44 Ala. 554 | Ala. | 1870
Lead Opinion
In this suit, a motion is made to set aside the submission of the cause for the consideration and judgment of this court, which seems to have been made at the same term that the transcript was filed.
The grounds of this motion are — that the cause has been irregularly brought into this court; that it has been brought here by consent, and not by appeal in the regular way prescribed by the statute. No doubt that this court may take jurisdiction of the subject-matter of this suit. It appears that the transcript was filed in this court, on the 16th day of June, 1868, and that errors were thereupon regularly assigned in the names of Noble & Brother, and Mary Mas-tin and William A. Graham, as executors of the last will and testament of Peter B. Mastín, deceased, by Chilton & Thorington, and Eice, Semple & Goldthwaite, their respective attorneys. And at the same term, the appellees, Wil
The motion to set aside the submission heretofore made in this case, is denied, because it violates the agreement of the parties upon bringing the case into this court, which is filed with the transcript, and it would operate as an injustice and surprise upon the other litigants adversely interested, who relied upon this agreement. The revoking and setting aside of the order of submission is a matter of grace, and not a matter of right, and it rests in the discretion of the court to grant it, or to refuse it. In such a case, the court will never exercise its discretion so as to injure one party, who may have been betrayed by the seeming bad faith of another. Such has been the practice of our predecessors in this tribunal, and we think it sufficiently well sustained by reason and authority. — Br. Bk. Decatur v. McCullum, 20 Ala. 270; Thompson v. Lee, 28 Ala. 453; 3 Chitty Gen. Pr. 55, 56, marg.
The appellants will pay the costs of this motion, to be equally divided between them; the appellants, Noble & Brother, one-half, and the executors of Peter B. Mastín, deceased, one-half.
This motion having been disposed of, we turn to the principal case. The transcript shows, that the only cause in this court is the controversy from the circuit court of Montgomery county upon the proeedings in that court in the nature of a suit of interpleader between William O. Baldwin as one party, Smith Oullom & Co. as another party, Noble & Brother as another party, and the executors of the last will and testament of Peter B. Mastín, deceased, as another party, to ascertain which of these several par
The proceedings in the city or county court could not be joined in the same appeal with the proceedings from the circuit court. We can not, therefore, regard these former proceedings, except as evidence offered on the trial in the circuit court. Neither could the judgments on the motions to amend the sheriff’s returns be made a part of this appeal. This proceeding only brings up the judgment on the interpleader. The judgments on the motion to amend the several returns on the fi.fa. were final and mustbe separately appealed from; but as evidence they can not be collaterally impeached. — 29 Ala. 92; Creswell et al. v. Comm'rs Court, 24 Ala. 282; Davis v. Calhoun, 24 Ala. 437.
Then, waiving further discussion of these questions, the case narrows itself, in effect, down to the judgment in the interpleader suit, as to the right to share in the distribution of the money made on the sheriff’s sale by authority of the fi. fa., as shown in the record. The circuit court gave judgment in the interpleader suit in favor of Baldwin on his motion, and also in favor of Smith Cullom & Co., on their motion against the sheriff, Johnson, who had collected the money in controversy ; and refused to give judgment in favor of Noble & Brother, or in favor of the executors of Mastín, or in favor of Isaac O. Eobinson, or in favor of the executors of Eose, each of whom claimed distribution of said funds, to them, on their judgments. But it appears, by the agreement of counsel filed with the record, and by the assignment of errors, that only Noble & Brother, and the executors of Mastín, bring the case to this court.
Eor the purpose of the disposition of the case in this court, it is only necessary to consider the judgments in favor of Baldwin, and also in favor of Smith Cullom & Co., and Noble & Brother, and also Mastin’s executors. As Eobinson and Eose’s executors do not claim here, their
The record shows that Baldwin obtained two judgments against Thomas H. Watts, in the circuit court of Montgomery county, in this State, on the 7th day of December, 1860 ; the one for $5,047 77, and the other for $6,057 33 ; that this latter judgment was paid off before the commencement of these procedings, except the sum of $311 05.
It also appears from- the record, that Smith Cullom & Co. recovered judgment against said Watts, in said circuit court, on the 8th day of December, 1860, for the sum of $5,182 59.
On all these judgments executions of fi. fa. were regularly issued in favor of the respective plaintiffs therein, on the 24th day of December, 1860, and were delivered to the sheriff of said county, on the same day of their issuance, and so far as is shown by the record, at the same time. These executions were made returnable to the next following term of said circuit court, which should have been held in May, 1861. But before this period of return arrived, the ordinance of secession of this State from the Union was passed on 11th day of January, 1861, and said term of said circuit court was never held, the rebellion then prevailing in this State having suspended the lawful courts of the lawful State government of the State of Alabama. This court remained thus suspended until the rebellion was overthrown, and this State was restored to the rule of the rightful and lawful State government of the State, in legal union with the government of the United States. This period of restoration, this court has intimated, took place on the 25th day of September, 1865 ; as on that day, has been fixed the time from which the statute of limitations ceased to be suspended by the late war in this State. — Holmes v. Coleman, January term, 1870. It will, therefore, be unnecessary to notice anything that may have been done in the rebel courts in these cases, from the 11th day qf January, 1§61, until the 25th day of Septem
It is also shown by the record, that Noble & Brother recovered two judgments in a tribunal styled in the record the county court of said county of Montgomery, in the State of Alabama, on the 12th day of March, 1861, against the said Thomas H. Watts; the one for $646 30, and the other for the sum of $1,229 SO, and that executions of fieri facias were issued, on each of these judgments, on the 25th day of March, 1861.
The record likewise shows that Peter B. Mastín, who was then living, but has since died, also recovered judgment in said county court aforesaid, on the 8th day of March, 1861, against said Watts and others, for the sum of $4,766 48, and that execution of fieri facias was issued thereon on the 25th day of March, 1861. After the death of said Mastín, said judgment was revived in the names of his executors, said Mary Mastín and said William A. Graham.
If these supposed judgments in favor of said Noble & Brother, and said Peter B. Mastín, are invalid, then this controversy, so far as they are concerned, is at an end. They have nothing to complain of, as they had no legal foundation to support their demand. Without a legal judgment, they had no right.
In the important case of Chisholm v. Coleman, 43 Ala. 204, the judgment of this court is based upon the assumption that a judge of one of the insurgent courts of the rebel government, ip the State of Alabama, during the late rebellion, was not a legal judge of the legal and rightful government of the State of Alabama, and as such he was not entitled to be paid his salary for services rendered during the rebellion, by the legal and rightful State government of this State. If the judges of the courts of the insurgent government in Alabama, during the late insurrection, were illegal, then, also, the courts pf the same government must
Following in the same train with these adjudications of our own courts, the supreme court of the United States has declared that “the Confederate States” government was not a legal government de facto — in effect, that it was, in point of law, an utter nullity; and that it could not give sanction to any rights. — Hickman v. Betts et al., December term, 1869, of United States supreme court; Shackelford v. Macon, Pasch. Ann. Const. U. S. p. 41. This was but carrying out the principles by the same court, announced in Luther v. Borden, and Scott v. Jones, decided before the
The idea that any State governments may be set up within the limits of the State, which are hostile to the constitution of the United States, and which have been established for the purpose of expelling and overturning the authority of the United States, in the State where such irregular State governments are organized, and that their acts and departments may derive validity from the fact that such irregular State organizations are governments de facto, and as such entitled to a legal standing in this court without any recognition of the rightful government, either State or federal, is the fruit of a plant that had its root in the theories of the late rebellion. In my humble opinion, it has no sufficient warrant in our form of government or in the constitution of the Union. I, therefore, think that all this court can do in such a case is, sternly to deny it shelter here, as has been done in Chisholm v. Coleman, supra.
An attempt to overthrow the government of the United States in any portion of its territory by its own citizens, is rebellion and treason, whether it be put on foot by one man or by five millions of men. The numbers engaged in the effort make no difference.— United States v. Burr, 1 Burr Tr. 14; lb. 401, 405, 407; United States v. Fries, Whar. State Trials, 458; Ex parte Bollman, 4 Cr. 75; United States v. Greiner, 24 Law Rep. 92. And all the political machinery organized to support and carry on such an attempt is traitorous and illegal. And the courts of the country, whether State or federal, have no power to remove this illegality. If a contract is made to furnish arms or supplies of any kind, to aid in any manner to carry on such an attempt, it is illegal. — Patton, Gov., v. Gilmer et al., 42 Ala. 548; Ex parte Bibb & Falkner, January term, 1870; also, 11 Whea. 258; 2 Pet. 526; 12 How. 79. Then, why
Has this been done by the rightful and legal government ? This is the next question to be considered.
No set of men in a State can confer upon themselves, or assume the power to assemble in convention, and make a constitution and form of government for the people of the State. This was tried in Michigan and in Rhode Island, and in both instances the attempt was pronounced to be void. There can be no legal State government set up in a State of the Union, without congressional recognition» either before the act, in giving the authority, or afterwards in ratification of the precedent act. The president of the United States has no authority to confer this power, or to give it validity by his ratification. Under the novel circumstances in which this State found itself at the end of the late rebellion, it required legislation to restore it to its proper and legal relations to the Union. This legislation involved a national interest, in which not only the people of this State were concerned, but the whole people of the Union. The question was one which more or less effected-the general welfare cf the nation. With such a question, congress alone had the authority to - deal. Under organizations claiming to be State governments, a portion of the people of the State had attempted to dissever the constitutional connection of the State with the Union, but had failed. During the continuance of this attempt, the terms
There can be no doubt, that congress is.vested by the constitution with power to preserve the national existence •and its territorial integrity, and also to enforce the execution of its own enactments, and sustain the constitution of the Union, as the supreme law of the land, throughout the entire boundaries of the nation. Secession did not interfere with this power; for secession was a nullity. In the constitution there is an express grant for all these important purposes. — Const. U. S.,:art. 1, § 8, cl. 18; Paschall’s Ann. Const, page 138, and cases there cited; Ordn. No. 16 of Conv. 1867; Pamph. Acts 1868, page 167; 6 Wallace, 14. These are powers without limitations. Then, congress had authority to pass that system of laws commonly called the reconstruction acts; and these .acts are binding on this court. These acts denounce the government attempted to be set up. in this State under the provisional government which, followed the suppression of the rebellion, as illegal. .The congress refused to acknowledge this government as legal. It rejected its senators and representatives from the halls of legislation of the nation. It was repudiated, and..another government was ordered to be formed and established in its stead. This was done. The convention^ then, of the 12th September, 1865, was an assembly with
So far, then, as the judgments in favor of Noble & Bro., and in favor of Peter B. Mastín, which has been revived in the names of his executors, are concerned, they are yet without valid legalization. The present State government, by its convention, and subsequently by its general assembly, has acted upon the question of tire validity of these judgments, and these authorities have only ratified them so far as to make the proceedings had in the rebel courts a basis for an application for a new trial. — Acts 1868, page 186; Ordn. No. 39; ib. p. 269; Act No. 48; Ex parte Norton & Shields, and Ex parte Bibb, January term, 1870.
The legislative authority having gone thus far, and no farther, this court, it seems to me, is not permitted to go beyond this limit; because the only law upon this subject ends here, and here the court must stop. The limit fixed by the general assembly is the limit of the court. — Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheaton, 260, 335. This can not be transcended without a disregard of law. If further remedy is needed, it is not in this tribunal, but in the legislative department of the rightful and legal government of the State, that it is to be found.
Courts of law, at common law, were authorized to protect their own officers, when acting bona fide in executing the process of the court, from the risk of doable liability of two or more different claimants. And this practice has been adopted in our own system, and sanctioned by our predecessors in this tribunal. — 2 Chit. Gen. Pr. 341, and
The question attempted to be raised on the judgments on the motions to amend the sheriff’s return on the fieri facias in the court below, can not come up in this case, except as a question of evidence. The judgments on thesé motions were not appealed from. They were, therefore, final, and they can not be collaterally impeached in this proceeding or upon objection to these judgments on the motions, as evidence. But if this could not be done, the circuit court, in which the motions in these cases were made, so far as the appellees were concerned, had jurisdiction to hear and decide the motions to amend. And it appears that the proofs are amply sufficient to sustain the judgments allowing the amendments. — Brandon v. Snow et al., 2 Stew. 255; Rev. Code, §§ -808, 2809; 3 Chit. Gen. Pr. 55, 56, marg.; McArthur v. Carrie, Adm’r, 32 Ala. 75.
Under this yiew of the proceedings in the circuit court, which have been brought into this court, the judgment of the court below is affirmed; and the costs will be divided. The said appellants, Noble & Brother, will pay one-half the costs of this cause in this court, and of the proceedings in the court below, necessary and proper to bring the cause into this court, and the said Mary Mastín and William A. Graham, said executors of the last will and testament of said Peter B. Mastín, deceased, will pay the other half of the costs of said cause, to be levied of the goods and chattels of said deceased, in their hands to be administered.
The chief-justice concurs in the result of the above opinion, but for the present he bases his concurrence upon the argument delivered by him in the case of Martin v. Hewitt, at the present term.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting.)-* — This Cause was a contest between judgment creditors concerning the disposition to be made of a sum of money obtained by the sheriff on a sale of their debtor’s property. Some of the judgments were rendered before the date of the ordinance of
It has been now nearly ten years since the commencement of events evolving misfortunes which have penetrated into every household, and demoralized our entire population. The point of greatest depression seems at last to be reached, and our people are beginning to recover from their deep distress, reconciled to what has transpired, and hopeful of repairing their shattered fortunes. During all this past time these judgments have been treated as valid, both by the legislative and judicial departments of the State. The people have contracted in reference to them as such, and the tenure of much property is dependent upon them To unsettle these titles, and launch anew all those whose, interests are inseparably interwoven with them, on a vast sea of litigation, will, I fear, tend to familiarize the people with revolution. It will make them incredulous of any speedy and continuing reign of tranquillity, and desirous of change, though it be for the worse. I should be loth to hold, that there could be any time or place in which human beings might exist without some regulations for the preservation of right, and the restraint and punishment of wrong — some laws and rules of society which would remain obligatory, in their effects, between themselves, at least, even after they had emerged into a more extended theatre, and were living under more propitious auspices. I admit that in ease of either successful or subdued rebellion, or where one independent nation has succumbed to another, the victors may enact such changes of domestic policy as their own government will authorize, or humanity will sane
In a practical sense, the people, the territory, the laws, the structure of the courts, the property in great measure, the offices, the government of the State of Alabama, before, during and since the rebellion, are identical. There has been an insurrection of vast proportions; and it has been subdued. The participators in it were alone amenable. Their act of secession was simply void.
The people of the State, during the war, occupied a peculiar and difficult position. If they refused to recognize and to participate in the litigation of the courts, the establishment of the Confederacy would have worked the forfeiture of their rights, through their defaults If it failed, and all the acts done under the authority of its State government were to be null and void, serious injury would result to them on account of their recognition. The issue of good or evil was thus presented to them, dependent alone upon the success or failure of the Confederacy, without regard to the purity of their intentions.
If the legislative department of the Federal or State government has defined their status during that time, it is the duty of the courts to conform their decisions to it. Has this been done ?
In the first place, the rebellion was one of great proportions, embracing at least one-half the territory and one-third of the population of the Union. It organized and conducted for four years a government complete in all its forms and functions, dealing with the lives, liberties and property of all its people. The United States exercised towards it belligerent rights, in the exchange of prisoners, the establishment of blockades, and the capture and condemnation of prizes in the prize courts. After its suppression, none of its adherents were dealt with criminally, which would have been an imperative duty if it had been merely a popular commotion or seditious obstruction of the laws.
The judicial and administrative departments of the government also recognized and executed them throughout, the time of the provisional government established by congress under its immediate supervision and control.
It is objected that no act of legislation can validate the pretended judicial action of a usurper, or of tribunals which had no lawful jurisdiction of the subject-matter or the parties over whom they assumed to exercise judicial authority. The fault of the proposition is in its application.
The supreme court of the United States has characterized the government established in the insurgent States as a government of paramount force, to which the United States conceded the rights and obligations of belligerents, regarding its territory as that of an enemy, and holding its citizens, in many respects, for enemies. The same high tribunal has said that it made obedience to its authority in civil and local matters, not only a necessity, but a duty, without which civil order was impossible. — Thorington v. Smith, 8 Wall. 1.
The chief-justice, in Martin v. Hewitt (present term) holding these judgments to be foreign, says : “ Accurately speaking, they (the insurgent governments) were not foreign governments, nor were the judgments of their courts foreign judgments. ”
The United States supreme court, in Texas v. White, (7 Wall. 700,) says: “Each insurgent State continued to be a State, and a State of the Union, with her obligations as a member of the Union, and of every citizen of the State, as a citizen of the United States, remaining perfect and unimpaired.” “ Acts necessary to peace and good order among citizens, such, for example, as acts sanctioning and protecting marriage and the domestic relations, governing the course of descents, regulating the conveyance and transfer of property, real and personal, and providing remedies for injuries to person and estate, and other similar acts, which would be valid, if emanating from a lawful government, must be regarded, in general, as valid when, proceeding from an actual, though unlawful government; and acts in furtherance or support of rebellion against the United States, or intended to defeat the just rights of citizens, and other acts of like nature, must, in general, be regarded as invalid and void.”
Against these legislative sanctions, judicial interpretations, and undeniable deductions from facts, are we permitted to treat these judgments otherwise than as valid domestic judgments ? Ought we to do so, if at liberty ? The law is not a Procrustean bed by which human affairs must be measured, nor does it furnish a water of jealousy, ascertaining truth beyond doubt. Like the Sabbath, it was made for man, and not man for it.
We are free to admit that this court will take judicial notice of the ordinance of secession, and of the war, and after hostilities commenced and were recognized by the government of the United States, and the Southern States
We then insist upon our right to the fruit of our judg
The obligation of the contract, or the judgment into which it is merged, may as readily be destroyed by acting on the remedy as upon the contract. It is the remedy, the right to recover and have satisfaction, that gives to any executory contract its binding force and obligation.
Did Alabama ever cease to be a State in the Federal Union ? If so, at what point of time, and by what act or acts ? We say, she made an attempt to withdraw, but her attempt was abortive, and she has in legal contemplation never been out of the Union. The court, in the opinion in this case, declares secession a nullity, and being void, no such tremendous consequences as putting the State out of the Union could result from this void act. If resistance and force put her out, she certainly remained in until such force was used; but we have shown that no such force was resorted to until long after our judgments were rendered. So that it results that our judgments rendered in March, 1861, are valid, even though we were to admit that judgments rendered flagrante hello, were void.
The case of Chisholm v. Coleman, 43 Ala. 204, is cited, as furnishing a correct exposition of the law, and according to that case this case must be decided for us, for in that case the court decreed pay to Judge Coleman from the 31st of March, 1862, up to the 16th of May of that year, when he joined the army as colonel of one of the regiments of the Confederate States. The court say that they can not Icnoiu that he did not remain loyal up to the latter period.
The Revised Code was not only adopted by the provisional government, but was also adopted by the present State government, on the 29th day of July, 1868.
The ordinance of 1865, validating judgments rendered during the war, forms a part of this Revised Code; besides this, various provisions of said Code treat such judgments
By ordinance of the convention of December 6th, 1867?
The same legislature fully recognized the validity of those judgments, even though rendered by default, by the attempt to declare certain of them void, and to repeal the lien given to them by sections 2867, and 2b77 of the Code, but this act has been declared unconstitutional and void. Weaver et al. v. Lapsley, 43 Ala. 224.
Thus, we find that our judgments, if we concede they were rendered during the war, and were void for that reason, have been recognized and validated by both the provisional and present State conventions and legislatures, in almost every conceivable form. We submit, whether a judgment rendered in March, 1861, even though no execution had been issued upon it before, may not be enforced by execution, and this without sdre facias to revive it. If the court decide that execution can not issue upon it, then your honors annul section 2832 of the Code which declares that such execution may issue. This section of the Code is not opposed to the laws or constitution of the United States, and was not made in aid of the war; it is, therefore, a legitimate portion of the Code, as provided by the law of 186?, above quoted, adopting it, and the act of 1868, which continues it in force. We insist that the court has no power to go behind the Code to ascertain from what source its provisions have been derived; they may have been copied from the ordinances of the convention of 1865 ; from the acts of the legislature during the war, or of the provisional legislature since the war; they may have been
The great effort of all civilized governments is to assuage, as far as possible, the horrors and evil consequences resulting from war. This is demanded by the instincts of a common humanity, and the punctilious observance of this principle has marked the progress of civilization and Christianity of modern times. The judgment which the court has rendered in this case, in its results, will work out a train of evils upon the people of this State which can scarcely be computed ; such a decision, therefore, should have for its predicate the clearest and most indubitable, as well as the most inexorable rules of law and logic. It affects alike the loyal and the disloyal; those who were active in getting up the rebellion, and those who were forced involuntarily to take part in it, or persistently refused to countenance it.
We think we have shown that the rules of law do not justify, much less require, such a decision, and we now propose to fortify our position by citing some of the authorities in the supreme court of the United States, and of eminent publicists and writers on the law of nations. In Thorington v Smyth & Hartley, (8 Wall. p. 1,) the supreme court of the United States clearly defines the character of the Confederate government. It was a government of paramount force, and like Castine, while in the British posses
All the judges of the supreme court, except Justice Grier, were agreed upon the merits of said cause; and he went further than any of the judges, in holding that the act of the government of Texas, during the war, in disposing of her United States bonds, although for war purposes, was valid and binding on the State. — See p. 739. If this decision of Texas v. White is to be maintained as the law, and the remedy given by the rebel States for the securing of private rights resulting in a judgment, is to be upheld as though the judgment had been obtained in the court of the State of Alabama while a member of the Union, then this controversy is ended and our judgments must be held valid. Why should not this court so hold?
The people of the State must need have some law and some mode of administering and enforcing it, even during a rebellion. They can not live, and ought not to be required to live, in a state of anarchy. Upon principles of pure Christian humanity, no Christian sovereign would require of subjects, even in a state of rebellion against him, thus to live. — 3 Phill. Int. Law, pp. 718, 719; Lawrence’s Wheat. on Int. Law, 536; Foster's Crown Cases, 188; Gro. on War and Peace, book 1, ch. 4, § 15; Halleck on International Law, 792.
Rehearing
The appellants make an application, in this case, for a rehearing. This application is based mainly on the grounds that the validity of the judgments rendered after the 11th day of January, 1861, in the judicial tribunals sitting in this State, were not necessarily void ; that this was not a question of law, but a question of proof, which the court could not judicially know ; and that such judgments have been made good by the effect of the reconstruction acts of the congress of the United States, passed over the president’s veto in 1867.
The former of these questions is so fully discussed in the opinion delivered in this cause upon the hearing in chief, that the repetition of the argument on this application is deemed needless.
It is true, that errors not insisted on in the court below, generally, will not be considered for the first time on appeal to this court. — 42 Ala. 108; 9 Ala. 19 ; 17 Ala.- 696. But this court, in seeking reasons for its judgments, is not bound to confine itself to the reasons upon which the inferior tribunal acted. If the court below decided rightly} but gave a wrong reason for its judgment, this court is under no obligation to pursue a line of argument, or to restate the reasons of the court below.
The courts of a State make a part of the government of
It is too patent to allow of any serious controversy, that there was a suspension, if not a suppression of the rightful legal government of the State of Alabama during the late rebellion. And it is equally well known that, in this State, the rebellion anticipated the passage of the ordinance of secession, on the 11th day of January, 1861. The public arms deposited in the arsenal at Mount Vernon,’in this State, were seized by authority of the government having control of Alabama just before that event. This deposit consisted of about 17,000 muskets and rifles, besides other military stores. And Forts Gaines and Morgan were also captured before secession, or immediately after it, by order of the same authority; and the nucleus of a volunteer army of soldiers was formed to resist, with force and arms, the laws and jurisdiction of the United States. — Annual Cycl. 1861, p. 123 ; Gov. Moore’s message to the “Gentlemen of the House of Representatives,” of the first rebel legislature held in this State after secession, January 14th, 1861; Ordinance No. 10, Convention January 7th, 1861; The United States v. Andrew B. Moore, U. S. District Court, Montgomery, Alabama, No. 1080, in manuscript. And after mentioning the purchase of canon, large quantities of lead, and “one million and five hundred thousand caps,” the governor (Moore) in his message above referred to, goes on to say : “The convention,” (i. e. of Jan. 7th, 1861,) “on the--inst., authorized me to dispatch troops from this State to aid the State of Florida in taking possession of the forts at the mouth of Pensacola harbor. Accord
Hence, then, it follows that after these acts of open and defiant rebellion, and after the passage of the ordinance last above mentioned, all persons who continued to discharge the function of any office, whether judicial or otherwise, in this State, did so as officers of the insurgent organization, which was then, and until the failure of the insurrection continued to be, the only government exercising authority in this State. This government was set up, sustained, and carried on in defiance of the authority of the constitution of the United States, and in open and intended violation of its provisions. — Pamphlet Acts, Called Session, January ilfch, 1862, passim. Such a government was, therefore, unconstitutional and utterly void, in all its departments. All the acts of a void government are necessarily void. Ex nihilo nihil fit, That which is utterly void can not be ratified. It is of no effect and absolutely null, and can not be made good, for there is nothing to make good. — 2 Burr Law Diet. 601, vox void.
The government here relied on by the appellants, is not like that established in New Mexico, under which the case of Leitensdorfer v. Houghton, arose. — 20 How. 1761. The government in New Mexico was not void or voidable; it was set up under “the authority of the United States.” The Confederate States government in Alabama was erected in opposition and hostility to the national authority, and for the purpose of its destruction. There is, then, no analogy between these cases. The one was established by legal authority, but the other by an authority wholly illegal and void, — Mauran v. Insurance Company, 6 Wall. 1, 13, 14.
The Confederate States government in this State, from January 11, 1861, until the overthrow of the rebellion, was a mere insurgent organization, which was wholly forbidden by law. It could not confer upon itself any legal authority. It was against the public policy and the constitution of the Union; and its acts, in all its departments, are illegal and equally vicious. And this vice can not be removed by the courts. Only the legislative power can do this; and this the rightful legislative authority has refused to do. Then, this court has no law to authorize it to say that these judgments have any validity whatever, except) perhaps, as the decrees of foreign courts. — Martin v. Hewitt, June term, 1870, Chief Justice Peck, arguendo.
But it is contended by appellants that the judgments of
■ It is urged that the third clause of the first section of this enactment has this effect. The clause referred to is in these words : “3. It shall be the duty of each officer assigned as aforesaid to protect all persons in their rights of person and property, to suppress insurrection, disorder and violence, and to punish, or cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace and criminals ; and to this end he may allow local civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and to try offenders, or when, in his judgment, it may be necessary for the trial of offenders, he shall have power to organize military commissions or tribunals for that purpose, and all interference under color of State authority, with the exercise of military authority, under this act, shall be null and void.”
The so-called Confederate government, in the State of Alabama, during the late insurrection, was either a legal government or it was an illegal government. If it was legal, it must have been a rightful and constitutional government. Then, the congress of the United States could not overthrow it, or suspend it, or interfere with it, any more than it can to-day interfere with the rightful and constitutional governments of the States of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, or New York. It would be too palpable an absurdity to pretend that these latter governments could be so interfered with or suspended, or displaced by congress, to need an argument to refute it. — Constitution United States, art. 4, § 4; Luther v. Borden, 7 Howard 1; Scott v. Jones, 5 Howard. 343; Paschall’s Ann. Constitution United States, p. 242, et seq.; 3 Howard, 224; 13 Howard, 26.
But it has been declared, both by the congress of the Union, and by the highest judicial authority of the Union, that this insurrectionary government was illegal and void,
It does not spare one branch of this government, or any branch of it, but it strikes down the whole. Then, the acts of every branch of it are bad. Not because the law itself was obnoxious to the constitution of the Union, for it was not so, but because the government that enacted it was unconstitutional and void, and necessarily had no legal power to enact any valid law. This was the only point decided in the case of Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700, supra, except the question of jurisdiction.
Then the reconstruction acts did not give validity to the Texas rebel statute. Neither, then, can it give validity to the Alabama rebel judgments. Ubi eadum ratio, ibi idem jus. — Co. Litt. 10, a.
Besides this, it may be well doubted whether congress has any legitimate authority to intermeddle with the judgments of a State court, either to make them good or to make them bad, or to impose upon the legal rightful government of a State, the enforcement of the laws or judgments of a rebel insurgent organization erected in such State, in defiance of the constitution of the Union, and for treasonable purposes.
What effect shall be given to such laws and such judgments, is wholly a domestic affair, and it must be left to the rightful State government, upon its restoration, to deal with them as it pleases. — Sims’ Case, 7 Cush. Rep. 285; 8 Wheat. 1; 12 How. 293; 8 How. 82, 493; 3 How. 720; 6 How. 115; 10 How. 399; How. 522; New York v. Miln 11 Pet. 138; Gardner’s Inst. pp. 30, 31, 32.
The judgments of the rebel courts, in this instance, were not judgments of a constitutional court, and the parties who claim rights under them are not entitled to any constitutional protection. Such courts were foreign affairs.— Scott v. Jones, 5 How. 343; 19 John. R. 59; 4 Hill’s R. 160; 5 Binn. 355.
All offenders against the law are apt to think themselves
It only declares that there was no government to enforce the law during this unhappy period ; and those who complain of such results, complain to denounce their own acts. The presumption that sets these insurrectionary, unlawful and forbidden governments on the basis of legal authority, by reason of their necessity, will change the republic into an empire and a tyranny for a like reason.
It destroys all logical distinction between a government of lawless force and a government founded upon a written constitution, owing its authority to the free consent of the governed; which is the true and safe American doctrine. Declaration of Independence, Eevised Code, part 1; Gard. Insts. pp. 56, 57, at top.
The rehearing is denied, with costs.