delivered the Opinion of the Court.
In 1972, the Constitutional Convention and the people of the State of Montana abolished the concept of sovereign immunity by constitutional declaration. Article II, Section 18 of the 1972 Montana Constitution provides:
“The state, counties, cities, towns, and all other governmental entities shall have no immunity from suit for injury to a person or property. This provision shall apply only to causes of action arising after July 1, 1973.”
In 1973, the Legislature enacted the Montana Comprehensive State Insurance Plan and Tort Claims Act, Ch. 380, Laws of 1973, now codified as sections 82-4301 through 82-4327, R.C.M.1947. Among its provisions are these claim requirements :
Section 82-4311:
“All claims against the state arising under the provisions *506 of this act shall be presented to and filed with the secretary of state within one hundred twenty (120) days from the date of the occurrence from which the claim arose or when the injury should reasonably have been discovered, whichever is. later.”
Section 82-4314:
“No claim or action shall be allowed against a governmental entity unless the claim has been presented and filed within the time limits prescribed by this act.”
This appeal challenges the constitutionality of the quoted statutory claim requirements. The suit arose from personal injuries allegedly caused by operation of government equipment by government employees in the City of Bozeman. The particulars of the incident are detailed in State ex rel. The City of Bozeman v. District Court,
On appeal, plaintiffs concede they did not comply with the statutory requirement that their claims be presented to the secretary of state within 120 days. Section 82-4311, R.C.M. 1947. However, they argue the statute is unconstitutional, violating Article II, Section 18, 1972 Montana Constitution, heretofore quoted, and the equal protection guarantees of the Montana and United States Constitutions.
The parties agree that, prior to the adoption of the new constitution, the legislature clearly had the power to limit or expand governmental immunity at its discretion. Mills v. Stewart,
Plaintiffs argue that Article II, Section 18, 1972 Montana Constitution, has limited that power of the legislature by *507 creating a constitutional mandate which supersedes legislative discretion. It is urged that the constitutional change created a right to sue the government which cannot be limited by the claim requirements of section 82-4311, R.C.M.1947.
In determining the constitutionality of the claim requirements, we are governed by a number of well established rules. Every doubt must be resolved in favor of the constitutional validity of the legislative acts; State Highway Commission v. Chapman,
In appellate arguments and briefs, the parties extensively debated whether the 1972 Constitution created a right to sue or merely denied the government the defense of sovereign immunity. The inescapable fact is that the government no longer enjoys protection from suit under the 1972 constitutional mandate. The challenged statutes purport to provide immunity if a claim is not presented within 120 days of the occurrence. Whether the statutes are viewed as a limitation on a constitutional right or a violation of a constitutional prohibition, they cannot be sustained. The terminology employed is unimportant in light of the unconstitutional result.
A reading of the record of the 1972 Constitutional Convention clearly indicates the framers intended to provide redress for all persons, whether victims of governmental or private torts. In referring to the concept of sovereign im *508 munity, the Bill of Rights Committee reported to the Convention :
“The committee finds this reasoning repugnant to the fundamental premise of the American justice: all parties should receive fair and just redress whether the injuring party is a private citizen or a governmental agency.”
The chairman of that committee, speaking from the Convention floor, told the delegates:
“We submit it’s an inalienable right to have remedy when someone injuries you through negligence and through wrongdoing, regardless of whether he has the status of a governmental servant or not.”
The Convention had before it a similar provision which had been proposed by the North Dakota Constitutional Convention of 1972. That provision granted the North Dakota Legislative Assembly the power to “provide for reasonable limitations” upon the bringing of suits against the government. (Article I, Section 22, of the proposed 1972 North Dakota' Constitution). Although Montana’s Convention discussed the possible addition of that qualifying phrase, it was never-adopted.
The record, as cited, clearly indicates the framers wished to preclude limitations upon the waiver of sovereign' immunity. The claim requirements of the Tort Claims Act, if permitted to stand, would contravene the clear purpose of the constitutional provision. Sections 82-4311 and 82-4314, R.C.M. 1947, insofar as they purport to impose a 120 day claim requiré-* meht, are violative of Article II, Section 18, 1972 Montana' Constitution.
Defendant’s argument that statutes-of limitation are within the power of the legislature to enact is conceded.1 However,’ the argument that the claim requirements are nothing more than statutes of limitation is not persuasive. The' Tort Claims-Act provides what clearly is a, statute of limitations in section 82-4317,- R.C.M.1947.- Section - 82-4311;:-' R.C.M.1947, creates: a *509 condition precedent to the government’s waiver of immunity. Such restrictions on the abolition of sovereign immunity destroy the constitutional grant itself and are clearly unconstitutional.
The statutes challenged here do not conform to the traditional concept of statutes of limitation. A true statute of limitation establishes a time period within which suit must be brought. 51 Am.Jur.2d, Limitation of Actions, § 13. Its object is to suppress stale and fraudulent claims after the facts concerning them have become obscure from lapse of time, defective memory, or death or removal of witnesses. Eby v. City of Lewistown,
In finding that the challenged statutes violate Article II, ‘Section 18, 1972 Montana Constitution, we need not reach the question of denial of equal protection. Accordingly, we express no opinion as to whether or not the discrimination between victims of governmental and private tortfeasors violates equal protection guarantees. Neither do we reach a determination of the impact of the subsequent amendment to Article II, Section 18, which is effective on July 1, 1975. That amendment would permit the legislature by a two-thirds vote to impose limitations.
The district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ actions is reversed. They are remanded to the district court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.