Thе present case comes before us on a writ of review, sued out by Niles in pursuance of an authority for that purpose granted by this court on his petition. The purpose of this review was to obtain a new trial of an action commenced by the plaintiff against Patch, in which a verdict had been given, and judgment rеcovered for the defendant for costs. The action has been again tried on the original pleadings before Mi
It appears that the declaration was in tort, and contained two сounts: 1st. For pulling down, carrying away and converting to his own use a gate and part of a wall, situated and standing across the entrance to and near the northern entrance upon a tract of beach in Gloucester called Long Beach; 2d. For entering the plaintiff’s close in Gloucester aforesaid, “ bounded and described as follows; namely, northerly by land of said Patch, easterly by other land of said Niles, southerly and southwesterly by the sea,” and taking and carrying away seaweed and sand, belonging to the plaintiff, there being, and converting the same to his own use.
By the answer, the defendant denies that he converted to his own usе or carried away any gate or wall, the property of the plaintiff; although he admits that, to abate a nuisance, he did take down a certain gate and portion of wall erected by the plaintiff.
By an amended and substituted answer to the second count, the defendant denies that the close is the clоse of the plaintiff; says that it is his own soil and freehold, and was in his possession, or of those under whom he held, under a claim of right, for more than twenty years before the time of the alleged breaking, and has so continued. He admits that he has taken sand and seaweed from a portion of Long Beach, which he believes to be the close described in the declaration, and says that said sand and seaweed were his own property, and that he rightfully converted the same to his own use, and denies that he ever broke or entered any part of any close of the plaintiff situated in Gloucester.
From these pleadings and the bill of exceptions, it appears that the main question was, w7h ether the plaintiff owned or had exclusive possession of the beach which is the close in question. It is difficult to render the points in controversy intelligible without a knowledge of the localities, derived from plans and surveys. It appears thát formerly there was a town way, which had been laid out in 1728, along and over the said beach to the
It appears by the exceptions, that in 1834 J. P. Cushing owned the farm at Eastern Point, now owned by the plaintiff, and then gave a bond for a deed of the same to Boynton ; that Boynton assigned the same to Greenleaf, who held the bond and occupied the farm for some time, and then negotiated for a sale of the farm to the plaintiff; but as the fee still remained in Cushing, his bond to convey, by a mutual arrangement, was cancelled; and the deed was made directly by Cushing to the plaintiff in 1844.
1. The first question arises thus ; the plaintiff was examined as to his exclusive possession, and, in the course of his examination, he was asked by his counsel “ whether, when he purchased said farm, Greenleaf had pointed out to him the limits of the farm, and, if so, what those limits were.” This was objected to, but admitted. The objection seems to have been that it was hearsay, and not under oath; and further, that all such representations must be considered as merged in the deed subsequently given.
We are of opinion that the evidence was of very little importance, especially as Greenleaf was afterwards called and testified fully. But it seems to us not to have been incompetent.’ Greenleaf was in possession several years under an equitable title. But that possession was absolute and exclusive whilst it continued. The declaration of a tenant, whilst in pos
As to its being part of a negotiation which terminated in the execution of a deed, the technical answer is, that the deed was not given by Greenleaf, but by Cushing; and Greenleaf stood in the relation of a prior party, in possession, making a declaration as to the nature and limits of his pоssession, whilst it lasted, and bis declaration was not a part of the negotiation merged in the deed.
2. The next question turns upon the answer of the defendant, by which he proposes to justify the act of breaking and entering the close, consisting of the tract of beach over which the tide ebbs and flows, by proving soil and freehold in himself. For this purpose, he gave in evidence a deed from Giles to himself, referring for description to a deed from Wonson to Giles, in which the land is thus described: “ The fourth tract of said land is bounded westerly by the beach, northerly by land of said James Pearson deceased, easterly by the same, and southerly by land belonging to the estate of Daniel Rogers deceased.”
The body of the tract thus described is easterly of the Long Beach, and the question is, whether, by making the beach a westerly boundary, without any other expression in the context or in any other part of the deed, such a description includes the beach. “ Beach,” in its ordinary signification, when applied to a place on tide waters, means the space between ordinary high and low water mark, or the space over which the tide usually ebbs and flows. It is a term not more significant of a sea margin, than “ shore ; ” and bounding “ on the shore ” does not include the shore. Storer v. Freeman,
3. One Story, a witness called by the defendant, who had stated that he was in the habit of going upon the locus, was asked what he used to go there for — with a view to show that he, as one of the neighbors, had been in the habit of going upon the beach for the purpose of taking sand and seaweed, when he thought fit. This question was objected to and not admitted.
The purpose for which the question was put, as above stated, does not appear to have been stated at the time; nor if he had such intention, that he did anything; it was an inquiry as to his mere naked and secret intention. As such, we think it was rightly rejected. Had the question been of acts done, of his taking sand and seaweed, then it might have been proper to аsk in what manner, whether with or without a team, openly or covertly, often or rarely, with or without notice to any persons and to whom, indicating whether or not these acts were done under any adverse claim or claim of right, and it would have presented the question of admissibility in a very different aspect.
4. Another exсeption is thus stated: “ The defendant introduced one Small as a witness, and proposed to show by him that Greenleaf, while in the occupation of the farm, had told him (Small) that he did not own that portion of the beach which was in dispute. This was objected to by the plaintiff and the objection was sustained. But,” as the bill of exсeptions goes on to state, “ this objection was made before Green-leaf had been called as a witness, and before any evidence of his possession of this part of the farm had been offered by the plaintiff.
“ At a subsequent stage of the trial, Greenleaf was called as a witness, and testified, in substance, that he occupied the locus several years as part of the farm, and had exclusive possession of it; that he had a controversy with Patch concerning
As to the exception, that the testimony of Small ought to have been admitted, we are of opinion that the rejection was right. It could not be admissible to contradict Greenleaf, for Greenleaf had not then testified ; nor was it again offered after Greenleaf had testified. .
It could not be admitted to contradict the plaintiff, for several reasons: 1st. It did not contradict him. The plaintiff testified that Greenleaf, when in possession, had pointed out the bounds; the evidence offered was, that he said he never owned thе land. These were not contradictory ; he had no legal title, and, in strictness, did not own any part of the estate. 2d. The declaration of Greenleaf, testified of by the plaintiff, was made at a different time from that offered to be given in evidence. 3d. If it became material in consequence of the testimony afterwards given by Greenleaf, Small should have been recalled.
As to the testimony actually given by Greenleaf, of the controversy with Patch, and the suit and settlement of it, the fact of the controversy with Patch was competent, as the acts and declarations of the party to the suit, offered by the adverse party, by way of admission or confession. As to what he testified respecting a suit at law, and the settlement of it, if it had been objected to on the ground that it was not the best evidence, and that the record ought to be produced, it would perhaps have been a good objection to the viva voce testimony on the point; but no such objection was made.
5. Another exceрtion turns upon the question whether the town way over Long Beach had been legally discontinued. The court ruled that it had been, and to this the defendant excepted. From the records of the proceedings of the town of Gloucester, it appears that in April 1845 Niles applied to the selectmen to insert an article, in the warrant for a town meet* mg, to act upon the petition of said Niles, requesting the town
For the ensuing meeting in June, an article was inserted in the warrant “ to see if the town will accept the doings of the selectmen, in discontinuing the road on Eastern Point, from the gate at the north end of Long Beach southerly to the dwelling house of Thomas Niles, agreeably to his petition.” At the meeting, the selectmen made their report, reciting that, having viewed the premises and given notice to all parties interested, they were of opinion that public necessity and cоnvenience did not require the road, and recommended that it be discontinued as a town way. At the same meeting, on this article, by the vote of the town, the report of the selectmen was accepted.
The court are of opinion that this was a regular discontinuance of the way from the gate at the north end of the beach to Niles’s house southerly. By the Rev. Sts. c. 24, § 70, “ any town, at any meeting regularly called for that purpose, may discontinue any town way or private way.”
It was objected in the argument, that selectmen cannot initiate proceedings for the discontinuance of a town way. Whatever might be the fоrce of this argument, if founded in fact, is immaterial ; the selectmen did not initiate these proceedings; it was done by a petition to the town, and a vote thereon by the town to leave it to the discretion of the selectmen.
The next meeting was called by warrant of the selectmen, among other things, to see if thе town will accept the doings of the selectmen, in discontinuing the road. At the meeting held pursuant to this warrant, on taking up this article, the report of the selectmen was accepted.
Here the meeting was called for the purpose of determining whether the way should be discontinued, and the statute in that resрect was complied with.
The selectmen had been invested with full discretionary power to act; they decided, as far as in their power, that the road was not of common convenience and necessity, and recommended its discontinuance. These “ doings ” were expressed in their report; under the nоtice in the warrant, the vote was an affirmance of their doings and a discontinuance of the way.
The only question, we thought, which could be raised was, whether, in strict parliamentary law, that is, the general law of usage governing aggregate deliberative bodies, the acceptance of the report of a committee is an affirmance, by the constituent body, of the matters contained in it, or an act giving effect to all the measures proposed by it to be done. But when a matter is referred to a committee, especially when such committee is a recognized, permanent department of such сorporation, like selectmen, directors, &c., with authority to take or propose some definite action on the subject, and they make a report proposing such definite action, without reporting any separate vote or resolution, for more effectually carrying the proposed measure into effect, a vote of the body, accepting such report, is of itself an adoption and execution of the measure proposed on the part of the constituent body. And we think such has been generally the understanding and practice of corporations, and aggregate bodies generally, in which the will and power of the body are ascertained and exercised by vote, and especially of municipal corporations. See Cushing’s Manual, § 295.
But however this may be, as a general rule, we think the proceedings in this case were peculiar; and taking the petition, the referencе with discretionary power, the report and the warranis, the plain and natural construction of the vote of the town was, to accept the doings of the selectmen in discontinuing the way definitely described, in other words a vote to discontinue the way. Such being the intent and effect of the vote of the town, the way was thereby legally and effectually discontinued.
Exceptions overruled.