Nobles v. State
127 Ga. 212
Ga.
1906
Check Treatment

Lead Opinion

Atkinson, J.

1. In the 1st, 2d, and 3d grounds of the amendment to the motion for new trial, complaint is made of certain rulings of the court relating to questions to be propounded to the jurors for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not they were competent. This is a misdemeanor case. The jurors had been attacked only upon the ground of having previously heard certain affidavits read and certain evidence delivered on a motion to continue. The presiding judge permitted the jurors to be asked, under' oath: “Have you, from having seen the crime committed, or from having heard any testimony delivered on oath, formed and expressed any opinion in regard to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner at the bar ?” No juror was ruled competent except such as answered that question in the negative.-* In Sullivan v. Padrosa, 122 Ga. 338, Mr. Justice Cobb, speaking for the court, says (p. *216340) : “In misdemeanor and civil cases there is no statutory provision regulating the method ■ to be adopted by the court in determining the competency of the juror; but the settled rule is that either party has a right to request that the jurors be put upon their voir dire in order that their competency may be determined. When such request is made, it is the duty of the court to propound, or cause to be propounded, such questions as will test the competency of the jurors to pass upon the issues in the case. The questions to be asked in each case are to be determined by the court, and what shall be the character and number of the questions is left largely to the discretion of the judge, who must keep in mind all the time the object to be attained, that is the determination of whether the minds of the jurors are in such a condition that they can pass fairly and intelligently upon the issues to be submitted to them.” In the ease at bar, taking into consideration the grounds of attack upon the competency of the jurors and the question which the court permitted to be propounded to the jurors, it does not appear that there was any such abuse of discretion upon the part of the court as would require the reversal of the judgment.

2. After the jurors had been challenged by the defendant and pronounced competent by the court, it was proper to direct the selection of the jury to try the defendant from those jurors who had been declared competent, in the same manner as if there had been no challenge. This being true, it was not erroneous for the court to impose upon the defendant the duty first of exercising his right to strike, according to the alternating system, so as to give to the defendant the first, and the State the second, strike.

3. In the 4th and 5th grounds of the amendment, complaint is made touching the admission of certain evidence offered which tended to show improper conduct between the defendant and the person with whom it is charged he had committed the adultery, the .evidence showing that the improper conduct referred to was not committed within the county within which the defendant was being tried. The objection was that the evidence was irrelevant and immaterial. While the evidence objected to could not be the basis of a conviction in the county where the prosecution was conducted, under' the ruling in Lipham v. State, 125 Ga. 52, and authorities cited, it was nevertheless relevant and admissible for the purpose of showing the relation between the defendant and the person with *217whom it is alleged he had committed the offense of adultery, and it could be considered as a circumstance looking to the guilt of the accused.

4. In the 6th and 7th grounds of the amendment, complaint is made of a ruling of the court which refused to allow counsel for the accused to use, in his argument, a map which the accused had held in his hand while he was making his statement and used for the purpose of illustrating a portion of the statement. The privileges of the accused under the law allowing him to make a statement to the jury are exceedingly broad. But the right to make a statement can not be legitimately used as a vehicle to convey to the jury documentary evidence which has not been formally offered in ■evidence. If the' accused desires the full benefit of evidence of this character, he must introduce the same in evidence and take the ■consequences of offering evidence, thereby forfeiting the right to a concluding argument by his counsel. See, in this connection, Nero v. State, 126 Ga. 554.

5. Complaint is also made touching the refusal of the judge to charge the law relating to certainty of proof necessary to convict upon circumstantial evidence. The record discloses that there was direct as well as circumstantial evidence, and consequently that the conviction of the accused did not depend wholly upon circumstantial evidence. Under such circumstances it was not erroneous for the judge to refuse to give in charge to the jury the law on the subject of circumstantial evidence. See, in this connection, McElroy v. State, 125 Ga. 37; Smith v. State, Id. 296.

6. Other assignments of error are made, but it does not appear that, for any reason urged, the court committed such error in any respect as would authorize a reversal of the judgment of the court below. The evidence supported the verdict, and we will not disturb the discretion of the trial judge in refusing to grant a new trial. Judgment affirmed.

All the Justices concur, except



Dissenting Opinion

Lumpkin, J.,

dissenting. In all criminal trials the prisoner has a right to make to the court and jury a statement in his own ■defense, not under oath. It shall have such force only as the jury may think right to give it. They may believe it in preference to the sworn testimony. Penal Code,- § 1010. The constitutional right of representation by counsel includes the right to have such counsel argue the case. It would be a poor privilege if the ac*218cused could place before the jury a statement which might be accepted by them in preference to the testimony, but his counsel should be prohibited from arguing the pertinent and material parts of it to the jury. Undoubtedly the statement of an accused person can not be used as a vehicle for getting before the jury documentary evidence which has not been introduced in the proper manner, and thus practically getting the benefit of such evidence under the guise of a statement, and at the same time securing the advantage of the conclusion in argument, on the ground that no evidence has been introduced. Thus it has been held that letters and similar documents which should be introduced in evidence, if placed before the jury at all, may be properly excluded when sought to be introduced through the prisoner’s statement. But such is not the case presented here. In the first place, where the position or location of parties, or of a witness relatively to the scene described, or like matters are pertinent and important for the consideration of the jury, there can be no doubt that the prisoner can state fully and explain to the jury what was such location, situation, or position. And I know of no reason why he may not illustrate this as well -as merely describe it in words. This only makes more clear to the minds of the jury the language of the statement. So, nothing is more common than, in stating distances, to say that two objects or persons were about as far apart as from the judge’s stand to the door of the court-house, or to some other object in view of the jury. It is also very common, in illustrating the relative situation of persons or things, to place books or inkstands, or pens, or other small objects so that the jury may more clearly understand exactly the meaning of the verbal description. If this can be done by a witness, I know of no reason why an accused person should be prohibited from doing the same thing. The law would not thus permit a witness to make clear his meaning in regard to distances or location by illustration, but require the accused to leave his description any the less intelligible to the jury because of difficulty of making such things as clear in words as by the aid of visible illustration. If verbal descriptions of location may be made more clear by illustrating with the aid of physical objects, why is it not permissible for the accused for that purpose to draw a diagram upon paper, or upon a blackboard if one should be convenient, or to refer to a map ? Where lucidity is obtainable by the use of reasonable *219means, the law does not insist upon obscurity even in tbe statement of the prisoner.

I can well understand how the extent to which these matters should be allowed, and the time occupied in respect to them, and the methods employed, may be within the reasonable control of the presiding judge, and that the prisoner would not be allowed to consume useless time in drawing or exhibiting irrelevant, unnecessary, and immaterial maps or diagrams. I can also understand how it might be improper, under certain circumstances, to allow a map to be carefully prepared by a civil engineer, with his name written upon it, and various other statements made on its face, thus giving it the authenticity of apparently being testified to by him as correct, and to allow the prisoner by a mere reference to this to practically get it in as evidence before the jury without its being actually shown to be correct. In no event should the diagrams or maps referred to only in the prisoner’s statement be sent out as evidence with the jury.

But whatever may be -the case as to whether the map now involved should have been permitted to be used by the prisoner in making his statement, and as a part of it, the court actually allowed it to be so used, and neither when the statement was made nor after-wards did he withdraw it or exclude it. He not only let it in but left it in as part of or explanatory of and inseparably connected with the statement. Some of the prisoner’s statement is wholly unintelligible without looking at the map. Location was a material thing involved in the ease. The result of the court’s ruling was that he allowed the map to be used by the prisoner in connection with and as part of his statement, and as essential to an understanding of the statement, and yet refused to allow counsel for the defendant in his argument to explain the statement by exhibiting to them the map which had been so used, or even by commenting on it at all. In substance this amounted to nothing more or less than refusing to permit counsel in his argument to comment intelligibly upon a material portion of the prisoner’s statement. In the sixth ground of the motion for a new trial this is made clear when it is said that “C. A. Christian, who made the opening argument for the defense, desired to argue to the jury so much of the map or drawing as a part of the defendant’s statement and to exhibit the map and drawing in his argument to the jury. The court ruled that counsel *220■could not show the map or drawing to the jhiry, and that he could not comment upon anything shown or illustrated by the plat or ■drawing.” Suppose a prisoner charged with assault with intent to murder should claim that he had been attacked, and point to •a hole in the coat he wore at the trial as the place where the knife had cut him, would counsel in his argument be, prohibited from pointing to the hole in the coat, and calling the jury’s attention to it, because the coat was not put in evidence ? It may give some advantage to a prisoner to allow him to make, not under oath, such •a statement “as he may deem proper in his defense;” but if so, it is an advantage which the statute confers, and which the courts can not take away; nor should they curtail the full consideration -of the statement by the jury, aided by the argument of counsel.

In this case, to allow the statement and the use by the accused ■of the plat, and jet to exclude the argument, was to “keep the word of promise to our ear and break it' to our hope.”