162 Iowa 525 | Iowa | 1913
The plaintiff is an attorney at law. Defendant is a corporation organized under the laws of this state, and this action is brought to recover the reasonable value of services claimed to have been rendered by the plaintiff, to the defendant, under an oral contract of employment made by the plaintiff with the president of the defendant company. The action is in two counts. In the first count the plaintiff claims that he was orally employed by one J. H. Rohret, president of the defendant company, to take charge of a certain ease and defend the corporation company in a suit brought by one O. W. Eddy against the company, in
not overlook the rule, which has been established by a long line of decisions in this court, that, before the court is warranted in directing a verdict upon any issue tendered, every fact favorable to the party against whom the verdict is asked, and which the evidence tended to prove, must be conceded as established. See Degelau v. Wight, 114 Iowa, 52; Hartmam v. C. G. W. Ry Co., 132 Iowa, 582; Scott v. St. Louis, K. & M. Ry. Co., 112 Iowa, 54.
Cook on Corporations, in volume 2, 5th Edition, section 712, discussing this question, says:
The board of directors have the widest powers. All the various acts and contracts which a corporation may enter into are entered into by and through the board of directors. The board of directors make, or authorize the making, . . . of contracts generally of the corporation. They appoint the agents, direct the business, and govern the policy and plans of the corporation. The board of directors elect the officers, and in this connection, it may be added, that at common law there is no limit, to the number of offices which may be held simultaneously by the same person, provided that neither of them is incompatible with any other. They institute, prosecute, and compromise, or appeal suits at law and in equity which the corporation brings, or has brought against it.
In St Clair v. Rutledge, 115 Wis. 583 (92 N. W. 234, 95 Am. St. Rep. 964), we find this language:
Was the act of the president of the Peerless Iron & Land Company, in attempting to extend respondent’s privilege to cut and remove the timber, ultra vires? That is the sole question for decision. It is useless to spend time endeavoring to test the matter by the law respecting what a president of a corporation cannot do by virtue of his office; that it gives him no right to make contracts binding on his company; that authority to that end in fact can only be conferred upon him by the articles of organization or some by-law or resolution passed by the board of directors, and that all persons dealing with a corporation are bound to take notice of the limitation upon his authority and notice of its articles of organization and by-laws. If the evidence warranted the finding, as stated in this case, that the president is held out by the corporation as its general agent, and as having authority to do the act questioned, it is bound thereby to the same extent as if authority were conferred in the most formal manner.
In this opinion the court further says:
That an artificial person is estopped from denying that its agents possess all the authority which it gives them the appearance of, the same as natural persons, is just as well established as the principle that the president of a corporation is not, ex officio, its general agent, or possessed of authority to make contracts binding upon it.
The board of directors may, however, delegate to an agent the power to make contracts, but the agency must be created by the act of the corporation, through its board of directors, in order that the acts of the agent may be binding upon the corporation.
In section 712 of Cook on Corporations, volume 2, it is said:
All contracts of a corporation are to be made by, or under the direction of, its board of directors. The board of directors make corporate contracts by a regular vote of the members, or by authorizing an agent to make them, or by allowing an agent to assume and exercise that power, or by accepting a contract, or its benefits, after it has been made by an unauthorized agent. And in all cases the board of directors, and not the stockholders nor the president, secretary, treasurer, or other agent, is the origin and supreme power in corporations to make corporate contracts.
In section 716 of the same author, we find this question stated as follows: ‘ ‘ The question seems to have arisen in many forms, and the great weight of authority holds that the president has no inherent power to represent or contract for the corporation. His duties are confined to presiding and to voting as a director. ’ ’
In Groelts v. Armstrong Beal Estate Go., 115 Iowa, 602, an action against a corporation to recover commission for the sale of real estate, this court said:
However, whatever may be the presumed power in general, we think there can be no controversy as to the rule that where the general power to make contracts for and*533 manage the business of the corporation is conferred upon the board of directors, that power cannot be exercised by the president alone; and that is this case, as it will appear from the provisions of the articles above quoted, which are the only provisions on the subject. There is no evidence of any custom or usage on the part of the defendant, recognizing greater powers in the president, than those provided for in the articles, nor of any holding out of the president to the public as having any such extended authority. The president did not therefore have the power to bind the corporation by the contract which it is claimed he made with the plaintiff. There is no evidence as to the authority of Armstrong, the president of the defendant company, to act for it in the sale of real estate, or in the employment of an agent for that purpose, except that found in the articles of incorporation which provide that, ‘The affairs of this corporation shall be conducted, and its business managed by not less than five, nor more than ten directors, who shall constitute its board of directors. . . . Such directors shall elect from their own number . . . president, vice president, secretary and treasurer, whose duties shall be prescribed by the by-laws.’ . . . So far as appears from the record, no by-laws conferring power upon the president to make contracts for the corporation, were ever adopted.
See, also, Griffith v. Chicago, B. & P. Ry. Co., 74 Iowa, 85; Templin v. Chicago, B. & P. Ry. Co., 73 Iowa, 548.
In the last-mentioned case, this court said, speaking of the president:
There is no evidence that he had been accustomed to make such contracts in behalf of the company from which his authority could be inferred. He had not been held out by the company in any way particularly, and the plaintiffs were not justified in inferring that he had larger powers than those which he actually possessed. . . . Their contention is - . . . that he had such power simply by virtue of his office as president, and without any expressed provision therefor in the articles of incorporation, or authorization by the board of directors. ... No authority has been cited which so holds, and we conclude that such is not the law.
In Clark & Marshall on Private; Corporations, volume 3, section 728, we find the following:
The president of a corporation has no authority to act for or bind it by contracts, or otherwise, by virtue of his office, and therefore his admissions or declarations, although made on behalf of the corporation, are not binding upon it, or admissible in evidence against it, unless they are expressly authorized by the corporation, or are made in the course of transactions which are within the scope of the authority conferred upon him. If the president, however, is intrusted with the general management of the corporation, or the management of a particular transaction, any admission or declaration by him, within the scope of his authority, is the admission or declaration of the corporation.
In this case the opinion recites that there was no evidence whatever that the president had authority conferred upon him in regard to the matter there in controversy, and it was said that the burden rests upon the plaintiff to show this authority. The management of the affairs of a corporation are in the hands of the directors; there is no presumption that the presi
In White v. Elgin Creamery Co., 108 Iowa, 522, an action to recover a balance due on a contract to pay certain prices for butter made from milk furnished by the plaintiff and others, less four cents a pound for marketing, the contract was made by one Mark Sands, who claimed to be the agent of the defendant corporation and who claimed to have derived his power to make the contract from the president of the corporation. The court, in presenting the case to the jury, instructed them that they might presume that the president of the defendant company was authorized to confer authority upon Mark Sands to make the contract. This court, in passing upon the question, said that it was claimed in the suit, by appellant corporation, that the president was not presumed to have authority to make the contract. The law, however, seems to be well settled that, in the absence of any showing to the contrary, the president of a corporation will be presumed to have authority to act in all matters arising in the ordinary course of business. As the head of the corporation which, of necessity, must act through some agency, the natural inference is that he, as its president, had been endowed with the power to direct its operation and management in the transactions for which it was organized. The court, in support of the above proposition, cites Sherman Center Town Co. v. Swigart, 43 Kan. 292 (23 Pac. 569, 19 Am. St. Rep. 137). That court, in stating the doctrine, said: “Where the president and secretary of a corporation execute a contract in behalf of the company, which is regular on its face and not shown to be outside of the regular business of the corporation, it is prima facie evidence that it was executed with authority. . . . Where the president and secretary of a corporation act openly and publicly,” as the agents of the company, with full knowledge and acquiescence of the directors “in making contracts, and generally in managing its business, with the understanding and acquiescence of the directors that they shall so act, the corpo
In the case of National State Bank of Terre Haute v. Vigo County Natl. Bank, 141 Ind. 352 (40 N. E. 799, 50 Am. St. Rep. 330), cited in White v. Elgin Creamery Co., we find the following language:
The president of a corporation, by virtue of his office merely, has very little authority to act for the corporation. His powers depend upon the nature of the company’s business, and the authority given him by the board of directors. The board of directors may invest him with authority to act as the chief executive officer of the company. This may be done.by resolution or by acquiescence in the course of dealing and manner of transacting the business of the corporation. . . . One dealing with the president of a corporation in the ordinary course of business, and within the powers which the president is generally accustomed to exercise without objection from the directors, has the right to assume that the president has been invested with those powers.
The articles of incorporation were introduced in evidence, and the only provision touching the management of the corporate business is found in article 6, which provides: ‘ ‘ The affairs of this corporation shall be managed by a board of five directors who shall elect a president, vice president, and secretary, and such other officers and agents as they see fit, and fix the salaries of same. And we hereby consent that Edwin Hummer, O. W. Eddy, E. G. Cotter, F. H. Crow and J. D. Beeney, act as such directors for the first year. ’ ’ There were no by-laws adopted by the corporation. At least, none were introduced in evidence.
There is nothing in the organic law of the corporation' that authorized the president, as such, to represent the corporation in the transaction of its business, or to make contract binding upon the corporation, and, under the rules hereinbefore indicated, we think in this case he had no such authority by virtue of his office.
We come then to consider whether or not the board of directors conferred upon the president authority to bind the company in the bringing of the prosecution of these suits.
O. W. Eddy testified, touching this meeting, as follows:
I did see some of the directors on September 18th. I received no written notice that a meeting of directors would be held, but somebody, I think Mr. Luse, told me of the meeting, in the forenoon before the meeting was held. Some of the directors assembled at the exchange building of the company on the afternoon of September 18, 1909. I should judge it was about 2 o’clock. When I went there, Mr. John Rohret was at the building, Mr. Clearman came very shortly after that. Mr. Luse was not there at the time I came, nor*539 at the time Mr. Clearman came. After the meeting had been called to order by Mr. Rohret, I requested the president to go and get Mr. Luse and bring him to the meeting, and he did so. I asked Mr. Rohret if he had notified Fred Crow, and why he wasn’t there at the meeting, and he said he tried to get Mr. Crow over the telephone and was unable to get him, but that he didn’t believe Mr. Crow would come because he went away mad at the last meeting, I suppose the 7th is what he referred to. In reply to that, I said I thought it might affect the legality of that meeting. The first thing Mr. Rohret did, after calling the meeting to order, he appointed me secretary pro tem, and I acted as such. The matter came up about Fred Crow making an accounting. As to an accounting for how long a time, I don’t know as that was discussed. In the discussion about Fred Crow making an accounting, I said that Mr. Crow had told me just previous he was willing to make an accounting, and I so stated to the directors. Mr. Clearman suggested that it might be a good plan to have an attorney write Mr. Crow a few letters, and get an accounting without resorting to the costs of litigation. There was not anything said, at that time, about bringing suit against Mr. Crow. It was suggested that we get an accounting without resorting to litigation by having an attorney, without going to litigation. After this informal discussion, I made a motion in reference to seeing an attorney. I made the motion upon the strength of Mr. Clear-man’s suggestion. The motion, as I recall it, was: ‘Move that the manager be directed to see counsel, and to have him ask Fred Crow to make an accounting of all the telephone company’s money that he had received.’ I took down this motion in the language I have stated, as I recall it. Before I made this motion, it was understood that we were to call a meeting of the board of directors, and to make an estimate of what it would cost to bring a suit against Fred Crow, if he didn’t make an accounting without a suit.
It appears from the evidence that R. K. Luse was then manager of the defendant company. It does not appear that he did anything under this resolution in the way of procuring Crow to make any settlement. The plaintiff claims that the contract of employment, under and by virtue of which the
In view of the fact that the court did not submit these questions to the jury, the defendant is entitled to the most favorable construction that this testimony will bear, and, from the testimony of Eddy it affirmatively appears that the manager Luse was appointed to act for the corporation, touching an accounting with Crow, and not the president. We think there was nothing in these meetings which authorized J. TI. Bohret to employ counsel, institute and prosecute these suits in the name of the defendant company, and bind the company in respect thereto by contracts made by him.
There are cases in which the ordinary business of a corporation is conducted by its president, and the company receives the benefits of contracts and purchases made by him, and in these eases it is held that the natural inference is that he, as its president, has been endowed with the power to direct its operation and manage the transactions for which it was organized. This is only another way of showing the delegation of power to manage the business of the corporation. The character of the business transacted, the purpose for which the corporation was organized, the fact that the president was put in charge of that business, and in the management and control of it, even where the power is vested in a board of directors to manage the business — the inference may be from that that the board has delegated him authority to act for and to bind the corporation. These are questions of fact, purely questions of fact.
Such is the rule in White v. Elgin Creamery Co. and this is the rule of agency. Where the principal allows another to act in the capacity of agent, with apparent authority to act for and in behalf of the principal, and the principal receives the benefits, he is estopped from denying the authority of the agent to act for and bind him. A special agent can only bind his principal within the limit of the authority granted. A
There was evidence in this record that the president had no power to do the acts by the doing of which this defendant is now sought to be bound. But in this case, as there are no facts disclosed by the record showing the course of business in which Rohret had been engaged for the company, or that he had ever transacted any business for the company, or that the business attempted to be transacted here had relation to the purpose and object for which the corporation was organized, or in the furtherance of its interests in that respect, there was nothing from which the power to make this contract could be inferred.
It seems that, prior to the commencement of this suit, the stockholders held the regular annual meeting for the purpose of electing officers; that some controversy arose, and the stockholders divided into two factions, and a set of officers was elected by each division. Thereafter this suit of Newkirk v. Rohret was commenced by certain of the parties, who
There is a controversy in the evidence as to who was present at the time this stipulation was made, and as to the number of stockholders present. Eddy and Crow both testified that they never heard of this agreement, touching the continuation of the case against Crow, and the continuation of plaintiff in the employment of the defendant, until the same was read by the reporter, as a witness, in this case. It appears that this stipulation was dictated to and taken down by the shorthand reporter, and it does not appear that the same was ever transcribed, or filed in any other way in the cause.
At the time this suit was commenced, it was not determined who were the directors elected by the stockholders to represent it at the previous anual meeting. The matter was then in dispute, and the suit was brought for the sole purpose of determining who had been legally elected to represent the company. It appears from the record that the plaintiff was employed, not to represent the company, but to represent one side of the contending parties in this controversy, and, under the stipulation, the costs made in the proceeding were taxed one-half to each of the contending parties, and each party directed to pay his costs.
George Clearman, a witness for the plaintiff, testified in the case of State of Iowa v. Rohret, Luse, and himself: ‘ ‘ Judge Ney was employed as one of our attorneys. Rohret, Luse and myself employed him to appear for us in that case. On the trial, I came in after the agreement had been made, but it was read to me. I did not have any especial agreement with an attorney. Mr. Rohret was running that. I didn’t take very much interest in it.”
Chas. S. Crow, one of the directors, testified, touching this stipulation, as follows:
Q. Now tell the jury whether or not you were told of*546 the fact by any one that day that there was going to be any stipulation made, or anything put in the stipulation to the effect that John J. Ney was to be permitted and employed to act in the case of Eastern Telephone Co. v. Crow. A. No. Q. I will ask you whether, at the time or any time thereafter, you had any knowledge that the stipulation entered into in that case contained any such provision as the following: ‘And it is further agreed that nothing in this stipulation is to interfere in any manner, with the prosecution of the case against Fred Crow for an accounting, and that the employment of John J. Ney for the prosecution is to be continued.’ A. I had not that knowledge. (He then said:) A knowledge of this fact did not get to me until I got here in court, and in this action — the case now on trial.
He further stated that he was a director during the year 1910, and attended all the meetings, and that there was no motion or resolution made by the directors authorizing the employment of Ney, as an attorney, in any matter concerning the telephone company.
Rohret testified:
This controversy between the candidates for office, grew out of the fact that if the directors favorable to Crow should be elected, the case against Crow might be dismissed, and to prevent that, it was necessary that such directors should not be elected, and this suit involved no question except that relating to the right of the several contestants to the office of director.
The attorneys in the case were not the attorneys of the defendant. They were the attorneys of the contending parties. The stipulation was not made by the directors of the company, nor by its stockholders, nor by any authority emanating from them. There is a serious question in the record as to how many of the stockholders were present. There is positive evidence that some of the directors, if present, did not hear or know of the stipulation relied on. There is no direct evidence that the stockholders knew of this stipulation,
It was at least a question for the jury, and not for the court, upon the whole record as to what in fact transpired, and who was present, who took part in, and who assented to the stipulation relied on. The court could not say, as a matter of law, under this record, that this stipulation, under the circumstances, was a ratification, on the part of the corporation, of the act of the president in employing the plaintiff to prosecute the suit against Crow. It took more than a mere agreement of these contesting parties, made perhaps in their own interests, to bind the corporation.
The witness answered, “$2,250 or $2,500.” The whole question, which is not herein set out in full, contained statements of fact which may have been known to the attorney propounding the questions, but which do not appear in the record. This question we think highly improper and prejudicial, although the court stated to the jury in its instructions that the only question for it to determine in this case was the value of the services rendered by the plaintiff; that the testimony, as to what was done in the quo warranto case, could only be considered by it in the event it found it was necessary for the plaintiff to render these services in order to prevent the dismissal of the case of the Eastern Iowa Telephone Company against Crow, and in the event it did so find, then it might take the same into consideration in determining the value of the services rendered by the plaintiff in the cáse against Crow.
It appears that the plaintiff’s services were not rendered
It is true that the court, during the time that this long-involved question was being propounded, at one point in the question, sustained the objection of counsel for the defendant, but, notwithstanding this, counsel continued the question, stating many things that were not shown in the record as a basis for the answer, and at no time withdrawing any portion of the question. Nor did the court limit the question thereafter to the matters subsequently drawn out. It is true the court, when objection was urged after this question was finished, in which point was raised that the question involved many things not shown or appearing in the' evidence, and contained facts not supported by the evidence, and included other services than that rendered in the ease upon which suit was brought, said: “The statements that are claimed misconduct were taken care of at the time. These are not considered in the question. Eliminating these, the objection is overruled. That eliminates the first part of the question, and some portions in between. ’ ’ The court did not indicate to the jury, in its ruling, what part of the question referred to as the first, or what referred to as portions in between, was eliminated. "We think the objection to the whole question, in the form in which it was presented, should have been sustained, and that there was error in overruling. No matters should be injected into a hypothetical question that have not support in the evidence. Especially is this true when a witness is called to place an estimate on the value of services rendered, based upon a question assuming to state facts as a basis for such estimate.
It is apparent, from the whole record made in this case,
There are other errors assigned, but we think they are sufficiently covered by what has been said, and this opinion has already proceeded at great length.
For the errors pointed out, we think the ease should be reversed, and is Reversed.