103 Va. 379 | Va. | 1905
delivered tbe opinion of tbe court.
On tbe 14th day of June, 1903, a clear, bright day¿ Herbert Wesley Spratley, an infant seven years of age, in compañy with bis little sister and their little companion, Mabel Blair, were en route to tbe cemetery in Berkley, a suburb of tbe city of Norfolk. While passing along Liberty street, Herbert was in
This suit was brought by the injured child in the name of J. W. Spratley, as next friend, against the defendant company to recover damages for the injuries mentioned, and upon a demurrer to the evidence judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff for the sum of $2,000, the amount ascertained by the verdict of the jury. A writ of error was awarded, which brings the case to this court for review of errors alleged to have been committed at the trial.
It is contended that the demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained, because the defendant company was not shown to have been guilty of negligence.
This is a clear case for the application of the common sense rule of evidence expressed in the maxim, “res ipsa loquitur.” While electric companies are not held to be insurers against accident, still it is due to the citizen that such companies, permitted as they are to use for their own purposes the streets of a city or town, should be held to the exercise of a high degree of care in the construction and maintenance of the dangerous appliances employed by them; to the end that travellers along the highway may not be injured. The danger is great, and care and watchfulness must be commensurate with it. Haynes v. Raleigh Gas Co., 114 N. C. 203, 19 S. E. 344, 26 L. R. A. 810, 41 Am. St. 786; City Elec. St. R. Co. v. Connery (Ark.), 33 S. W. 426, 31 L. R. A. 570, and note p. 568; Joyce on Electricity,, secs. 438, 606. A consequence of this rule, as to the high.
This evidence was not sufficient to remove the presumption of negligence arising from the accident itself. Upon the whole evidence the question was one for the jury.
In Uggla v. West End St. R. R. Co., 160 Mass. 351, 35 N. E. 1126, 39 Am. St. 481, the plaintiff was struck by part of an iron ear, used to clasp a trolley wire to keep it in place around a curve over the defendant’s track. There was no evidence of fault on the part of the defendant other than that afforded by the accident itself. There was, however, evidence introduced by the defendant, that it was not negligent, tending to show that the break was a clean one, bright in color and appearance; that the iron was sound all through, with no flaw or defect in it; that the whole apparatus was manufactured and put up by a manufacturer of the highest reputation; that the ear and guy constituted the best and strongest device known at the time for keeping trolley wires in place; that the defendant employed a corps of competent superintendents, foremen and inspectors,
• The presumption of negligence arising from an injury to a passer-by in a public street from a broken electric wire is not overcome, so as to require the case to be taken from the jury, by testimony of defendant's employees that the wire was properly constructed and put up. Boyd v. Portland General Cement Co. (Or.), 66 Pac. 576, 57 L. R. A. 619.
The declaration in the case at bar, after setting out the duty of the defendant company to so operate, control and maintain its wires that they would not fall npon, or come in contact with, pedestrians lawfully upon and passing along a public street and highway, avers that the defendant, in disregard of its duty in that behalf, so carelessly and negligently maintained, controlled, and operated its wire that it was broken, and negligently permitted to fall from the poles, and negligently permitted to remain npon the street, charged with an electric current, and that by reason of this negligence the wire came in contact with the plaintiff, and he was thereby severely shocked, burned, etc. At the conclusion of the testimony of George W. Wiggins, a witness for the plaintiff, he was asked the following question: “Did you notice the condition of that wire, whether it was an old or new wire, or whether the insulation was on or off ?” The witness answered that the insulation was off in a great many ■places, but that he did not know whether the wire was old or new. A motion to strike out this answer was overruled, and this action of the court is assigned as error.
To properly maintain this electric wire would seem to include proper insulation, but it is insisted that the declaration limits the negligence in maintaining to preventing the wire from falling. In our view a consideration of this question is not necessary. Under the rule res ipsa loquitur, the plaintiff’s case was made out. The wire was down and across the sidewalk, and the child grasped it in the palm of his hand and was injured. When the plaintiff has established the fact of ownership and control of the wire, and its dangerous condition in a public street or highway, coupled with the accident, he has made out a prima facie case of negligence, and cast the, burden upon the defendant to show that the wire was broken and remained in such condition until the accident, without its fault. Haynes v. Raleigh Gas Co., supra; Western Union Tel. Co. v. State, for, &c. 82 Md. 293, 33 Atl. 763, 31 L. R. A. 572, 51 Am. St. 464; Wiley v. Boston Elec. Co., 168 Mass. 40, 46 N. E. 395, 37 L. R. A. 723; Trenton Pass. R. Co. v. Cooper (N. J.), 37 Atl. 730, 38 L. R. A. 637, 64 Am. St. 592; Richmond Ry., &c. Co. v. Hudgins, 100 Va. 409, 41 S. E. 736.
The question and answer objected to were not essential to the plaintiff’s case. His case was completely made out without it.
In Morotock Ins. Co. v. Fostoria Novelty Co., 94 Va. 361, 26 S. E. 850, it is held that, although a question asked the witness and his answer thereto are illegal and improper, yet if the propounder’s case has been completely made out without such question and answer, and the admission of the answer did not and could not affect the result, it is harmless error, and the appellate
Further, the question and answer under, consideration were without prejudice to the defendant company, because its own evidence tended just as strongly to show that the wire was not, properly insulated.
In Taylor v. Mallory, 96 Va. 18, 30 S. E. 472, it is held that, although an exception to the testimony of a witness may be well taken, if the same fact is subsequently proved by other witnesses without objection, the error will be deemed to be harmless. See also Va. & S. W. Ry. Co. v. Bailey, ante p. 205, 49 S. E. 33.
The defendant further contends that its demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained because the proximate cause of the injury was the lack of insulation, and the declaration did not contain a specific allegation that the wire was not insulated. In support of this contention the defendant company relies upon, its witness, T. F. ETewberry, who testified that two colored women passing along the sidewalk were struck in the face by the wire and flirted it out of the way without being injured. This witness also testified that he saw the little boy while standing on the lot by the sidewalk take hold of the wire, and that he grasped it at a point where it was not insulated. The witness further says that he thinks that he (the witness) took hold of the wire at a point where it was insulated without being hurt. The clear inference from this evidence introduced by the defendant is that the wire was not maintained as to its insulation; that the insulation was off at some points and on at others; and consequently that the two colored women were not injured, because they were struck by the wire at a point where it was insulated, while the child, as shown by the witness, grasped the wire at a point where it was not insulated. We see nothing in this evidence to establish the contention that the lack of insulation was the proximate cause of the accident. The want of
It is further contended by the plaintiff in error that the court below erred in allowing Dr. Lankford to testify as to the probable future effects of the injuries sustained by the plaintiff, and in not striking out evidence as to such future effects.
In Watson on Personal Injuries, sec. 604, p. 120, it is said: “An exception to the rule excluding opinion evidence exists where it is desired to show by properly qualified experts the nature or extent of the plaintiff’s injuries, and their probable permanency or the reverse. ‘There is,’ indeed, it has been said, ‘no evidence other than that of experts by which courts and juries can determine whether a disease or an injury has or can be permanently cured, or what its effect will be upon the health and capability of the injured person in the future.’ It is competent, therefore, for the physician who attended the plaintiff during the period of treatment for the injuries received, to give his opinion as to the effect of the injuries received by the plaintiff upon his future condition, or to state from his experience and medical knowledge the probability of the recurrence of inflammation in an injured muscle. And a physician may also testify, in a general way, that there is a probability that certain conditions, caused by the injuries and shown to exist at the time of the trial, will produce still more serious results in the future, or may be requested to express his opinion as to the probable effect of the injuries on the plaintiff’s general health, or may be asked whether, in his opinion on the
In Toledo Ry. Co. v. Badeley, 54 Ill. 19, 5 Am. Rep. 71, it was held to be proper for qualified experts to testify as to the probable effect of the injuries received by the plaintiff upon his future condition.
Any evidence tending to show the character and extent of the injury, and its probable results, and the probability of an injury leaving permanent effects of an injurious nature is competent. A question, therefore, to a physician, asking him to state from his experience and medical knowledge the future effects likely to result from an injury, is proper. Filer v. N. Y. R. R. Co., 49 N. Y. 42.
This court, in the case of Richmond P. & Power Co. v. Robinson, 100 Va. 394-400, 41 S. E. 719, in discussing the measure of damages, said the amount in question could not be considered as unreasonable compensation for such physical pain and suffering as the plaintiff experienced, or was likely to experience. Such inconvenience, discomfort, and mental suffering as might have been entailed upon him by the injuries and consequent disability were also to be considered.
In the light of these authorities, we are of opinion that there was no error in permitting the witness, Dr. Lankford, to testify as to the probable future effects likely to result from the injuries sustained by the plaintiff.
It is further asserted that the court erred in its instruction to the jury touching the measure of damages. The objection urged to this instruction is that it told the jury they should take into consideration, in addition to the expenses and pain and loss already incurred and suffered, such as would naturally, reasonably and probably result to the plaintiff as a consequence of his injuries.
The objection made to this instruction has been practically
In Watson on Personal Injuries, sec. 384, p. 418, the learned author, in discussing the propriety of an instruction embodying the element of damage here objected to, says: “But it is not perceived why the probability or likelihood or reasonable expectation of the future suffering does not satisfy the rule of reasonable certainty, and such is believed to be the weight of the best considered .cases. An instruction so worded, indeed, would seem to be preferable to one simply stating the requirement to be reasonable certainty, because in the former case the jury would be advised in some measure as to what constitutes reasonable certainty. It has been held, accordingly, that a jury may be properly instructed to give damages for such future suffering as the plaintiff will probably endure, or ‘in any reasonable probability will hereafter sustain.’ And in an action for personal injuries where proof of future effects with certainty was impossible, and reasonable probabilities were necessarily the basis of the medical opinions, it was held proper to charge that damages could be awarded for ‘such consequences as are reasonably likely to ensue,’ and all pain and suffering which the plaintiff ‘in reasonable probability will hereafter sustain.’ In the Supreme Court of Arkansas, the following instruction was approved in an action for assault and battery: ‘If the jury find for the plaintiff, it will be their duty to consider whether or not the plaintiff is lihely to suffer in the future from the effects of the wound received at the hands of defendant ; . . . and if they find in the affirmative it will be their duty to assess a 'sum equivalent to. the injuries and sufferings, as they find from the evidence, he is lihely to suffer in the future.”
Mrs. Eosa Spratley, the mother of the plaintiff, introduced on his behalf, was asked: “Has any money been expended for medicine ?” and answered, “I spent, I think, in the neighborhood of seven dollars. I don’t know whether it was that much or any more. I did not keep a strict account.” It is contended in the oral argument before this court that the admission of this question and answer was error for which the judgment should be reversed, because the plaintiff could not recover except for such expenses as he had himself incurred, whereas the answer showed that the mother had expended the sum mentioned.
If consideration of this question were not precluded by the maxim “de minimis non curat lex,” the contention would not be tenable in view of the instruction given, which expressly limits the consideration of the jury to such necessary expenses as the plaintiff himself incurred for medicine. But apart from these considerations, this question cannot be raised for the first time in oral argument before this court. JSTo exception was taken to the evidence at the time the question was asked. Ho bill of exception was subsequently asked for on the subject, and there is no mention of such an assignment of error in the petition to this court for a writ of error. It is well settled that under such circumstances it is too late to now make the introduction of this evidence a ground for setting aside the verdict of the jury.
It is further assigned as error that the damages allowed by the verdict of the jury are excessive.
There is not a suggestion in the record that the jury were actuated by prejudice or partiality, and, therefore, upon well
Upon the whole case we are of opinion that the judgment complained of must he affirmed.
Affirmed.