New Hampshire Ball Bearing, Inc. v. United StatesNew Hampshire Ball Bearing, Inc. v. United States
V. Conclusion
By application of GRI 1 and 3, the court finds that the Blockbuster cosmetic set is “put up ... for retail sale” as those terms are used in GRI 3(b) because the items packaged in the set meet the particular need of putting on makeup. The court finds that the makeup contained in the set gives it its essential character. Under GRIs 1, 3(b) and 6, the court concludes that classification of the entire set is proper under subheading 3304.20.00.
Judgment will therefore enter in favor of the plaintiff.
Patrick V. Gallagher, Jr., Attorney Advisor, Office of the General Counsel, U.S. International Trade Commission, of Washington, DC, for Defendant U.S. International Trade Commission. With him on the briefs were James M. Lyons, General Counsel, and Neal J. Reynolds, Assistant General Counsel.
Geert De Prest, Stewart and Stewart, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenors. With him on the briefs were Terrence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer, and Patrick J. McDonough.
OPINION
CARMAN, Judge:
Plaintiff New Hampshire Ball Bearing, Inc. (“NHBB“) challenges the constitutionality of the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 20001 (“CDSOA” or “Byrd Amendment“) and the administration of the statute by Defendants. Plaintiff claims that it unlawfully was denied “affected domestic producer” (“ADP“) status, which would have qualified it to receive distributions under the CDSOA. The case is now before the court on dispositive motions. Defendants United States Customs and Border Protection (“Customs” or “CBP“) and the United States International Trade Commission (the “ITC“) each moved pursuant to
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, a U.S. producer of ball bearings and spherical plain bearings, participated in a 1988 investigation conducted by the ITC that culminated in the issuance of antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and spherical plain bearings from Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 8 (Feb. 11, 2011), ECF No. 27); Antidumping Duty Orders: Ball Bearings, ..., 54 Fed.Reg. 20,900, 20,900-20,910 (May 15, 1989). During those proceedings, NHBB responded to the ITC‘s questionnaires but declined to indicate to the ITC that it supported the antidumping petition. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 8). Consequently, the ITC has never included NHBB on a published list of ADPs, and, as a result, NHBB has never received a CDSOA distribution from CBP. (Id. ¶ 18).
Plaintiff brought this case in November 2008 to challenge the government‘s refusal
JURISDICTION
The court exercises subject matter jurisdiction over this action pursuant to section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980,
DISCUSSION
The CDSOA amended the Tariff Act of 1930 to provide for an annual distribution (a “continuing dumping and subsidy offset“) of duties assessed pursuant to an antidumping duty or countervailing duty order to affected domestic producers as reimbursements for qualifying expenditures.5
After this case was brought, the Court of Appeals, in SKF USA II, upheld the CDSOA against constitutional challenges brought on First Amendment and equal protection grounds. 556 F.3d at 1360 (“[T]he Byrd Amendment is within the constitutional power of Congress to enact, furthers the government‘s substantial interest in enforcing the trade laws, and is not overly broad. We hold that the Byrd Amendment is valid under the First Amendment.“); id. (“Because it serves a substantial government interest, the Byrd Amendment is also clearly not violative of equal protection under the rational basis standard.“).6
We address below the four claims that are stated in Plaintiff‘s First Amended Complaint.7 In Claims one and two, Plaintiff challenges the “in support of the petition” requirement of the CDSOA (“petition
I. Plaintiff‘s Facial and As Applied Challenges under the First Amendment and the Equal Protection Clause Are Foreclosed by Binding Precedent
Plaintiff‘s claims facially challenging the constitutionality of the CDSOA‘s petition support requirement under the First Amendment (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 20-22) and the Equal Protection clause of the Fifth Amendment (Id. ¶¶ 23-25) are precluded by the holding in SKF USA II. A claim that a statute is facially unconstitutional is rebutted by even a single constitutional application of the statute. See Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 449 (2008) (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)) (“a Plaintiff can only succeed in a facial challenge by ‘establish[ing] that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid,’ i.e., that the law is unconstitutional in all of its applications.“). In SKF USA II, the Court of Appeals held that the CDSOA did not violate constitutional First Amendment or equal protection principles as applied to Plaintiff SKF USA, Inc. (“SKF“). This ruling forecloses any possibility that the statute is facially unconstitutional on the First Amendment and Equal Protection grounds asserted by SKF in SKF USA II. Plaintiff‘s claims to the same effect therefore must be dismissed pursuant to
Plaintiff fails to plead facts allowing the court to conclude that the as-applied First Amendment and equal protection challenges to the CDSOA are distinguishable from claims brought, and rejected, in SKF USA II. The Complaint contains no assertions that the CDSOA was applied to NHBB in a different manner than the statute was applied to other parties who did not support a petition. NHBB “participated in the underlying ITC investigation ... and was included within the domestic industry.” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 8). NHBB filled out an ITC questionnaire but did not support the petition. (Id.). The facts as pled place Plaintiff on the same footing as other potential claimants who did not support the petition, such as SKF. See SKF USA II, 556 F.3d at 1343 (“Since it was a domestic producer, SKF also responded to the ITC‘s questionnaire, but stated that it opposed the antidumping petition.“). Consequently, Plaintiff‘s as-applied First Amendment and equal protection challenges are also foreclosed by the holding in SKF USA II and must be dismissed pursuant to
II. The Petition Support Requirement Does Not Violate the Due Process Clause Due to Retroactivity
Plaintiff claims that the petition support requirement “violates the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, both facially and as applied to NHBB, because it impermissibly bases NHBB‘s eligibility for disbursements on past con-
The CDSOA‘s petition support requirement has a retroactive aspect in that it conditions the receipt of distributions on support decisions including support decisions that were made before the statute was passed. See Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 270 (1994) (a retroactive statute attaches “new legal consequences to events completed before its enactment.“). Plaintiff objects on constitutionality grounds to the retroactive reach of the CDSOA. According to the facts stated in the complaint, NHBB was denied ADP status and distributions because of its decision, made nearly twelve years before the enactment of the CDSOA, not to support the petition in the ball bearing antidumping investigation. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16-18).
A statute that benefits or prejudices competing interests according to pre-enactment conduct is not, on that basis alone, violative of constitutionally-protected due process rights. In addressing generally the subject of due process challenges to retrospective legislation, the Supreme Court summarized an established principle, stating that “[i]t is by now well established that legislative Acts adjusting the burdens and benefits of economic life come to the Court with a presumption of constitutionality, and that the burden is on one complaining of a due process violation to establish that the legislature has acted in an arbitrary and irrational way.” Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15 (1976) (citations omitted). The Supreme Court further instructed in Turner Elkhorn that “our cases are clear that legislation readjusting rights and burdens is not unlawful solely because it upsets otherwise settled expectations.” Id. at 16 (citations omitted).
Later referring to its decision in Turner Elkhorn, the Supreme Court stated that “the strong deference accorded legislation in the field of national economic policy is no less applicable when that legislation is applied retroactively.” Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 729 (1984). The Supreme Court added that “[t]o be sure, we went on to recognize [in Turner Elkhorn] that retroactive legislation does have to meet a burden not faced by legislation that has only future effects” and that, as to due process, this “burden is met simply by showing that the retroactive application of the legislation is itself justified by a rational legislative purpose.” Id. at 730. Pension Benefit further explained that “[p]rovided that the retroactive application of a statute is supported by a legitimate legislative purpose furthered by rational means, judgments about the wisdom of such legislation remain within the exclusive province of the legislative and executive branches.” Id. at 729 (quotation omitted).
In Turner Elkhorn, the Supreme Court upheld an act of Congress requiring that a coal mine operator provide compensation for a former employee‘s death or disability due to pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) “arising out of employment in its mines, even if the former employee terminated his employment in its mines before the act was passed.” Turner Elkhorn, 428 U.S. at 20. The Supreme Court reasoned that “the imposition of liability for the effects of disabilities bred in the past is justified as a rational measure to spread the costs of the employees’ disabilities to those who have profited from the
In Pension Benefit, 467 U.S. at 730-31, the Supreme Court found no constitutional due process infirmity in a September 26, 1980 enactment of an amendment to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) that required an employer withdrawing from a multiemployer pension plan to pay a fixed sum to the pension plan if the employer withdrew from the plan on or after April 29, 1980. The Supreme Court concluded that it was “eminently rational” for Congress to conclude that correction of a problem that had emerged under the then-existing ERISA, the encouragement of employer withdrawals from multiemployer plans, would be “more fully effectuated” if the withdrawal liability provision contained in the amendment were imposed retroactively. Id. at 730. As the Supreme Court stated, “Congress was properly concerned that employers would have an even greater incentive to withdraw if they knew that legislation to impose more burdensome liability on withdrawing employers was being considered.” Id. at 730-31.
The Court of Appeals applied the test articulated in Turner Elkhorn and Pension Benefit in rejecting a due process retroactivity challenge to a statute imposing a portion of the costs of decontaminating government-operated uranium enrichment facilities on electric utilities who operated nuclear power plants. Commonwealth Edison Co. v. United States, 271 F.3d 1327, 1338-57 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (en banc). The Court of Appeals viewed the statute, which burdened a utility with a portion of decontamination costs based on the utility‘s consumption of enriched uranium over a long period prior to enactment, as “severely retroactive and costly.” Id. at 1345-46. Considering the length of the retroactivity period and the extent of the burden to be appropriate factors in its analysis, the Court of Appeals still found the retroactivity of the statute to be rational, concluding that a utility subjected to the obligation to pay compensation for acts prior to enactment “benefited from activity that contributed to a societal problem,” that the “liability is not disproportionately imposed on that party,” and that “imposition of retroactive liability would not be contrary that party‘s reasonable expectations.” Id. at 1346.
As a threshold consideration, we consider it relevant to our analysis that the CDSOA, even though retroactive with respect to an extended period of time, does not directly “burden” a domestic producer such as NHBB, who, long prior to enactment, decided not to support a certain antidumping petition. A domestic producer failing to qualify as an ADP because of its past decision not to support a petition does not incur a direct cost or a regulatory burden as a result of the CDSOA. Still, the CDSOA can be described generally, in terms the Supreme Court used in Turner Elkhorn, as a statute that adjusts “rights and burdens” of “economic life” and “upsets otherwise settled expectations.” 428 U.S. at 15-16. When NHBB and similarly situated domestic bearing producers decided not to support the petition, they presumably had expectations as to the consequences of their decisions that were grounded in then-existing antidumping law. Yet, upon enactment of the CDSOA in 2000, they were placed at a competitive disadvantage by the CDSOA‘s retrospective reach in being denied distributions that directly benefit their domestic competitors, i.e., the domestic producers who supported the petition. Plaintiff understandably objects that the CDSOA unexpectedly attached an adverse consequence (albeit not a direct monetary
Nevertheless, as stated in Turner Elkhorn, 428 U.S. at 16, “legislation readjusting rights and burdens is not unlawful solely because it upsets otherwise settled expectations.” Plaintiff cannot meet the burden of showing that Congress acted arbitrarily and without a rational legislative purpose in retroactively applying the petition support requirement in the CDSOA. When viewed in the context of how Congress, in enacting the CDSOA, treated the competing economic interests of those who supported past petitions and those who did not, that objection falls short of showing “that the legislature has acted in an arbitrary and irrational way.” Id. at 15.
The Court of Appeals previously concluded that “the purpose of the Byrd Amendment‘s limitation of eligible recipients was to reward injured parties who assisted government enforcement of the antidumping laws by initiating or supporting antidumping proceedings,” SKF USA II, 556 F.3d at 1352, and that “the Byrd Amendment is rationally related to the government‘s legitimate purpose of rewarding parties who promote the government‘s policy against dumping,” id. at 1360. SKF USA II, which involved a challenge to the CDSOA on First Amendment and equal protection grounds, did not address separately the issue of retroactivity, even though the CDSOA was applied retroactively in that case. See id. at 1342-43 (describing SKF‘s pre-enactment opposition to the 1988 petition). Because Plaintiff specifically attacks the CDSOA on due process retroactivity grounds, we consider whether “the retroactive application of the legislation is itself justified by a rational legislative purpose.” Pension Benefit, 467 U.S. at 730. We conclude that it is.
It was not arbitrary or irrational for Congress to conclude that the legislative purpose of rewarding domestic producers who supported antidumping petitions, i.e., the very legislative purpose the Court of Appeals recognized, would be “more fully effectuated” if the petition support requirement were applied both prospectively and retroactively. See Pension Benefit, 467 U.S. at 730-31. By doing so, Congress provided monetary rewards, in the form of reimbursed expenses, not only to domestic producers expressing support for petitions in future antidumping investigations but also to those domestic producers who supported past antidumping petitions that ripened into antidumping duty orders and who continue to produce goods competing with imported merchandise subject to those orders. By applying the CDSOA to the approximately 350 antidumping and countervailing duty orders in effect before CDSOA enactment, rather than only to those orders issued afterwards, Congress provided a reward mechanism that was considerably more comprehensive than one based only on a prospective scheme. See SKF USA II at 1350 n. 21 (citing Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“noting that under the Byrd Amendment antidumping duties ‘bear less resemblance to a fine payable to the government, and look more like compensation to victims of anti-competitive behaviors.’ “)).
The court concludes that the retroactive reach of the petition support requirement in the CDSOA is justified by a rational legislative purpose and therefore is not vulnerable to attack on constitutional due process grounds. In light of this conclusion, we are unable to agree with the
III. Defendants’ Actions Were Not Unlawful Under the APA
Plaintiff claims that the actions of the ITC, which refused to include NHBB on the list of affected domestic producers, and of CBP, which refused to pay CDSOA distributions to NHBB, must be set aside as unlawful under the APA. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 29-31). Plaintiff argues that “by treating similarly situated domestic producers differently, Defendants act[ed] in a manner that is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of agency discretion, not supported by substantial evidence, and contrary to law.” (Id.).
Plaintiff‘s complaint alleges no facts from which we could conclude that the ITC acted inconsistently with the CDSOA in denying NHBB status as an affected domestic producer or that CBP unlawfully refused to pay CDSOA distributions to NHBB. Instead, the complaint admits facts from which the court must conclude that it would have been unlawful for these agencies to have done otherwise in their administration of the CDSOA. Plaintiff states that it “participated in the underlying ITC investigation from the outset” (First Am. Compl. ¶ 18), but this allegation does not satisfy the petition support requirement in the CDSOA. Plaintiff candidly acknowledges that “because NHBB did not support the petition, NHBB was not on the list of affected domestic producers” and recognizes that the ITC refused to add NHBB to the list of ADPs “because there is no evidence [i]n the record of the original investigations that [NHBB] supported the petition.” (Id. ¶¶ 16, 18). Under these facts, the CDSOA required that Plaintiff be treated differently than domestic producers that supported the petition.
Thus, Plaintiff‘s APA claim is premised on an incorrect CDSOA construction under which a domestic producer who did not express support for the petition still could qualify for ADP status. Acceptance of Plaintiff‘s construction erroneously would equate participation in an ITC investigation with support for an antidumping petition. Because of this error of law, and in the absence of any factual allegation from which we we otherwise could conclude that either agency‘s actions were violative of the APA, we conclude that Plaintiff‘s APA claim must be dismissed. As to this claim, the complaint does not “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.‘” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
CONCLUSION
The First Amended Complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Plaintiff already has taken the opportunity to amend its original complaint. Judgment dismissing this action shall be entered accordingly.
Notes
Congress repealed the CDSOA in 2006, but the repealing legislation provided that “[a]ll duties on entries of goods made and filed before October 1, 2007, that would [but for the legislation repealing the CDSOA], be distributed under [the CDSOA] ... shall be distributed as if [the CDSOA] ... had not been repealed....” Deficit Reduction Act of 2005,