Noonan Estate
63 A.2d 80
Pa.
1948
Check Treatment

Opinion by

Mr. Justice Jones,

Wе approve both the reasoning and the conclusions upon which the Superior Court based its decision in this case. There are, however, certain corrections which need be made in the final order. In no event is there any occasion to reitеrate the facts. Save for one exception, they fully appear in the opinion for the Superior Court: see Noonan Estate, 163 Pa. Superior Ct. 70, 60 A. 2d 374. As the omitted matter also goes to confirm the merit of *29 the decision, we shall relate it before entering upon a review of the legal principles pertinent to the questions involved.

The excerpts from the correspondence between the beneficiary and the executor set forth in the opinion of the Superior Court reveal ample basis for that Court’s conclusion that the executor breached his duty to the beneficiary by withholding frоm him material information which he sought and to which he was entitled: see C. J. S., Vol. 34, § 554, p. 502. Executors, as well as other fiduciaries, are under an obligation to make full disclosure to beneficiaries respecting their rights and to deal with them with utmost fairness: see Rogers v. Benz, 136 Minn. 83, 161 N. W. 395, 397, aff’d. on rehearing 161 N. W. 1056; Schouler on Wills, Exeсutors and Administrators, Sixth Ed., Vol. 4, § 3219.

While the derelictions of the executor in the instant case, as indicated by the correspondence already referred to, consisted of acts of omission, e.g., failure to disclose or to fulfill relevant promises, the executor’s letter of April 8, 1946, to the beneficiary contained what constituted in the circumstances a positive misfeasance. Therein he-expressly assigned, as an urgent reason for a speedy sale of the decedent’s realty, the estate’s possible escapement thereby from a claim upon a judgment against the testatrix’s deceased husband (a former owner of the realty in controversy). The fact is that the lien of that judgment was then, and for years had been, extinct. Indeed, as the executor (an attorney аt law) must have well known, it was, and had been, actually impossible, because of the time elapsed, to revive the lien of the judgment so as to bind the réalty either in the hands of the testatrix; while yet alive, or as a part of her estate after her' death: Shareff v. Wolf, 120 Pa. Superior Ct. 227, 229-231, 182 A. 115; Rankin v. Rinehart, 66 Pa. Superior Ct. 385, 391-393; see also Henry’s Estate, 34 Pa. Superior Ct. 597, 600-601. Yet, without the slightеst effort to ‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‍correct this material misrepresentation, the *30 executor hastily went ahead with a sale of the property to his private secretary, Mrs. Beryl Blakely. The latter, on her part, was not only cognizant of the contents of the executor’s misleading letter to-the beneficiary (as well as of all other correspondence between them)' but, as she was,an experienced-title: examiner, she is chargeable with actual,-find not merely constructive; knowledge of the patent error of law whiсh - the letter contained.

Reversal of the lower court’s action does not depend upon-any-disregard of competent findings made below. None of the operative facts in the case is in dispute. The decision rests upon, the ultimate inferencеs and conclusions correctly to be drawn from the uncontroverted evidence,— a function, which an appellate court is fully qualified to, and does, perform in appropriate circumstances: see Dorrance’s Estate, 309 Pa. 151, 156, 163 A. 303; Hamilton v. Fay, 283 Pa. 175, 179, 128 A. 837; Miller’s Estate, 279 Pa. 30, 38, 123 A. 646; Gongaware’s Estate, 265 Pa. 512, 514; 109 A. 276. In the situation here presented, the lower court’s -findings of adequacy of price and absence of fraud in-fact’are imihaterial. The record reveals a plain and unmistakable case of an executor’s breach of his fiduciary duty with full knowledge of the circumstances. on the part of' the improperly favored‘third party.

An executor is a fiduciary no less than is. a trustee (Restatement, Trusts, § 6, Comment i.) and, as such, primarily owes a duty of loyalty to a beneficiary of his trust: Restatement, Trusts, §170 (1). Under Comment p. of the latter section’of the Restatement; the rule is given prеsently pertinent- specification fin. the following language : “The trustee is under á duty to the beneficiary in administering the trust not toTe guided by‘the interest of any third person.’ Thus, it. is improper for-the trustee to sell trust próperty-tó a'third person for the:purpose of benefiting the third persоn rather than the trust estate.” Here, the facts support ho other reasonable' conclusion than that the executor, in selling the testatrix’s, residence *31 property to his private secretary, was motivated by the latter’s convenience and benefit withоut regard for the rights of the beneficiary whose desire to pay the decedent’s debts and retain the realty (whereof he was the sole devisee) was arbitrarily and even deceptively ignored by the executor. “He that is intrusted with thé interest of others, cannot, be allowed to make the business an object of interest to himself; because, from the frailty of nature, one who has the power, will be too readily seized with the inclination to use the opportunity for serving his own interest at the expense of those for whom he is intrusted”: Beeson v. Beeson, 9 Pa. 279, 284.

Thе executor was, moreover, guilty of self-dealing, as the circumstances Attending the sale disclose. ‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‍Such a transgression does, not lie exclusively in a fiduciary’s sale of trust property to, himself. Cf. Downing Estate, 162 Pa. Superior Ct. 354, 57 A. 2d 710, affirmed per curiam by this Court: 359 Pa. 534, 535, 59 A. 2d 903. The test of forbidden self-dealing is whether the'fiduciary'had a personal interеst in the subject transaction of such a substantial nature that it might have affected his judgment in material connection: Downing Estate, supra, at p, 359, citing Scott on Trusts, Vol. 2, § 170.12, p.‘ 877, and Restatement, Trusts, §170 (1), Comment h. See also Comment c. of thé same section of the Restatement which declares that “Thé trustee violates his duty to the beneficiary not, only, whére he púrchasés' trust property for himself individually, but also where he has apersonal interest in the purchase of such a substantial nature that it might affect Ms judgment in making the sale.” It will be noted that the extent of the fiduciary’s disqualifying interest need not be such as “did afféct' his judgment” but merely such as “might affect Ms judgmént”: Downing Estate, supra, at. p. 360.

In the instant case, the executór’s interest in selling the property to his. secretary was sufficiently súbstantiál to convict him .of a violation of the rule against self-dealing. It was by the executor’s personal loan to Mrs. *32 Blakely of four-fifths of the sale price for the real estate that she was enabled to buy the property; and, as security for her indebtedness to the fiduciary so incurred, she and her husband gave to him, personally, a first mortgage of the purchased realty. Obviously, the nature of the mortgage interest was suсh that, upon a default by the mortgagors, the executor would be in position to take over the late trust asset for himself. And, still further, the agreement of sale embraced not only the realty in controversy but the decedent’s household goods and personal chаttels (save for a few excepted articles) at their appraised values as fixed by the appraisers, one of whom was Mrs. Blakely,—hardly less than indirect self-dealing, when considered in the light of the executor’s favoritism for the purchaser whose self-aggrаndizing capacity was of the executor’s own deliberate choosing.

Where there is self-dealing on the part of a fiduciary, it is immaterial to the question of his liability in the premises whether he acted without fraudulant intent or whether the price received for his sale of trust property was fair and adequate: see Tracy v. Central Trust Company, 327 Pa. 77, 79, 192 A. 869, citing Everhart v. Searle, 71 Pa. 256, 260, where the following was approvingly quoted from Hare and Wallace’s Notes, 1 Lead. Cases in Eq., p. 210,—“It matters not that there was no fraud meditated ‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‍and no injury done; the rule [forbidding self-dealing] is not intended to be remеdial of actual wrong, but preventive of the possibility of it.” See also Tanner’s Estate, 218 Pa. 361, 365, 67 A. 646, where a substantially similar quotation, ascribed to the notes to Fox v. Mackreath, 1 Lead. Cases in Equity 239, was adopted. It was also recognized in Tanner’s Estate that “The cases are uniform in declaring that it matters not [when there is self-dealing] how innocent and bona fide, and free from the suggestion of fault, the transaction may be.” In Chorpenning’s Appeal, 32 Pa. 315, 316, it was said that .“. . . the rule [forbidding self-dealing] is inflexible, without regard to the consideration paid, or the honesty *33 of intent. Public policy requires this, not only as a shield' to the parties represented, but as a guard against temptation on part of the representative.” In Downing Estate, supra, President Judge Rhodes of the Superior Court succinctly summarized the rule at p. 360 as follows.: “The prohibition against self-dealing is absolute; where the trustee violates it, good faith or payment of a fair consideration is not material.” See also Restatement, Trusts, § 170 (1), Comment h. The situation is no different where the breach consists of the fiduciary’s marked preference of a third person over the beneficiary in respect of a disposition of estate property. As in the case of self-dealing, such conduct constitutes a violation of the fiduciary’s basic duty to the beneficiary. Cf. Downing Estate, supra, at p. 558.

In the case of an offending fiduciary, if the trust property which he improperly sold is held by or for him, the remedy is ‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‍a direct setting aside of the sale upon attack by one having standing to complain, e.g., a testamentary beneficiary or cestui que tru,st: see Tracy v. Central Trust Company and Chorpenning’s Appeal, supra. Here the title to the property is in a third party purchaser. Whether, despite the executor’s breach of trust, she may keep her bargain, depends upon whether she was a bona fide purchaser: Restatement, Trusts, § 170 (1), Comment e.; Scott on Trusts, §470. To be such, she must have paid value for the property without knowledge of the attendant circumstances constituting the executor’s breaches. For present purposes, the merit of the lower court’s finding that Mrs. Blakely paid a fair and adequate price for the property is assumed. But, she well knew, nonetheless, that the executor was preferring her as a purchaser оver the beneficiary who had clearly expressed his desire to retain the property unsold. The plain import, if not the express words, of Mrs. Blakely’s testimony confirms that she had positive knowledge of the trust relation and of the executor’s disregard of the beneficiary’s rights in the matter. Indeed, the *34 notice need not have been actual. The obvious and undeniable. circumstances were such as to put her upon inquiry and so bind her with the legal equivalence of notice.: Cameron v. Peoples’ Bank of Maytown, 297 Pa. 551, 556-557, 147 A. 657; cf. also Erie County v. Lamberton, 297 Pa. 406, 416, 147 A. 86. The notice to Mrs. Blakely fully, met the requirements of the situation. “Where á fiduciary in violation of his duty to the beneficiary transfers property or causes property to be transferred to a third person, the third person, ... if he had notice of the violation of duty, holds the property upon a constructive trust for the beneficiary” (emphasis supplied): Restatement, Restitution, § 201 (1).

It follows that Mrs. Blakely is accountable, as a matter of law, to the beneficiary for the property conveyed to her by the executor. In holding to such effect, the. Superior Court also correctly concluded that the value of thе use and enjoyment of the property which she had during her occupancy, as grantee, for approximately two and a half years offset any claim which she might otherwise have had for reimbursement for the cost of repairs and improvements made tо the property at her expense during her tenure. Also, we approve the disallowance of the additional attorney’s fee claimed by the executor at the audit of his account.

The order of the Superior Court, prescribing the decree to be entered below, inadvertently failed to include the personal chattels in .the property to be accounted for by the purchaser and made no provision for the satisfaction of the mortgage placed on the realty by the purchasеr. As Mrs. Blakely’s purchase of the decedent’s household furnishings, etc., stemmed ‍‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌​​​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‍from the same invalid agreement of sale, they, as well as the realty, should be conveyed to the testamentary beneficiary by her upon her proper reimbursement. The beneficiary shоuld, therefore, be required to deposit with the clerk of the Orphans’ Court for the joint account of Mrs. Blakely and the executor, personally, the sum of $3500 to be apportioned *35 between them by the court below according as' their' interests may appеar or as they may otherwise agree, and a further sum, for the additional reimbursement of Mrs. Blakely, in an amount commensurate with the price paid by her for the personal chattels. Upon the deposit by the ben'eñciary of the sums above Specified, the еxecutor will satisfy of record the Blakély mortgage of the property made to him in his personal capacity ; and Mrs. Blakely, joined by her husband, will execute and deliver to the beneficiary a special warranty deed for -the real estate in question, free and clear of all liens and encumbrances, and also a bill of sale for the personal chattels.,. The time for. preserving the lien of decedent’s debts having expired and-all. debts of. record having been paid, as established by the decree of the Orphans’ Court upon the audit of the executor’s first and final account, any residual funds of the decedent’s estate will be distributable forthwith to the person or persons' entitled thereto by law.

As so modified, the order of the Superior Court is affirmed at the appellants’ costs, and the record remanded for the entry of a decree and further proceedings in the court below in accordance with this opinion.