Lead Opinion

Seabury, J.

I think this judgment should be affirmed. The letter of May eighteenth confirmed the sale calling for delivery on June twentieth. The attempt of the defendant, in its letter of June seventh, to repudiate the contract did not relieve it of its obligation. When the plaintiff refused to permit the defendant to repudiate its contract, the defendant wrote consenting to do that which it was obliged to do, but insisting that delivery should be made, “ not later than June 20th.” The original contract was expressed in the letter of May eighteenth,- and the subsequent communications did not alter the legal rights of the parties. Upon the strictest construction possible the plaintiff had until midnight, June twentieth, within which to make delivery. The delivery of the bricks at six twenty-five a. m. on June twenty-first was such a substantial performance as was contemplated by the original contract. While, in an action at law, upon an executory contract, time is regarded as of the essence, yet this rule does not require that the parties shall not have *295such reasonable latitude as is usual among business men. The contract is to be given a reasonable construction, with a view to giving effect to the intention of the parties at the time of making the contract. The allowance of such reasonable latitude is as much a provision of the contract as if it were expressed therein. A contrary construction would fail to give effect to the intention of the parties. As was well said in Furlong v. Barnes, 8 B. I. 226, “ A contract is not to be construed like a railway time table. The parties to it need not be punctual to a minute, unless the contract calls for that degree of punctuality to carry out its purposes; but it is enough that they are on hand so as to keep their agreement, as regards the time, according to its substance and spirit; and it is the duty of each party to conduct with good faith and reasonable liberality towards the other.” In this case the delivery which was made by the plaintiff was a compliance with the terms of the contract according to its spirit, and the refusal of the defendant to accept the bricks which were delivered was not made in good faith. In view of the circumstances under which the bricks were delivered, no damages resulted to the defendant; and the absence of good faith on the part of the defendant is evident from its previous attempt to repudiate its contract. The delivery was a few hours late, but was made before the commencement of the business of the next day. There is no suggestion in the record, nor is it claimed by the defendant, that it was damaged by reason of this short delay. No adjudicated case has been called to. our attention where so short a delay in making delivery was held to justify a refusal by the vendee to accept the goods contracted for, when the contract itself did not require or depend upon strict punctuality. In Buffalo & L. L. Co. v. Bellevue L. & I. Co., 165 N. Y. 247, after stating the general rule, “ that when a party by his own contract absolutely engages to do an act, it is his own fault and folly that he did not thereby provide against contingencies and exempt himself from responsibility in certain events,” the court says: “But there are many contracts from which by their very nature a condition may be implied that a party will be relieved from the consequences, of *296non-performance in some slight particular, when the obligation is qualified, or when performance is rendered impossible without his fault.” The rule that time is to be regarded as of the essence was originally designed to carry out the presumed intention of the parties. When it is clear that the application of this rule would be contrary to the intention of the parties, the reason for the application of the rule no longer exists and the rule itself is inoperative. The adoption of a reasonable construction, which gives effect to the original intention of the parties, is more in harmony with the spirit and reason of the general rule than is adherence to a narrow and literal interpretation, which does not effectuate such intention. The time of the delay was so short and, in view of the circumstances of the case, so plainly immaterial, that the parties could not have intended the transaction to fail on account of it. If this view be correct, the contract was fairly performed; and it follows that the rule of pleading, that evidence excusing performance cannot be given when performance is alleged, has no application.

The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.

GILDERSLEEVE, J., concurs.

Dissenting Opinion

Brady, J.

(dissenting). The plaintiff in this action had agreed to deliver to the defendant about 200,000 brick as evidenced by a writing marked in evidence, plaintiff’s Exhibit A, as follows, viz.:

“New York, May 18, 1906. “Messrs. Nathaniel Wise Co.,

“ Foot 79th St., East River:

“ Gentlemen.—We confirm sale to-day of about 200,000 brick about like quality we have been delivering you at $9.50 per thousand on our boat delivered alongside of your dock, you to unload boat. Terms cash within ten days after delivery. Delivery to be made by June 20.

“Yours truly,

“ The New Jersey Company,

“ Samuel Taylor,

" Secretary

*297On June eighth plaintiff received from defendant t-he following letter marked in evidence plaintiff’s Exhibit C, viz.:

“New York, June 7, 1906.

“ New Jersey Company :

“ Gentlemen.— Having bad so much trouble with' the last two cargoes of brick which we bought from you, you will please countermand our order for the last one.

“ Very respectfully,

“ Nathaniel Wise Company,

“ C. G. W., Secretary ”

On June 11, 1906, plaintiff sent defendant a letter, plaintiff’s Exhibit B, which contains the following: “We do not care to cancel the sale of the cargo of brick made to you for delivery about the 20th of June. You will have this cargo on time and we expect you to take it as per your agreement to do so.” This was followed by a letter from plaintiff to defendant as follows:

“New York, June 16, 1906. “Messrs. Nathaniel Wise Co.,

“ Foot 79th St., East River,

“ New York City:

“ Gentlemen.— We are loading the barge Saturn at the works with 200,000 brick to apply on sale to you made May 18 for delivery about June 20th. This boat will be ready to be delivered to you about that date as per sale and we hereby make formal tender of these brick and request that you give us your destination so that we may know where to send her as these will be ready to leave our factory on Monday or Tuesday of next week.

“Yours truly,

“ The New Jersey Company,

“ Samuel Taylor,

“ Secretary”

Defendant notified plaintiff, on June eighteenth, that it would receive the brick, if delivered in time, and sent plaintiff the following letter:

*298“ New York, June 18, 1906.

“ The New Jersey Company :

“ Gentlemen.— In reply to yours of the 16th inst. will say. If the brick referred to are of good quality and are delivered not later than June 20th inst. in accordance with your letter of May 18th, 1906, we will receive them, otherwise we will not.

“ Very respectfully,

“Nathaniel Wise Company,

“ G. W. G., Sec’y.”

The barge conveying the brick reached defendant’s dock at six twenty-five a. m., on June twenty-first. The defendant refused to accept the brick and, after notice, the same were sold by plaintiff for defendant’s account, the amount realized being $300 less than the contract price, and the plaintiff then brought this action. The pleadings were in writing, and the complaint sets up a contract between the plaintiff and defendant and alleges due performance. While the letter of defendant in which it sought to rescind the contract might, if nothing further was done by either party, have been sufficient to have relieved the plaintiff from the obligation of making a tender of performance, the correspondence and communications which afterward followed between the parties had the effect of restoring their original relations as established by the contract. The plaintiff alleges strict performance on its part. The brick were not delivered by the twentieth of June as the contract required. Where a plaintiff alleges strict performance he is not- entitled to give evidence excusing non-performance on his part. Eowe v. Gerry, 86 App. Div. 349. The evidence introduced in this case to excuse performance was received subject to defendant’s objection and was excepted to by him. ¡N"o motion to amend the complaint in order to conform to the facts proved was made, and if such motion had been made the court was without power to grant it. Eowe v. Gerry, supra.

Judgment should be reversed and new trial ordered, with costs to appellant to abide the event

Judgment affirmed, with costs.