73 Neb. 84 | Neb. | 1905
In this case the intestate of the plaintiff died August 9, 1899, as a result of an electric shock received hy him while serving as a fireman in lowering a truck ladder by means of cranks. The ladder was so constructed with straps along its side that it presented metal comers capable of cutting the insulation on defendant’s wires, and it had a metal connection from the top to the bottom capable of carrying down electric currents. The wooden spokes of the wheels of the truck on the platform of which the ladder was resting constituted an insulator, and the firemen in wet clothing holding the cranks by which the ladder was being lowered, and standing with wet feet upon wet ground, served to complete the ground connection, and a current down the ladder, through the cranks, and through the worlohen to the ground was the result. The fire had occurred on the south side of Howard street, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets, in a building running back to the alley; 40 feet above the alley the defendant company had secured the right to maintain its conducting wires and was maintaining them there to the number of 11. The wires were carried on what is known as an “arch,” a piece of timber resting upon poles at each side of the alley. The “arch” crossed the alley practically on a line with the west wall of the burning building. Of the 11 wires, numbering them from the south, the first, second and third were not touched by the ladder; the fourth and fifth constituted what is called “Opera House Circuit,” and when in use carried a current of 2,000 volts; the sixth was one side of a street arc-light circuit,
The foregoing statement is dra.AArn for the most part from the brief filed on behalf of the defendant company. Plaintiff’s counsel, as to defendant’s statement of facts in th,e brief filed, says: “I desire to state that it .is in the main a fair statement, although I Avould not be Avilling to admit that all propositions therein stated were established by the undisputed testimony.” The only important matter of fact as to which any dispute is found is concerning the insulation of the Avires. The legal duty of
The defendant claims that it owed no duty whatever to the fireman Hopper in reference to its lines. Tt is conceded that these firemen in pushing their ladder against defendant’s wires were not trespassers, because they Avere acting in public right and were entitled to invade the defendant’s property for the purpose of securing public protection against fire; but it is claimed that they were bare licensees who pushed their ladder against defendant’s wires, without permission, for their own purpose, and at their own risk.
It is also urged that no defect of insulation, which was in any degree the company’s fault, is shown to have had anything to do with the accident. The defendant admits that one witness, Rudousky, testified that the insulation on these Avires near this place was ragged and hung in strings; but he did not testify, nor did any one else, that it was so at any spot where the ladder came in contact before its metal corners scraped the wires. Plaintiff’s' counsel, evidently, does not rely upon defects of insulation as sustaining the claim of defendant’s negligence.
The averments of negligence in the petition, denied by the ansAver, are stated in the brief of the defendant company as follows:
“1. That the defendant negligently and in disregard of its duty did not keep its wires at the scene of said fire securely insulated, so as to prevent electricity escaping therefrom 'to objects that should come in contact Avith them. 2. That the defendant negligently and carelessly allowed the wires aforesaid to become grounded, or so connected with the earth as to allow the current of electricity carried thereby to escape into the earth, and failed to so construct its system of wires as to prevent connec*90 tion with the earth, which would cany the current of electricity to the earth. 3. That the defendant negligently and carelessly failed at said time to disconnect the wires in said alley, so as to prevent them becoming a menace to the lives of the firemen, and plaintiff’s intestate. 4. That the defendant negligently and carelessly failed to notify plaintiff’s intestate and the other firemen that the said wires, or any of them, were grounded or connected with the earth, so as to carry the current of electricity to the earth, and thereby render them dangerous to life. 5. That the defendant failed and neglected to notify the said Charles A. Hopper and others that the said wires were charged with electricity, which would be dangerous to the lives of persons coming in contact with them. 6. That the defendant negligently and carelessly failed to keep its wires so insulated and protected that the said Charles A. Hopper and others would not be injured as a result of coming in contact with them. 7. That the lineman in the employ of the defendant, when the ladder was about to be lowered to the truck, notified the firemen and Charles A. Hopper that the wires upon, the poles in the alley were dead wires, and that it was not until after such notification that the firemen and said Hopper commenced to lower the ladder by means of the machinery upon said truck.”
This summary is acknowledged by plaintiff’s counsel to be correct except for one omission. Plaintiff says that the petition also charges that it was the defendant’s duty under the city ordinance to have its lineman at the scene of the fire for the purpose of removing “deadly wires,” so that plaintiff’s intestate would not be injured by them, but that the defendant negligently failed to perform such duty to Hopper’s injury. The summary therefore, with this addition, may be taken to fairly represent the case which the plaintiff seeks to make. It is that defendant’s wires were not properly insulated; were negligently permitted to become “grounded”; were not disconnected at the fire, so as to prevent their being a menace to life;
As above suggested, the defendant declares that it owed no duty to these firemen whatever; that such right of entry as they had upon defendant’s wires they had against the wires and not against the owner; and that, by way of preparation for such invasion, the owner was not bound to insulate, nor to do anything except refrain from resistance and from establishing anything in the nature of a trap, to the firemen’s injury; that the latter were bare licensees, and that the duty of the company is fully discharged if it permits them without resistance to go upon
Defendant cites Omaha & R. V. R. Co. v. Martin, 14 Neb. 295, a case in which one driving where the public had been accustomed to pass on the company’s premises fell into a hole, and was held to have no right of recovery against the railroad company who dug it, because the company had not invited him to come on its premises and had assumed no responsibility for his safety there.
In Redigan v. Boston & M. R. Co., 155 Mass. 44, it is held that a bare licensee has some rights; the landowner may not shoot him, and may not run him down without proper warning. The landowner may be responsible if he arranges a trap expecting the licensee to fall in, but as a general rule the latter comes at his own risk and must take the premises as he finds them.
In Richards v. Connell, 45 Neb. 467, the owner of a pond of a dangerous depth is held not required to fence it or to otherwise insure the safety of strangers, old or young, who may come to the premises, not by invitation, expressed or implied, but for purposes of amusement or from motives of curiosity. In that case this court say that liability of the owner for injury incurred on his premises results in three classel^pf cases: 1. Where the owner has made or permitted some construction dangerously near to a public highway, so as to injure one in the rightful use thereof. 2. Has left negligently exposed dangerous machinery likely to attract children and resulting in their injury, as in the turntable cases, which constitute a'recognized exception to the rule. 3. Where the injured party was present by the invitation, expressed or implied, of the owner.
In Hamilton v. Minneapolis Desk Mfg. Co., 78 Minn. 3, 80 N. W. 693, where a fireman fell through an uncovered elevator shaft, it was held that he could recover
“By the rules of the common law, a fireman going upon the premises of another, under the circumstances appearing in this record, could not recover damages for such an injury. However hard such a rule may seem, it appears to be settled that the owner or occupant of a building owed no duty to keep it in a reasonably safe condition for members of a public fire department who might, in the exercise of their duties, have occasion to enter the building.”
In Woodruff v. Bowen, 136 Ind. 431, 34 N. E. 1113, in which the plaintiff’s intestate and ten other firemen were killed by the falling of a roof on which they were standing in discharge of their duty, negligence in constructing the building and knowledge of its unsafe condition on the part of the gwner were alleged. Recovery Avas refused. The court say:
“We think that the authorities fully establish the rule that the licenser owes to the mere licensee no duty except that of abstaining from any positive wrongful act which may result in his injury, and that the licensee takes all risk as to the safe condition of the premises upon which he enters. To the question now under discussion, decisions based upon expressed statutes or ordinances, as well as decisions based upon the fact that the injured'-party entered the premises under an invitation, express or implied, are not applicable. We are of the opinion that the OAvner of a building in a populous city does not owe it as a duty at common law, independent of any statute or ordinance, to keep such building safe for firemen or other officers, who, in a contingency, may enter the same under a license conferred by law.”
A similar holding is found in Faris v. Hoberg, 134 Ind. 269, 33 N. E. 1028, where the plaintiff entered a store from the alley at the back door and fell into an open elevator shaft; the visitor was held to be a mere licensee and unable to recover, because there was no duty on the
In Augusta R. Co. v. Andrews, 89 Ga. 653, a lineman for a telephone company in doing his work placed a telephone wire above and across a fire-alarm wire, and for this purpose ascended the pole of the fire-alarm system, and while on the pole, in passing the telephone wire over the fire-alarm wire, he received an electric shock whch caused him to fall; he claimed.that a street railway company had been negligent in constructing a feed wire so that it came in contact with the fire-alarm wire and charged it with a dangerous current, and that this negligence was the sole cause of his injury. It was held that the street railway company owed him no duty and was not liable for any injuries that happened to him while, without permission, he was a trespasser upon the pole of the fire-alarm system.
Hector v. Boston Electric Light Co., 161 Mass. 558, also on rehearing, 174 Mass. 212, is a case wherein the electric company and a telephone company were jointly using a standard on the roof of a building in Boston to support their wires; they also maintained their wires over the roof of another building, but not jointly, their wires there being in separate groups. Plaintiff, a lineman of the telephone company, went on the second building by permission of the owners. While on this roof he went to the electric company’s wires to look down at the other building, and came in contact with one of that company’s wires from which the insulation was gone, and he received an injury. It was held that the light company owed no duty to the plaintiff to have these wires insulated at that point; that he had no authority from the light company to approach its wires on the second building, and that if he did so and received an injury there could be no recovery.
In McCaughna v. Owosso & Corunna Electric Co., 129 Mich. 406, 89 N. W. 73, one who was passing over private grounds where the public sometimes went, but in the face of a warning from the owners not to do so, was held to
The controlling precedent is said to be Hargreaves v. Deacon, 25 Mich. 1, in which recovery was denied for the death of a child of tender years, who fell into an uncovered cistern, not adjoining a highway, and which had not been left uncovered with design or expectation to harm anyone.
The cases seem to establish that, in the absence of any statute or ordinance prescribing a duty toward firemen bn the part of the owner of premises, the latter is not liable for anything short of a designed injury. The trial court, however, seems to have instructed the jury on the theory that there was a duty to insulate for the protection of firemen, merely as such, and that there was evidence of this duty having been unperformed. We are constrained to think that under the circumstances the firemen had no right to rely iipon any insulation, and that there is no sufficient evidence that a failure to properly insulate defendant’s wires had anything' to do with causing this injury. The trial court instructed as to this matter as follows:
“I further instruct you that those who employ, in the prosecution of their business, a palpably and highly dangerous agency, such as electricity, are bound to exercise such precautions to prevent injury to others as the emergency would reasonably seem to require, and where wires of an electric company extend along, over and above the streets and alleys of a city, carrying a highly dangerous current of electricity, the law requires the exercise of care, skill and caution commensurate with danger to be apprehended, in the construction, inspection and repair of the wires, so as to keep them harmless at places where persons are liable to come in contact with them.”
By the 9th instruction the jury were told that if they thought that a reasonable degree of care and skill required defendant to keep all its wires securely insulated and keep them from ground connections, then a failure to
The 10th instruction was in these words:
“The evidence shows that Hopper at the time he lost his life was engaged at work in this alley, where he had a right to be, in pursuance of duty under his employment by the city of Omaha as a public fireman. You are instructed that it Avas therefore the duty of the defendant company to use and exercise care, skill and caution commensurate with the danger to be apprehended, as explained in these instructions, in the insulation of its wires running over and along the said alley, and in the transmission of the currents of electricity on said wires, at such places as the deceased in the proper discharge of his said duties might come in contact therewith.”
No attempt is made on the part of the plaintiff to sustain this portion of the case. No authority is given for throwing on the company an absolute duty to so insula(e its wires as to resist attacks, 'such as are sIioavu in this case, nor for a like duty as to preventing ground connections. It is not thought that while operating its lines the defendant company was an insurer to either firemen or others that the insulation of its wires could not be penetrated by the edges of this ladder. A jury ought not to be permitted to find such a duty, as a matter of fact, from the evidence in this case.
It is urged, however, that there was a duty resting upon the defendant at the time of this accident to “disconnect and remove any wires or cables which might become a menace to life and property.” Sections 53 and 131 of the city charter, as then existing, are cited as giving the city council' general authority to malee police regulations for the welfare, health, safety and security of the city, and to pass proper ordinances therefor. Special uthority was given to regulate and provide for street lighting, electric power or other apparatus, and to regu
“Section 1. That all corporations, companies and individuals owning and operating overhead wires shall in time of fire send one or mo're linemen to the scene of fire, who shall report, to the chief of the fire department or the city electrician, and they shall disconnect and remove any wires or cables which may become a menace to life and property.”
It is claimed on behalf of the plaintiff that under this ordinance it was the defendant’s duty to have a lineman at the fire and to decide at its peril what wires were a menace to life and property, and if any were found to be so to remove them. The defendant on the other hand says that the only duty imposed upon the company by this ordinance is to furnish a lineman, and at this fire one was present; the defendant asserts that the provision for the lineman to report for duty to the chief of the fire department or to the city electrician, and that “they shall disconnect” any unsafe wires, makes the lineman a mere subordinate whom the light company must furnish to act under the orders of the chief of the fire department or the city electrician. Defendant says that it is obvious that the general control at a fire must be in the hands of the city authorities; that it is plain that the ordinance intended to confer no authority upon the defendant as to what wires should be removed or disconnected, and that it ore leaves the defendant no responsibility. It seems that prior to this ordinance the city had its oavu fire-alarm system and had linemen in its service, who were attached to the fire companies to attend fires and take care of Avires; that the fire-alarm service was turned over to the telephone company, and by this ordinance the electric company Avas required to furnish the linemen. It is urged that the city retained the same control over them which it had previously held over those employed by itself.
Plaintiff claims that the pronoun “they” as used in this ordinance refers to the linemen. Doubtless it refers to the linemen together with the city electrician and chief of the fire department, as the case may he. The disconnection must be, as above stated, in the control of the city. It is apparently intended to be carried out by the linemen. It may be granted that, if the absolute duty to remove all wires dangerous to life and property rested upon the defendant, the evidence in this case shows conclusively such duty was not performed. The wires were not removed, and the death of four firemen from contact of their ladder with these wires resulted. With the contention. of counsel, however, that the defendant was in such control of the management of the electric wires in connection with the raising of this ladder on the part of Hie firemen as to cast upon it any such* absolute liability, it is not possible to agree. The ordinance cannot be construed to create such a liability. We do not think a violation of it by defendant was shown.
It is contended on plaintiff’s behalf that there is »
Western Union Telegraph co. v. Mullins, 44 Neb. 732, is cited for the following passage:
“It is familiar law that a master is not liable for the acts of his servants unless those acts have, been done in the line of the servant’s duty and in furtherance of the master’s business, or, as sometimes expressed, the acts must be within the servant’s apparent scope of employment.”
In that case misinformation as to the relative location of Glenwood Springs, Colorado, and Seattle, Washington, by the telegraph company’s agent was held to give no right of recovery, although it was in connection with the delivery of a message and the misinformation caused the plaintiff considerable expense. The telegraph company’s clerk was held to have no employment warranting him in giving to travelers such information on behalf of the company.
In National Fire Ins. Co. v. Denver Oonsolidated Electric Co., 16 Colo. App. 86, 63 Pac. 949, where the owner of a building had been misled to his prejudice by misstatements that there was no danger to a building from the
In Coughlan v. City of Cambridge, 166 Mass. 268, the city was held liable for an injury to an employee engaged in working on a gravel train which had been furnished under contract, with its equipment fully manned, to the city by a railway company; it was held that the negligence by which plaintiff was injured was negligence of the city. “The test is whether, in the particular service which he is engaged to perform, he continues liable to the direction and control of his master or becomes subject to that of the party to whom he is lent or hired.” To this last proposition four other Massachusetts and one English case are cited.
Miller v. Minnesota & N. W. R. Co., 76 Ia. 655, 39 N. W. 188, and Hitte v. Republican V. R. Co., 19 Neb. 620, are cited to the same proposition. In the last named case suit was brought for the killing of plaintiff’s intestate by a train on defendant’s road, but it Avas shown that, at the time, the road was in process of construction, and the entire work, including the management of the train which did the injury, was under the control of the contractor, and the train and its crew were furnished to the contractor by the railroad company to advance the work. It was held that there could be no recovery. “In the case ‘it appeared’ that Fitzgerald Avas clearly an independent contractor. He had the use of the engine and cars of the defendant as a part of the consideration for the work performed by him, and if the engineer and fireman of the train which did the damage were borne upon the pay rolls of the defendant while Avorking on the contract, as claimed by counsel for plaintiff, * * * doubtless their compensation was fully accounted for by the contractor to the company. I conclude, therefore, that the train * * * was not being run by nor under the control or management of the defendant company, and that the defendant is not bound to respond to any damage, if any,
It appears in the present case that the city electrician ^ was present and that he had, before any statement by Brinkman, told the lieutenant in charge of the truck company that one of the wires against which the ladder was being pressed was dead at that time of day, and that the other was a low-pressure one. Brinkman’s assurance was simply added to his, and the action of Livingston in going up and loosening the ladder was already in progress when Brinkman made this remark, “That wire is dead,” or “Those wires are dead.” White had previously gone up and safely lifted both of these wires out from between the “barrels” at the head of the ladder. The work which was then under way was successfully accomplished on the part of the fireman who, with his bare hands, picked up this wire numbered 6. It is true that he was standing on a rung of the ladder and not upon wet and muddy earth. It must be conceded that if the defendant had an absolute duty to perform in the removal of these wires and the taking away of any which was a menace to life and property, the lineman sent to perform that duty on defendant’s behalf would be acting for defendant, and his negligence would be the company’s. But, as above stated, we do not think that any such absolute duty can be claimed ,to result either from the general doctrines of the law or from this ordinance of the city.
A large part of plaintiff’s brief is devoted to the proposition that the defendant is chargeable with knowing of the deceased’s dangerous position, and with almost, if not quite, criminal negligence in continuing to send its current through these wires notwithstanding such knowledge. We have been unable to find in the petition an allegation of negligence in this particular. It is true that the third allegation of negligence is that the defendant failed to disconnect the wires in said alley, so as to prevent them becoming a menace to lives and the firemen and plaintiff’s
It is not necessary in this instance to pass upon the defendant’s contention that there must be 'some contractual relation, actual or implied, between the injured party and the person whose negligence is asserted in order to create a cause of action by a mere failure to perform. In other words, there must be a legal duty. If the injury to this fireman had arisen AAdien he was engaged merely in working upon the surface of the street instead of raising a ladder in the air to touch these wires, another question Avould be presented. The defendant AAras only authorized to make such use of the alley as Avould not interfere Avith its use as a highway. It must put no dangerous constructions near enough to the higlnvay to imperil those rightfully passing. Danger to firemen pushing a metallic bound ladder against the wires, it had no duty to provide against, except by furnishing a lineman to disconnect them if deemed necessary by those in charge of the fire extinguishing operations.
In the case of Mitchell v. Raleigh Electric Co., 129 N. Car. 166, 85 Am. St. Rep. 735. it was held that, Avhere a
A careful consideration of the record and'each of the briefs of parties, together with the brief for defendant in error in the case of Bendsen against the same lighting-company, which is cited by plaintiff’s counsel, compels the conclusion that no duty to insulate for the protection of these firemen rested upon defendant at common laAV or by the ordinance. / In the BeiuJscn case counsel urge that the defendant coi/pany, with its Avires, is itself only a licensee in the alley, and had not the rights of an ordinary property OAArner in these Avires, which the city allows it to put up. Doubtless the city has the right to prescribe the terms on which they may be maintained. When those terms are complied Avitli, hOAvever, the property of the lighting company has all the incidents of other property, except as those terms modify it. No modification except the compulsory attendance at fires of a lineman has been pointed out. It Avould seem that the defendant, as the
It is recommended that the judgment of the. district court be reversed and the cause remanded.
By the Court: For the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, the judgment of the district court is reversed and the cause remanded..
Reversed.