127 F. 683 | 2d Cir. | 1904
The merchandise in question consists of the see'ds of a grass called phalaris, and is sold for food for birds. It is cultivated for the seeds. The straw is very short, and of but little value. It is botanically a grass in the same sense in which wheat, oats, and other seeds are grasses.- The principal use, as the board finds, is that of its grain as bird food. There is no evidence in the record that it is ever used for any other purpose. It is the well-known canary seed. The collector classified it for duty under Tariff Act July 24, 1897, c. xi, § 1 Schedule G, 30 Stat. 171 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1650], par. 254, which reads:
1 “254. Seeds: ‘ Castor beans or seeds, twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty ■pounds; flaxseed or linseed and other oil seeds not specially provided for in this act, twenty-five cents per bushel of fifty-six pounds; poppy seed, fifteen cents per bushel; * * * seeds of all kinds not specially enumerated in this act, thirty per centum ad valorem.”
The importer claimed that it was free under Tariff Act July 24, 1897, C..11, § 2, Free List, par.'656, 30 Stat. 201 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1687], which reads:
“656. Anise, caraway, cardamom, cauliflower, coriander, cotton, cummin, .fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoar hound, mangel-wurzel, mustard, rape, St. John’s 'bread or bean, sugar beet, sorghum or sugar cane for seed; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible and not otherwise provided for; all flower and grass seeds; all the foregoing not specially provided for in this act.”
The course of legislation is illuminative of the intent of Congress. In 1883 flaxseed and linseed; hemp seed, rape seed, and other oil seeds of like character; seeds aromatic and seeds of morbid growth; and garden seeds (except seed of the sugar beet) — were specifically provided for in the schedules imposing duties (Tariff Act March 3, 1883, pars. 94,452, 466, 636, 22 Stat. 488), and the free list enumerated “seeds of all kinds, except medicinal seeds not specially enumerated or provided for in this act” (paragraph 760). Under that act canary seed was free under paragraph 760. In 1890 the paragraph in the free list was changed so as to read:
“699: Seeds: Anise, canary, caraway, cardamon, coriander, cotton, cummin, fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, St. John’s bread or bene, ■sugar-beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar cane for seed, and all flower and grass seeds; bulbs and bulbous roots, not edible; all of the foregoing not specially provided for in this act.”
It would seem that Congress understood that canary seed was not commercially a grass seed; otherwise it would not have named it irl this section, since it would be covered by the phrase “all grass seeds.”
The free list paragraph of the act of 1894 (paragraph 611) is the same as the one last quoted, except that the -word “croton” is -inserted after
The theory of the importer.is that Congress by the change sought merely to simplify the- pragraph by eliminating the enumeration of an article which is botanically a grass seed. Such was the conclusion of the Board of General Appraisers, as appears from their opinion:
“The reason advanced for the omission of the word ‘canary’ might be persuasive of the intent of Congress hut for one fact and the natural deduction from it. By reference to Paxton’s Botanical Dictionary we find that canary seed is the only grass seed named in the paragraph, and there are no flower seeds enumerated in the list. The beet, for instance, is a vegetable, cotton is a shrub, and cardamon is an herb. It would seem that the omission of the word ‘canary’ was for the purpose of correcting a redundancy, and we adopt this inference.”
The difficulty with this argument is that it assumes that Congress used the word “'grass seeds” in their scientific botanical sense, without regard to their commonly received and popular meaning. In Nix v. Hedden, 149 U. S. 304, 13 Sup. Ct. 881, 37 L. Ed. 745, the question' was whether tomatoes were to be classed as “vegetables” or as “fruit,” within the meaning of the tariff act of 1883. The court said:
“The passages cited from the dictionaries define the word ‘fruit’ as the se.ed, of plants, or that part of plants which contains the seed, and especially thejuicy pulpy products of certain plants, covering and containing the seed. These definitions have no tendency to show that tomatoes are ‘fruit’ as distinguished from ‘vegetables’ in common speech, or within the meaning of the tariff act. * * * Botanically speaking, tomatoes are the fruit of a vine,just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans, and peas. But in the common language of the people, whether sellers or consumer", of provisions, all these are vegetables.”
And the court cites Robertson v. Salomon, 130 U. S. 412, 9 Sup. Ct 559, 32 L. Ed. 995, in which case, of an attempt to class beans as seeds, it was said:
“We do not see why they should be classified as seeds any more than walnuts should bo so classified. Both are seeds in the language of botany or natural history, but not in commerce nor in common parlance. On the other hand, in speaking generally of provisions, beans may well be included under the term ‘vegetables.’ * * “ This is the principal rise to which they are put. Beyond the common knowledge which we have on this subject very little; evidence is necessary or can be produced.”
Upon the appeal to the Circuit Court the government introduced tlie testimony of five apparently disinterested witnesses, dealers in grass and flower seeds, and to a limited extent in canary seed, who testified that canary seed is known not as a grass seed, but as a bird seed. The appellant criticizes their testimony on the ground that their experience in wholesale dealings had not been sufficiently comprehensive; but-it should be borne in mind that they were not called to establish for the; words a meaning peculiar to trade and commerce and different from' that given to them in common everyday speech. It is common knowledge that canary seed is a bird seed, and in- common -speech ifc is so'
The decision of the Circuit Court is affirmed.
