We consider the reach of the whistle-blower retaliation provision created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley” or “SOX”). See Pub.L. No. 107-204, § 806, 116 Stat. 745, 802-04 (codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. § 1514A). The district court (Forrest, J.) dismissed the complaint brought by plaintiff-appellant Christian Nielsen (“Nielsen”) against AE-COM Technology Corporation (“AECOM”) and its subsidiary, AECOM Middle East Ltd. (“AME”). The only claim at issue on appeal is Nielsen’s whistleblower retaliation claim against AECOM, which was dismissed for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
Section 1514A of Sarbanes-Oxley protects the employees of publicly traded companies who provide information or otherwise assist in an investigation concerning conduct that they “reasonably believed constitutes a violation” of certain enumerated federal statutes, any rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), or “any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.” 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(l). We consider the proper standard for analyzing the reasonableness of Nielsen’s asserted belief that he complained of conduct protected by the statute. The Department of Labor (“DOL”), which is charged with adjudicating administrative actions brought pursuant to this statute, recently abrogated the standard it had previously employed in conducting this analysis. We agree with the more recent interpretation, and also conclude that it deserves, at the least, “respect according to its persuasiveness” pursuant to Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 65 S.Ct. 161, 89 L.Ed. 124 (1944). See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 221, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001). Accordingly, we hold that the standard applied by the district court, citing a nonprecedential order from this Court, is invalid. Reaching the merits of Nielsen’s complaint, we nevertheless affirm the judgment of the district court. Applying the correct standard, Nielsen has failed to allege that he reasonably believed, based on non-trivial allegations, that he was reporting a violation of any of the enumerated provisions.
BACKGROUND
A. Facts
Nielsen was employed by AECOM
On June 26, 2011, three days after he was fired, Nielsen complained to David Barwell, Chief Executive for the Middle East, that the termination was improper, but Nielsen received no relief. A few weeks later, in July 2011, Nielsen contacted members of AE COM’s global compliance team located in the United States, who told him that an independent investigation would be conducted. Nielsen was informed in August 2011 that the investigation concluded that there was no wrongdoing and that the termination was justified. His request for a copy of the investigative report was denied on grounds of confidentiality.
B. Procedural History
In December 2011, Nielsen filed a complaint regarding his discharge with DOL. The DOL Acting Regional Administrator rejected the complaint by letter on January 27, 2012. Upon Nielsen’s objection, his complaint was reviewed by an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”), who dismissed his complaint in May 2012.
The district court dismissed Nielsen’s § 1514A claim against AME under Rule 12(b)(2), holding that there was no basis for personal jurisdiction under New York’s long-arm statute.
DISCUSSION
We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6), accepting all allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir.2013). Our review of a district court’s interpretation of a statute, a pure question of law, is also de novo. United States v. Delis, 558 F.3d 177, 180 (2d Cir.2009).
Under Ashcroft v. Iqbal, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” to survive a motion to dismiss. 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). To state a plausible claim, the complaint’s “[f]aetual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). A motion to dismiss should be granted “where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937.
I.
“To safeguard investors in public companies and restore trust in the financial markets following the collapse of Enron Corporation, Congress enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.” Lawson v. FMR LLC, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 1158, 1161, 188 L.Ed.2d 158 (2014). Among other changes to the U.S. financial regulatory regime, the statute creates the whistle-blower provision pursuant to which Nielsen brings the claim at issue in this suit. Section 1514A of Title 18 is intended to “protect[ ] employees when they take lawful acts to disclose information or otherwise assist in detecting and stopping actions which they reasonably believe to be fraudulent.” Bechtel v. Admin. Review Bd., 710 F.3d 443, 446 (2d Cir.2013) (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted). Specifically, the statute provides that a publicly traded company or its subsidiary cannot “discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner
provide[s] information, cause[s] information to be provided, or otherwise assist[s] in an investigation regarding any conduct which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation of section 1341 [mail fraud], 1343 [wire fraud], 1344 [bank fraud], or 1348 [securities fraud], any rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders....
18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(l). To prevail on a claim of retaliation pursuant to § 1514A, the plaintiff must show that:
(1) he or she engaged in a protected activity; (2) the employer knew that he or she engaged in the protected activity; (3) he or she suffered an unfavorable personnel action; and (4) the protected activity was a contributing factor in the unfavorable action.
Bechtel, 710 F.3d at 451.
The district court concluded that Nielsen failed to allege that he had engaged in a protected activity, relying in large part on a 2010 summary order from this Court for the proposition that a whistleblowing employee’s communications “must definitively and specifically relate to one of the listed categories of fraud or securities violations in 18 U.S.C. § 1514(a)(1).” Nielsen v. AECOM Tech. Corp., No.12 Civ. 5163, 2012 WL 6200613, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2012) (quoting Vodopia v. Koninklijke Philips Elecs., N.V., 398 Fed.Appx. 659, 662-63 (2d Cir.2010)) (internal quotation marks omitted). As set forth below, however, we disagree with the standard on which the district court relied. That standard, set out in this Court’s order in Vodopia v. Koninklijke Philips Electronics, stemmed from a holding of the ARB that the agency has since repudiated. We are persuaded by the ARB’s more recent interpretation of § 1514A and therefore follow its reasoning. Nonetheless, on review using the proper standard, we affirm the district court’s judgment and conclude that Nielsen has not plausibly alleged that he engaged in an activity protected by the statute.
II.
In our administrative scheme, courts generally will defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute if (1) “Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue” and (2) the agency’s construction “is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). Deference under Chevron is appropriate if it is “apparent from the agency’s generally conferred authority and other statutory circumstances that Congress would expect the agency to be able to speak with the force of law when it addresses ambiguity in the statute or fills a space in the enacted law.” Mead, 533 U.S. at 229, 121 S.Ct. 2164. An agency’s position that does not qualify for Chevron treatment nonetheless deserves some deference to the extent that it has the “power to persuade” based on, inter alia, the “thoroughness evident in [the agency’s] consideration, the validity of its reasoning, [and] its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements.” Skidmore, 323 U.S. at 140, 65 S.Ct. 161; see also Mead, 533 U.S. at 234-35, 121 S.Ct. 2164.
Congress delegated to the Secretary of Labor the adjudication of administrative claims brought under § 1514A. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b). The Secretary, in turn, has delegated this power to the ARB. See Delegation of Authority and Assignment of Responsibility to the Adminis
But this Circuit has not yet decided whether Congress delegated interpretive authority over § 1514A to the ARB in Sarbanes-Oxley, and the Supreme Court recently declined to resolve this issue. See Lawson, 134 S.Ct. at 1165 n. 6 (not deciding whether to grant Chevron deference to an ARB interpretation, but noting the government’s position that Congress has delegated interpretive authority to the Secretary of Labor); see also id. at 1186-87 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (positing that the ARB does not have interpretive authority over § 1514A under Sarbanes-Ox-ley, on the theory that such authority is in fact delegated to the SEC by a different portion of the Act). Because the ARB’s rejection of its earlier standard is persuasive even under lesser Skidmore deference, we need not decide the question whether its interpretations of § 1514A merit Chevron deference. See Encarnacion ex rel. George v. Astrue, 568 F.3d 72, 78-79 (2d Cir.2009) (declining to determine whether agency policy deserved Chevron deference because, “even applying the less deferential Skidmore standard,” the Court approved the agency’s position (citing Fed. Express Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 399-400, 128 S.Ct. 1147, 170 L.Ed.2d 10 (2008))).
Our focus in this appeal is whether Nielsen’s allegations allow him to claim the protection of § 1514A because he provided information or otherwise assisted in an investigation “regarding any conduct which [he] reasonably believe[d] [to] constitute[] a violation of’ the enumerated federal provisions. 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(l). Relevant to our determination of this issue are two decisions of the ARB regarding § 1514A. In 2006, the ARB held in Platone v. FLYi, Inc. that “an employee’s protected communications must relate ‘definitively and specifically’ to the subject matter of the particular statute under which protection is afforded” — that is, to one “of the listed categories of fraud or securities violations” in § 1514A(a)(1). ARB No. 04-154, 2006 WL 3246910, at *8 & n. 114 (ARB Sept. 29, 2006), aff'd sub nom. Platone v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 548 F.3d 322 (4th Cir.2008). Several circuits later adopted this standard. See, e.g., Van Asdale v. Int’l Game Tech., 577 F.3d 989, 996-97 (9th Cir.2009); Welch, 536 F.3d at 276; Allen v. Admin. Review Bd., 514 F.3d 468, 476 (5th Cir.2008). This Circuit followed the reasoning of those cases in a nonprecedential order. See Vodopia, 398 Fed.Appx. at 662-63.
In 2011, however, the ARB abrogated Platone, concluding that the “definitively and specifically” test is “inapposite” to the Sarbanes-Oxley whistleblower protection provision and in “potential conflict with the express statutory authority of § 1514A,” which “prohibits a publicly traded company from discharging or in any other manner discriminating against an employee for providing information regarding conduct that the employee ‘reasonably believes’ constitutes a SOX violation.” Sylvester v. Parexel Int’l LLC, ARB No. 07-123, 2011
We conclude that the ARB’s reasoning in Sylvester to the effect that the “definitively and specifically” requirement of Platone should be abrogated is persuasive and accordingly, this determination is entitled to Skidmore deference. Section 1514A extends whistleblower protection to information provided by an employee “regarding any conduct which the employee reasonably believes constitutes a violation” of the enumerated federal provisions. 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(l). The statute does not specify what, in particular, a purported whistleblower must establish to demonstrate that criminal fraud or securities-related malfeasance is afoot. But § 1514A’s “critical focus is on whether the employee reported conduct that he or she reasonably believes constituted a violation of federal law.” Villanueva v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 748 F.3d 103, 109 (5th Cir.2014) (quoting Sylvester, 2011 WL 2517148, at *15) (emphases and internal quotation marks omitted). A reasonable belief contains both subjective and objective components. See Sylvester, 2011 WL 2165854, at *11-12; see also Lockheed Martin, 717 F.3d at 1132; Harp v. Charter Commc’ns, Inc., 558 F.3d 722, 723 (7th Cir.2009). That is to say, a plaintiff “must show not only that he believed that the conduct constituted a violation, but also that a reasonable person in his position would have believed that the conduct constituted a violation.” Livingston v. Wyeth, Inc., 520 F.3d 344, 352 (4th Cir.2008).
Thus, relief pursuant to § 1514A turns on the reasonableness of the employee’s belief that the conduct violated one of the enumerated provisions — which is contrary to the “definitively and specifically” standard. The objective prong of the reasonable belief test focuses on the “basis of knowledge available to a reasonable person in the circumstances with the employee’s training and experience.” Sharkey v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 805 F.Supp.2d 45, 55 (S.D.N.Y.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Many employees are unlikely to be trained to recognize legally actionable conduct by their employers. Accordingly, the centrality of the belief of the whistleblower that her employer has engaged in wrongdoing leads us to conclude, in accord with the ARB’s interpretation in Sylvester, that the “definitively and specifically” requirement is not in keeping with the language of the statute.
III.
Although we have determined that the district court did not apply the proper legal standard, we will nonetheless uphold the dismissal of Nielsen’s complaint if it does not plausibly plead that Nielsen’s actions were protected by the statute. We conclude that Nielsen has failed to allege that it was objectively reasonable for him to believe that the activity he reported constituted a violation of the laws and regulations listed in § 1514A: the federal mail fraud, wire fraud, bank fraud, and securities fraud statutes, in addition to “any rule or regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of Federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.”
First, Nielsen has not plausibly pled an objectively reasonable belief that AECOM engaged in mail or wire fraud, as both require a scheme to steal money or property — allegations that do not appear in the complaint.
Second, Nielsen cannot show that it was objectively reasonable to believe that the conduct he complained of constituted shareholder fraud. In essence, Nielsen alleges that a single employee failed properly to review fire safety designs. There is no claim that this fire safety review is required by any federal statute or regulation, that these designs had ever been submitted by AECOM for approval by any outside body, or even that the allegedly inadequate fire safety review posed any specified safety hazard. As the ARB noted in Sylvester, “[i]t may well be that a complainant’s complaint concerns such a trivial matter,” in terms of its relationship to shareholder interests, “that he or she did not engage in protected activity under [§ 1514A].” 2011 WL 2165854, at *19. We conclude that this is such a case. According to the allegations of the complaint, AECOM is a publicly traded U.S. firm with an “international reputation and brand identity,” J.A. 5, that maintains offices — at the least — in Dubai, New York, and Arlington, Virginia. There is no claim that the improper activity allegedly disregarded by AECOM was related to any specified AECOM venture, much less an
By comparison, the plaintiffs whose claims the ARB permitted to proceed in Sylvester asserted that their employer, Pa-rexel — a company that conducted drug testing for pharmaceutical manufacturers — falsified information used in the clinical testing of several major clients’ drugs. One of the plaintiffs was allegedly derided by colleagues as the “Parexel police” due to her unwillingness to falsify reports or otherwise permit the adulteration of clinical studies conducted under standards regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. When the plaintiffs complained to supervisors, the complaint said, the company repeatedly failed to investigate. The plaintiffs alleged that they were subsequently subject to threats and other forms of retaliation. Within months of the initial reports of misconduct, Parexel terminated the plaintiffs. 2011 WL 2165854, at *2-4:.
In Wiest, the plaintiff, an accountant for Tyco Electronics Corporation, alleged that he was fired after he challenged perceived misconduct in Tyco’s accounting practices at a time when “his office was under a high level of audit scrutiny” following a well-publicized corporate fraud scandal at the company. 710 F.3d at 124-25 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Third Circuit ruled that, particularly in the aftermath of an accounting scandal at Tyco, it was reasonable for the plaintiff to believe — based on the evidence available in context — that certain executives were continuing to engage in similar fraudulent conduct, in violation of a provision listed in § 1514A. Id. at 135-37 & n. 5.
Other cases where § 1514A claims predicated on shareholder fraud have survived dismissal have included stronger claims regarding either the importance of the challenged conduct to the defendant employer’s business or the complicity of the employer in unlawful conduct. See, e.g., Gladitsch, v. Neo@Ogilvy, No. 11 Civ. 919, 2012 WL 1003513, at *1, *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 21, 2012) (holding that a complaint was sufficient under § 1514A where it alleged that defendants had deliberately overbilled IBM, the defendants’ largest client, and that the overbilling could be detrimental to that business relationship in addition to “crippl[ing] shareholder confidence” through the reporting of “artificially inflated revenues”); Sharkey, 805 F.Supp.2d at 48-50, 55-56 (holding that a complaint sufficiently alleged violations of § 1514A where a bank’s client exhibited a pattern of suspicious conduct, in which the bank may have been complicit, including inconsistent financial statements, unverifiable identification documents, and unusual fund transfer patterns — behavior potentially consistent with fraud or money laundering).
Stripped of its bare and unsupported conclusions, Nielsen’s complaint wholly fails to allege that the misconduct he reported would have significant repercussions for AECOM or, by extension, its shareholders. Nor has Nielsen alleged any facts plausibly suggesting that this supposed misconduct implicated any of the enumerated provisions in § 1514A. We conclude that the complaint’s allegations fail to sustain this whistleblower suit under § 1514A because Nielsen has failed plausibly to allege that he reasonably believed AE COM’s conduct violated an enumerated
CONCLUSION
To summarize, we conclude that an alleged whistleblowing employee’s communications need not “definitively and specifically” relate to one of the listed categories of fraud or securities violations in § 1514A in order for that employee to claim protection under the statute. A complaint pursuant to § 1514A must, however, plausibly plead that the plaintiff engaged in protected activity — that the plaintiff reasonably believed the conduct he challenged constituted a violation of an enumerated provision. Nielsen does not plausibly allege, on the basis of assertions beyond the trivial and conclusory, that it was objectively reasonable for him to believe that there was such a violation here. Therefore, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
. The factual background presented here is drawn from the allegations of Nielsen's complaint, which we accept as true for the purposes of our review of a motion to dismiss. See Goldstein v. Pataki, 516 F.3d 50, 56 (2d Cir.2008).
. Nielsen’s complaint states that he was employed by “defendants” — i.e., both AECOM
. The ALJ determined that Nielsen’s complaint failed to state a claim based on the extraterritorial nature of the conduct alleged. On appeal to this Court, the parties have briefed the question of extraterritorial application of the whistleblower retaliation provision, but because we decide the case on other grounds, we do not reach the issue.
. Under § 1514A, complainants’ first course of action in seeking relief must be to file a complaint with the Secretary of Labor. 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(l)(A). If administrative complainants are unsatisfied with the initial decision, DOL regulations grant them the right to appeal an ALJ’s findings to the ARB, which “has been delegated the authority to act for the Secretary and issue final decisions” with regard to § 1514A complaints. 29 C.F.R. § 1980.110(a); see also Delegation of Authority and Assignment of Responsibility to the Administrative Review Board, 75 Fed. Reg. 3924, 3924-25 (Jan. 25, 2010). The statute permits complainants to bring suit in federal district court if the Secretary “has not issued a final decision within 180 days of the filing of the complaint and there is no showing that such delay is due to the bad faith of
. Nielsen did not appeal the Rule 12(b)(2) dismissal of the § 1514A claim against AME; thus, the claim against AME is not before us.
. We are less certain whether the ARB was correct in concluding that a § 1514A complaint need not even “approximate specific elements” of the enumerated provisions allegedly violated, or that there is no requirement that the violation must be “material.” See Sylvester, 2011 WL 2165854, at *17-18. We note that the statute does require plausible allegations that the whistleblower reported information based on a reasonable belief that the employer violated one of the enumerated provisions set out in the statute. See 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(a)(l). Thus, the statutory language suggests that, to be reasonable, the purported whistleblower’s belief cannot exist wholly untethered from these specific provisions.
.We do not suggest that Vodopia would have been decided otherwise, even in the absence of the then-prevailing "definitive and specific” standard. Indeed, the fact that the complaint there "fail[ed] to allege that [the plaintiff] reasonably believed that he was reporting potential securities fraud as opposed to patent-related malfeasance,” 398 Fed.Appx. at 663, could well lead to the same result under the standard we announce here, but we need not and do not address this issue.
. Because Nielsen has not plausibly alleged objective reasonableness, we need not decide whether his complaint adequately alleges that he subjectively believed the challenged conduct involved a violation of one of the listed provisions.
. Additionally, Nielsen has abandoned the mail and wire fraud theories by neither opposing the motion to dismiss on this issue nor raising them in his brief on appeal. See Lore v. City of Syracuse, 670 F.3d 127, 149 (2d Cir.2012).
. While leave to amend a complaint is to be granted "freely ... when justice so requires,” Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2), Nielsen did not request to amend the complaint either below or in this Court on appeal. See Gallop v. Cheney, 642 F.3d 364, 369 (2d Cir.2011) ("[N]o court can be said to have erred in failing to grant a request [to amend the complaint] that was not made.”).