rule in this State, the master is not required to exercise more than ordinary care for the safety of his servant, no matter how hazardous the business may be in which the servant is engaged. But whilst the rule of duty upon the
And at page 807: “ The degree of care required in such cases, under our law, must be ascertained by the general usages of the business,” and cites with approval from the case of Titus v. Railroad Co., 136 Pa. St. 618, 626, where it is said: “All the cases agree that the master is not bound to use the newest and best appliances. He performs his duty when he furnishes those of ordinary character and reasonable safety, and the former is a test of the latter; for in regard to the style of the implement, or nature of the mode of performance of any work, ‘ reasonably safe ’ means safe according to the usages, habits, and ordinary risks of the business. Absolute safety is unattainable, and employers are not insurers. They are liable for the consequences, not of danger, but of negligence; and the unbending test of negligence in methods, machinery, and appliances is the ordinary usage of the business. Ho man is held by law to a higher degree of skill than the fair average of his profession or trade, and the standard of due care is the conduct of the average prudent man. The test of negligence in the employers is the same, and however strongly they may be convinced that there is a better or less dangerous way, no jury can be permitted to say that the usual and ordinary way, commonly adopted by those in the same business, is a negligent way for which liability shall be imposed. Juries must necessarily determine the responsibility of individual conduct, but they cannot be allowed to set a standard which shall, in effect, dictate the customs or control the business of the community.”
It is shown in the evidence that it is the general custom of
The railroad company is not an’insurer of the safety of its employees. It is bound by law, as is clearly shown in Bertha Zinc Co. v. Martin, supra, only to exercise ordinary care for their safety, no matter how ■ hazardous the business may be in which the servant is engaged, and the degree of care in the particular case is to be ascertained by the general usages of the business.
We are of opinion that the judgment should be reversed, and. that enough has been said to enable the trial court to present the law to the jury in conformity with the views herein expressed, without prolonging this opinion by a discussion of the instructions in detail as given or refused at the former trial.'
Reversed.