83 Va. 99 | Va. | 1887
delivered the opinion of the court.
' This is an action of tort, brought, by the personal representative of Francis E. Nichols, to recover damages for injuries sustained by Mm which caused Ms death.
A trial was had before a jury, which resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff for $4,000. This verdict the court,, upon the defendant’s motion, set aside; and to this action of the court, as well as its action in refusing certain instructions and in giving others, the plaintiff duly excepted. At the next term the case was submitted to the court, when a judgment was rendered for the defendant, and thereupon this writ of error was taken. The facts certified as proven on the first trial, and submitted to the judge on the second,, with the plat filed as a part thereof, show the topography of the ground, the location of the depot and other buildings in the vicinity, and the position of the cars on the defendant’s track immediately preceding the accident to have been as follows: The main track of the defendant’s-railroad runs nearly due east and west, and about one hundred and fifty yards south thereof and parallel thereto is-a pike running through the centre of the village of Purcelville. From this pike a road runs in a northwesterly direction across the railroad to Hillsboro.
It appears that it was the invariable custom of the agent at the depot to part freight cars, immediately after they were left or placed on the switch, at a point nearly opposite the passenger depot for the purpose of affording a passage to the patrons and employees of the road, and it specially appears that it had been done in this instance, although it would seem that, from lack of assistance, the opening left was scarcely as wide as
Now it is agreed on all hands that there is a wide difference between the obligation which a person or corporation owes to a mere license, and the duty which the same person or corporation owes to one who comes upon his premises by an invitation, either expressed or implied.
In the first case it is generally admitted that the party comes at his own risk and enjoys the license subject to its concomitant risks or perils, and that in such case no duty is imposed upon the owner or occupant to keep his premises in safe and suitable condition for his use, and the owner or occupant is only liable for any wanton injury that may bo done to the licensee. Hounsell v. Smyth, 7 C. B. (N. Y.) 738; Barnes v. Ward, 9 C. B. 392; Hardcastle v. South Yorkshire Railway, 4 Hand. & N. 67; Binks v. S. Y. Railway Co., 3 B. & S. 250; Balch v. Smith, 7 H. & N. 74l ; Sweeny v. Old Colony and Newport Railroad Co., 10 Allen,
On the other hand the law imposes an obligation on the owner or occupant to provide for the security against accident and injury of those he has invited or induced to come upon his premises by such an adaptation and preparation of his place for their reception and use as would naturally lead them to suppose that they might properly and safely enter thereon. Accordingly it has been generally held that where the owner or occupier, either directly or by implication, induces persons to enter on and pass over his premises, he thereby assumes an obligation that they are in safe condition, suitable for such use, and for a breach of this obligation he is liable in damages to a person injured thereby. In all cases like the present, it is a question of prime importance, in determining the liability of the defendant, to ascertain whether the injured party was upon the premises at the time of the accident under a bare license or permission, or in pursuance of an invitation. Here the deceased must be regarded as having adopted this route in pursuance of an invitation held out to him by the conduct of the defendant company. The circumstance that the cars were habitually separated at this point, when taken in connection with the location of the steps to the platform of the passenger depot and the constant uninterrupted use of the same by persons getting on and off at this depot, which was never at any time discountenanced by the road or its officials to whom it was known, is susceptible of no other construction than that it was designed as a path by means of which access might be gained to the depot, as well by persons having occasion to visit the depot as by the company’s employees. Under these circumstances it cannot be imputed to the deceased as negligence, if, in the absence of some warning, he selected this route rather than the other and longer one around by the freight
Now, if we are right in the views already expressed, here was an invitation plainly extended to the plaintiff to cross the railroad at that point, for, as we have before intimated, the custom or habit of the company in making and leaving open a passage-way between the cars at this point, which the record shows was fully known to its officers, taken in connection with the general adoption of it as the proper route by all persons having occasion to go to the passenger depot, and the failure of the company to provide for such persons some other unobstructed route can be regarded as nothing else than an invitation from the company to the deceased to use that way. There can remain but one other enquiry, and that is this, Was the deceased, in accepting this invitation, so wanting in the ordinary care required of him as to deprive him of the right to recover ? A question not difficult to answer, if we remember it amounts to nothing more than this, whether,the danger in attempting to cross the track between those stationary cars was so obvious that a person of ordinary prudence would not have made the attempt. Let it be borne in mind that all that could be required of the deceased was reasonable care in view of the special circumstances of the case. The cars were not only at a stand-still, but there is nothing to show that there was anything to indicate to the deceased that they were about to be set in motion. Under such circurn
In this View of the case it becomes unnecessary to consider the instructions.
The judgment of the circuit court of Loudoun county must be reversed anda judgment will be entered here upon the verdict rendered on the first trial.
Eauntleeoy, J., dissented.
Judgment eeveesed.