129 Misc. 408 | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | 1927
Plaintiff brings this action against defendants for damages alleged to have been suffered by it as a result of alleged libelous statements appearing in two issues of an evening paper issued by the defendant corporation. In the afternoon edition of the paper in question appearing on February 9,1927, there appeared the headlines in large type at the top of the front page the following: “ Doom Reformers. Sumner Society’s 50-50 Split on Vice Fines Exposed. State Bill to End Purity Farce.” Above a photograph of plaintiff’s secretary appears in large type “ Fifty-Fifty on Vice Fines His Privilege.” The article begins: “ The New York Society For Suppression of Vice, whose activities have been directed by John S. Sumner, its secretary, and which has had the rich privilege of splitting fifty-fifty on all fines collected through its instrumentality will have to fight for its very existence before the New York State Legislature. This bomb shell, which reveals the astounding fifty-fifty split privileges on the fines brought about by this organization of socalled reformers, broke today in the lower house * * Then follows a sub-title in large type “ Fifty-Fifty Split Surprising.” The next paragraph reads: “ The news that Sumner’s Society has a fifty-fifty privilege on all of the fines it engineers was received by members of the Assembly today by surprise and indignation.” Another sub-title reads:
The first claim of the defendants is to the effect that the plaintiff not being organized for profit cannot suffer any pecuniary loss, and, therefore, is not entitled, in the absence of allegations of special damage, to maintain an action to recover damages for libel. This question does not seem to have been passed upon by the Court of Appeals of this State. Defendants rely in large part upon the decision of the Appellate Division in Electrical Board of
In the case at bar, however, the plaintiff is not a membership corporation but is a corporation organized by an act of the Legislature itself for a specific purpose or business. The purpose of the plaintiff as set forth in its act of incorporation is the enforcement of the laws for the suppression of an illegitimate trade. Plaintiff was incorporated to carry on this business. In section 3, subdivision 10, of the General Corporation Law it expressly provides: “ The term ‘ business of a corporation,’ when used with reference to a non-stock corporation, includes the operations for the conduct of which it is incorporated.”
The right of the plaintiff to maintain an action for libel would seem to come squarely within the reasoning of the Court of Appeals in its opinions in First National Bank v. Winters (225 N. Y. 47) and Norske Ameriekalinje v. Sun Printing & Pub. Assn. (226 id. 1). In the first of these cases (at p. 52) the court said: “ The same rule is applicable to a corporation as to individuals. Where the latter may recover without proof of special damage, a corporation may also. Does the publication tend to blacken its reputation and to bring upon it hatred, ridicule or contempt? It is true that many statements that might harm an individual would not harm a corporation. A corporation has no personal reputation. But other charges would affect it equally with an individual. A charge of insolvency — for instance, or that its business was carried on dishonestly. And so it may be stated as a general rule that a corporation may maintain an action for libel without proof of special damage if the charge is defamatory and injuriously and directly affects its credit or the management of its business and necessarily causes pecuniary loss. (New York Bureau, of Information v. Ridgway-Thayer Company, 119 App. Div. 339, 342; reversed on dissenting opinion, 193 N. Y. 666; Reporters’ Association of America v. Sun Printing & Publishing Assn., 186 N. Y. 437.) ”
The court further said: “ To say of a bank that it violates the excise law to protect its securities, or burns a building upon which it holds insurance, is a direct attack on its business methods. If believed such charges necessarily destroy public confidence in its
In the second case just cited the court said (226 N. Y. 6): “ It is now well settled in this State that a corporation may be the subject of an article which is libelous per se. Its ' right to be protected against false and malicious statements, affecting its credit, or property, should be beyond question. There has been some dispute in the cases as to the necessity of setting out the specific damage, which a corporation claims to have suffered from a libelous publication; ’ but the better rule is ‘ that such an averment is not necessary, when the language is of so defamatory a nature as to directly affect credit and to occasion pecuniary injury.’ (Reporters Assn, of America v. Sun Printing & Pub. Assn., 186 N. Y. 437, 440.) And again in Union Associated Press v. Heath (49 App. Div. 247, 253), cited with approval in the foregoing case, it is said: ‘ It is now settled * * * that a corporation engaged in business may maintain an action for libel without proof of special damage where the language used concerning it is defamatory in itself and injuriously and directly affects its credit and necessarily and directly occasions pecuniary injury.’ (See, also, N. Y. Bureau of Information v. Ridgway-Thayer Company, 119 App. Div. 339, 342; reversed on dissenting opinion of Ingraham, J., 193 N. Y. 666.) ”
The complaint alleges that “ plaintiff has been and is dependent upon voluntary contributions for its support and to enable it to carry out the purposes of its incorporation * * * and the only income of the plaintiff has consisted and consists of such voluntary contributions and the avails from moneys previously contributed. That such contributions have been and are solicited upon the representation that the corporation is so supported. That the prosperity and usefulness of said plaintiff depend upon its enjoying an unsullied reputation for disinterested public service uninfluenced by selfish motives or the expectation of pecuniary benefit or reward.” It does not follow that because the plaintiff is not engaged in business for profit it cannot suffer pecuniary loss. As a result of. the articles complained of it might well follow that the public would cease to contribute to the support of the plaintiff which would not only mean a pecuniary loss to it but would mean that it would have to go out of business, for it has no óther source of income.
The rule laid down in the case of First National Bank v. Winters (supra) is “that a corporation may maintain an action for libel without proof of special damage if the charge is defamatory and injuriously
To hold with defendants in this contention would be to hold that no charitable, religious or similar corporation could maintain an action for libel no matter how defamatory the charges might be and no matter how large the pecuniary loss to the corporation might be through the stopping of contributions, and the consequent stopping of the work of the corporation. Libelous charges could be made against the management of a hospital corporation which would have the effect of stopping all contributions, causing the corporation to entirely cease its worthy work, and yet according to the argument of the defendants because it is not in business for profit it cannot suffer pecuniary loss and cannot, therefore, maintain an action for libel. The mere statement of the facts makes apparent the error of the contention. In the case at bar, plaintiff specifically alleges that by reason of the alleged libels it has suffered specific pecuniary injury.
The following language of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in Finnish Temperance Soc. v. Socialistic Pub. Co. (238 Mass. 345) states concisely the results which would ensue if the courts were unable to protect from libelous statements a corporation not organized for profit. In that case the court said (238 Mass. 354, 355): “ If benevolent, charitable and religious corporations have no reputation which can be impaired or destroyed by libel unless special damages in some form appear, then an incorporated society supported by an endowment for the purpose of, and engaged in, the maintenance of religious worship, may easily become the prey of the libeller, who remains immune, because not being connected with mercantile transactions of monetary
In Chinese Empire Reform Association v. Chinese Daily Newspaper Publishing Co. (13 B. C. 141) the Supreme Court of British Columbia said: “ In my opinion no such differentiation is drawn in those cases between trading and non-trading corporations. A non-trading corporation has 'the right to acquire property which may be the source of income or revenue. And the transaction of the business incidental thereto creates a reputation, rights and interests, in no essential respects different from that of an individual or a trading corporation. They may be enhanced or destroyed. Counsel for the defense would have the principle enunciated in those cases confined to instances where the corporation was injured in the way of its business or trade, using the words synonymously. But I do not read into those learned judgments that limitation. * * * Non-trading corporations have their affairs, their business, their interests respecting property which must have the same protection and immunities and the same remedies in case of injury thereto as a trading corporation. * * * ”
The aims, purposes and business of benevolent, charitable, religious, hospital and similar corporations are as worthy as those of corporations organized for profit. They have credit and property and can suffer pecuniary loss. I can see no reason why the law should protect business corporations from libel and not protect charitable or similar corporations, and I am of opinion that no ¡such distinction exists in the law of this State.
Defendants’ third contention is based upon the fact that the articles are written about a bill introduced in the Assembly to repeal the act incorporating plaintiff. This is not a report of any speech on the floor of the Assembly nor is it a criticism in good faith of the management of the plaintiff, even if it is assumed that plaintiff is a part of the police system either of the city or of the State. The whole intent of the article is defamatory and the statement is made several times that the society engineers cases in order to receive fifty per cent of the fines. The purport of the article is that the plaintiff engineers or brings about the commission of crime in order to profit financially from the fines imposed. There is no question of privilege involved and this contention of the defendants is without merit.
The motion to dismiss the complaint is accordingly denied, with ten dollars costs.