221 F. 571 | 2d Cir. | 1915
Lead Opinion
These are tort actions brought to recover damages. The action brought by Annie Thierer is to recover for severe and permanent injuries to her left leg, which resulted in its amputation between the ankle and the knee, and for other serious injuries-about the head, body, and limbs, as well as for severe shock to her nervous system, for all of which she alleged she had sustained damage in the süm of $50,000. The action brought by her husband, Joseph Thierer, is to recover for the consequential loss of his wife’s services and society, and for the expenses he incurred for medical attention to her and for nursing, for all of which he demanded judgment in the sum of $20,000. The jury brought in a verdict for the wife in the sum of $6,500 and for the husband in the sum of $4,040.40. The injuries which the wife suffered confined her to the hospital for six weeks, and made necessary the attendance of a doctor for a year after she was able to leave the hospital for her home, and ever since the accident she has found it necessary to use crutches, testifying that since the accident she had never been able to go without them.
The defense of contributory negligence is relied upon to defeat the actions. When such a defense is to be interposed, there has been some question in the authorities whether it is admissible under a general plea of not guilty or must be'specially pleaded. This court heid in Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. v. Clark, 73 Fed. 76, 81, 20 C. C. A. 447 (1896), that the rule in force in the state in which the action is tried should determirie whether such a defense can be availed of under a general traverse. In the case at bar there is no question of this sort, as Mrs. Thierer alleged in her complaint that while she was “lawfully and carefully crossing the highway” she was struck and knocked down by an engine attached to railway cars controlled or operated by defendant and sustained various injuries solely by reason of the negligence of the defendant. The defendant in its answer alleged that the injury was caused or contributed to by the plaintiff’s own negligence or want of care.
The defendant at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and again when the testimony closed, moved the court to dismiss the, complaint on each and all of the following grounds: (1) That the plaintiff had not established a .cause of action against the defendant. (2) That the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. (3) That upon the whole case the plaintiffs were not entitled to recover.
The defendant also moved to direct a verdict in its favor in each case upon the ground: (1) That the plaintiff had not established a cause of action against the defendant. (2) That the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. (3) That it had not been established that defendant was guilty of any negligence. (4) That upon the whole case the plaintiffs were not entitled to recover.
“Now, as to the railroad’s duty, as I have charged you, you have got to find whether the railroad, was negligent or careless, or failed to perform its duty as it should have, before the plaintiff can recover, just as much as you have to find that the plaintiff was not herself to blame for what did occur. I have charged you as to a number of matters in which the railroad did not owe the duty of doing anything more than just to run its trains carefully, so far as keeping them on the track and handling the cars are concerned.”
The jury also was instructed:
“If there is a fair preponderance of testimony showing that the railroad company created the situation in which there was a dangerous crossing at that time, in which there was danger from the train coming 1'rom the south, and indication of a train from the north, which would deceive some one, if the defendant did not (through the seryants that were there and in control of the situation) perform its duty in either preventing the train from running upon some one who could not get out of the way, or in preventing that some one from crossing the track, then the defendant did not perform its duty, and if that was the cause of the accident, and if Mrs. Thierer was not to blame herself, then she can recover.”
The jury was fully instructed as to the duty of a traveler upon the highway before crossing a railroad to look and listen and use reasonable care, and that “the greater the difficulty of discovering the danger as apparent from the surroundings, the greater the care required.” There was no error in the court’s charge, unless the court was in error in submitting the case to the jury, instead of deciding that the plaintiff as a matter of law had been guilty of contributory negligence.
'I'he defendant was charged with negligence for failing to ring a hell or blow a whistle as required by statute while the train was approaching the crossing. The verdict of the jury establishes the charge. If the question of the negligence of Annie Thierer was for the jury, the verdict of the jury also establishes the fact that she was not guilty of contributory negligence.
These cases are in this court for the second time. When they were here on the first appeal, we held upon the evidence then before us that Annie Thierer had been guilty, as a matter of law, of contributory negligence. As the injury was inflicted in the state of New Jersey, we held the law of that state applicable to the case, and that under the decisions of its highest court pedestrians, before crossing railroad tracks at grade, were required to look and listen, and we observed that the plaintiff in her testimony “said absolutely nothing about listening, except that she did not hear any bell or whistle.” We said:
“The law applicable to the case is, of course, that of the state of New Jersey, where it arose. The highest court of that state holds that pedestrians, before crossing railroad tracks at grade, must look and listen. Mrs. Thierer said absolutely nothing about listening, except that she did not hear any bell or whistle. In respect to looking, she said again and again that, while walking at her ordinary gait, she looked to the south, and was struck by the train backing up from that direction the moment she looked. Of course, at that moment,, she must have been within the overhang of the train, the very situation that the rule as to looking and listening is intended to prevent. She did*574 not look before she crossed. Such looking and listening as she gave amounts to not looking or listening at all. If looking and listening after one is on the track satisfies the rule, it might as well not exist.” 209 Fed. 316, 126 C. C. A. 242.
There can be no doubt that a person is guilty of contributory negligence as matter of law who attempts to cross the tracks of a railroad without either looking or listening when the law of the jurisdiction requires the traveler to do both and he does neither.
[ 1 ] It is not questioned that, if the negligence of Annie Thierer contributed to the injury which she received, she is not entitled to recover. ■The general rule, of course, is that, if the negligence of the injured person contributed in any degree to the injury received no recovery can be had (Fletcher v. Boston, etc., R. Co., 187 Mass. 463, 73 N. E. 552, 105 Am. St. Rep. 414; Gonzales v. N. Y., etc., R. Co., 38 N. Y. 440, 98 Am. Dec. 58; Oil City Fuel Supply Co. v. Boundy, 122 Pa. St. 449, 15 Atl. 865; Mauch v. Hartford, 112 Wis. 40, 87 N. W. 816), although in some of the states it has been held that, to defeat a recovery on the ground of contributory negligence, the negligence must have contributed in san essential degree to the injury sustained (Birge v. Gardner, 19 Conn. 507, 50 Am. Dec. 261; Northern Central R. Co. v. State, 29 Md. 420, 96 Am. Dec. 545).
But what do the courts mean when they say that contributory negligence will defeat a recovery ? They mean simply this: That the law imposes on every person the duty of using ordinary care for his or her own protection against injury. Beers v. Housatonuc R. Co., 19 Conn. 566; Graham v. Pennsylvania Co., 139 Pa. 149, 21 Atl. 151, 12 L. R. A. 293; Gulf, etc., R. Co. v. Shieder, 88 Tex. 152, 30 S. W. 902, 28 L. R. A. 538. The law does not require the exercise of extraordinary care. Tobin v. Omnibus Cable Co., 4 Cal. Unrep. 214, 34 Pac. 124 (1893); Drake v. Dartmouth, 25 Nova Scotia, 177. And it does not demand the utmost possible caution. Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Bailey, 66 Kan. 115. Where there has been the exercise of ordinary and reasonable care, there can be no contributory negligence. The courts have defined ordinary care as such care as ordinarily prudent persons would have exercised under the same or similar circumstances to avoid danger. Chicago Union Traction Co. v. Chugren, 209 Ill. 429, 70 N. E. 573; Salter v. Utica, etc., R. Co., 88 N. Y. 42; Patrick v. Pote, 117 Mass. 297; Davis v. Concord, etc., R. Co., 68 N. H. 247, 44 Atl. 388. And the courts have said that in determining whether a plaintiff has used ordinary care, the age, sex and physical condition of the person injured may be taken into consideration. Hickman v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 91 Mo. 433, 4 S. W. 127; Asbury v. Charlotte Electric R. Co., 125 N. C. 568, 34 S. E. 654. In Wakelin v. London, etc., R. Co., 12 App. Cas. 41 (1886), Lord Fitzgerald in the House of Lords declared that contributory negligence consists in—
“the absence of that ordinary care which a sentient being ought reasonably to have taken for his own safety and which had it been exercised would have enabled him to avoid the injury of which he complains, or the doing of some act which he ought not to have done, and but for which the calamity would not have occurred. I have used the words ‘ordinary care’; extraordinary caution is not required, but if by the use of ordinary care he might have avoided the injury, and did not, he is not entitled to recover damages.”
“It has often been held in this court that ordinarily negligence or contributory negligence is not a question of law, but of fact, to be settled by the finding of the jury. Where there is uncertainty as to the existence of negligence or contributory negligence," whether such uncertainty arises from a conflict of testimony, or because, the facts being undisputed, fair-minded men might honestly draw different conclusions therefrom, the question is not one of law.”
And in Gardner v. Michigan Central R. R. Co., 150 U. S. 349, 14 Sup. Ct. 140, 37 L. Ed. 1107 (1893), the court declared:
“The question of negligence is one of law for the court only where the facts are such tliat all reasonable men must draw the same conclusion from them, or, in other words, a case should not be withdrawn from the jury unless the conclusion follows as matter of law that no recovery can be had upon any view which can be properly taken of the facts the evidence tends to establish.”
In Cowen v. Crabow, 120 Fed. 258, 57 C. C. A. 39 (1903), in speaking of the refusal of the trial judge to instruct the jury to find for the defendant on account of the contributory negligence of the plaintiff, the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Sixth Circuit said:
“This could only have been done if, from the evidence, all reasonable men would have drawn the conclusion that the plaintiff did not exercise that degree of caro which, under the circumstances, a prudent person should have exercised.”
And in Shatto v. Erie R. Co., 121 Fed. 678, 59 C. C. A. 1 (1903), the same court said:
“The question of contributory negligence becomes one of law only when fair-minded men, from the established or («needed facts, would draw the conclusion of a want of ordinary care. Where opposing inferences may be drawn, the question of negligence, under proper instructions, must be submitted to the jury.”
The rule is laid down in Shearman & Redfield on Negligence (6th Ed.) vol. 1, § 114, as follows:
“it is a general rule, applicable in all courts, that the question is to be subniitrod to the jury, not only where there is sufficient testimony as to the actual facts to leave a reasonable doubt, but also where the inferences which might be fairly drawn from the facts are not certain and invariable and might lead to different conclusions in different minds. The court is not at liberty ro withhold the question from the jury, simply because it is fully convinced that a certain inference should be drawn, so long as persons of fair and sound, minds might possibly come to a different conclusion.”
In Cincinnati, N. O. & T. P. Ry. Co. v. Farra, 66 Fed. 496, 13 C. C. A. 602 (1895), a case before the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Sixth Circuit and decided by Judges Taft, Rurton, and Severens, the facts were as follows: The person injured was driving across the tracks of a railroad at a public road crossing at grade; the last point from which one traveling the turnpike could see the tracks before coming to the crossing was 400 feet from the crossing, at a point where the road began to descend a hill to the railroad; the obstruction of view
“The jury is instructed that a railroad track is of itself notice of danger, ahd a warning to persons approaching a railroad crossing to look out for trains running on the railroad, and that it is the duty of a person approaching a railroad crossing to make a vigilant use of his senses in looking for a train approaching the crossing on the.railroad, and to use care commensurate with the character and apparent danger of the crossing in order to ascertain if a train is approaching a crossing on a railroad; and if the view of the railroad is obscured by intervening objects, it is the duty of the traveler upon the highway, before going upon the railroad track, to stop and look and listen for an approaching train; and if such traveler under such circumstances fails to stop and look and listen, and without so doing goes upon the track and is injured by a train running on said railroad track, which injuries would not have been sustained, except for the failure to stop and look and listen, then the jury must find for the defendant, even though the jury believes from the evidence that there was a failure by the employés operating the train to give notice by signals of the approaching train to the crossing.’
This instruction was refused, and the question of the negligence of the plaintiff was left to the jury; the court saying:
“That was a public highway. She had the right to travel upon it and cross this crossing, but she was under obligation, in duty bound, to the relative right which the company had of its right of way, to use care and prudence herself. She could not and cannot claim damage if she has herself been careless or imprudent in approaching and attempting to cross that right of way, and by that I mean such prudence and caution as reasonably careful persons would take under similar circumstances.”
In the above case the plaintiff recovered a verdict for $5,000, an appeal was taken, and the judgment was affirmed, notwithstanding the fact that, as she reached the track, she had not stopped for the purpose of looking and listening.
In Grand Trunk Railway Co., v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408, 12 Sup. Ct. 679, 36 L. Ed. 485 (1892), the facts were as follows: The action was brought by the administrator of a person killed by a train at a point where its tracks crossed a highway at grade; there were obstructions along the right side of the highway for 300 feet before reaching the crossing, the obstructions consisting of houses and outbuildings and an orchard; it was not until 'a traveler was within 15 or 20 feet of the track, and then going upgrade, that he could get an unobstructed view of the track; the deceased had been accustomea to cross the tracks every day for several years; at the time of the accident he was driving in a buggy with the top raised and the side curtains either raised or
“You fix the standard for reasonable, prudent, and cautious men under tho circumstances of the case as you find them, according to your judgment and experience of what that class of men do under these circumstances, and then test the conduct involved and try it by that standard: and neither the judge who tries the case nor any other person can supply you with the criterion of judgment by any opinion he may have on that subject.”
And the Supreme Court, after quoting the above instruction, said:
“But it seems to us that the instruction was correct, as an abstract principle of law, and was also applicable to the facts brought out at the trial of the case. There is no fixed standard in the law by which a court is enabled to arbitrarily say in every case what conduct shall be considered reasonable and prudent,, and what shall constitute ordinary care, under any and all circumstances. The terms ‘ordinary care,’ ‘reasonable prudence,’ and such like terms, as applied to the conduct and affairs of men, have a relative significance, and cannot be arbitrarily defined. What may be deemed ordinary care in one case may, under different surroundings and circumstances, be gross negligence. The policy of the law has relegated the determination of such questions to the jury, under proper instructions from the court. It is theii province to note tho special circumstances and surroundings of each particular case, and then say whether the conduct of the parties in that case was such as would be expected of reasonable, prudent men under a similar state of affairs. When a given state of facts is such that reasonable men may fairly differ upon the question as to whether there was negligence or not, the determination of the matter is for the jury. It is only where the facts are such that all reasonable men must draw the same conclusion from them that the question of negligence is ever considered as one of law for the court.”
[31 After this examination into the rules of law applicable to cases of this nature, let us look into the facts as disclosed at the second trial • The defendant’s railroad runs through North Paterson, in the borough of Hawthorne, in the state of New Jersey; and here the accident complained o.f occurred, at a point where the defendant’s tracks crossed Second street. At this place the defendant has three tracks, which run north and south and cross Second street at right angles. The first track to the east was a storage track, the second was a passing siding, and the third was the main line of a single track road. The width of the storage track from rail to rail is 4 feet 8% inches. The distance from the west rail of the storage track to the east rail of the passing siding is 6 feet 10% inches. The width of the passing ‘ siding from rail to rail is 4 feet 8% inches. The space between the west rail of the passing siding and the east rail of the main line is 7 feet 7% inches, and the width of the main line from rail to rail is 4 feet 8% inches. The crossing at the time of the accident was not protected by either gates or flagman, nor was there an automatic bell to warn of the approach
We think this testimony is so materially different from that which was given on the first trial that the ruling we made on the first appeal is not applicable to this appeal. There is evidence on this appeal that she stopped and looked and listened. Her testimony is that before she crossed the first track she stopped and looked and listened, and that she did the same thing before she crossed the second track, and that, having crossed the second track, and as she approached the third track, she again stopped and looked and listened, and that in order to see for any distance to the north, from which direction alone she heard any sound of an engine, she was obliged to lean over to look, and that while she thus stopped and looked and listened she was hit by an engine or cars which came from the south. If this testimony was true she simply leaned over so far that she brought her body so dose to the third track that the overhang of the engine or cars moving on the third track, and which she did not hear, struck her. The fact that she wTas struck proves that she went too near the third track and actually projected her body into the danger zone. But is it to be said that, be
Again, much was made at the argument of the fact that this woman did not look to- the south after she crossed the second track. There was testimony in the case to show that the conductor of the freight train that was on the siding at the time of the accident, which occurred on September 26, 1911, went to the scene of the accident some time in February, 1912, with a photographer and a civil engineer, and placed cars south of the crossing “just the same as they stood at the time of the accident,” employing the same style of car that he had at the time the accident occurred. No views were taken on that day, and not' until August 20, 1912. These photographs were introduced as exhibits, and the engineer testified that from a point 2 feet east of the eastern rail of the third track he could see down the track to the south some 3,000 feet. The importance of this testimony evidently did not impress the jury. And this court did not hold when the case was here before, and does not hold now, that as a matter of law and under the circumstances she was bound to look to the south. She testified that she had been looking in both directions, but as she stepped away from the second track and leaned over she looked north naturally, for she heard no sounds from the south and did hear a puffing engine at the north. Naturally any prudent person would have looked north under the circumstances, and would have continued doing so until satisfied whether danger was threatened from that direction. She knew it was a one-track railroad, and that when a train was going in one direction upon that one track no other train could go in the opposite direction at the same time. And she heard no sound in the opposite direction. In a somewhat similar case, where the party looked to the north at a railroad crossing and was hit and killed by a train which came from the south, the New York Court of Appeals said:
“We cannot say that at that particular time he should have looked toward the south. Under all the circumstances surrounding the accident, we think it was for the jury to determine whether he exercised that care which the law required of him.” Kellogg v. N. Y. Central & Hudson R. R. Co., 79 N. Y. 72.
Upon the testimony as given at the second trial we think the question whether Annie Thierer was guilty of contributory negligence was for the jury to determine. If this court should arbitrarily say that a woman who stopped and looked and listened as this woman swears she stopped and- looked and listened, in the exercise of her right to pass over this crossing, was nevertheless guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law, we fear it would be calculated, as Judge Lurton said in the Farra Case, supra, “to condone carelessness and recklessness b-y railroad companies at public crossings, where the rights and duties of the public and of the company are reciprocal.”
Judgment is affirmed in both cases.
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). Plaintiff was found in fault on the former appeal, not because she looked first to the north instead of to the south. That she stopped and looked both ways while she was at a place where the cars on each side obstructed her view appeared on the first trial. The majority of the court reached the conclusion on the evidence then in the case that, when she reached a point just beyond the west rail of the middle track, the cars would no longer obstruct her view, and that there was the place where she should have stopped and looked both ways. The testimony on the second trial shows by actual measurement that from the point referred to, placing the ears as plaintiff said they were, there was an unobstructed view of 152 feet, quite sufficient, as the train was running slowly—about 6 miles an hour. The majority also understood from the record that, instead of stopping at that place to look both ways, she continued on while looking to the north till she came so near the third track which was 7 feet 7)4 inches from the second track, that she was hit by the train before she looked to the south. To me it seems that the testimony on this trial does not show that she did stop at all after reaching the place whence she could see up and down the track; but since my Associates are satisfied (as apparently the jury were) that she did stop after passing the second track I shall not dissent.
