11 Conn. App. 348 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1987
The defendants,
The jury could reasonably have found the following relevant facts: On September 1,1983, Charter Oak and Hull-Hazard, Inc. (Hull-Hazard), were engaged in construction activities at the Farmington Avenue bridge spanning Trout Brook in West Hartford. Charter Oak was preparing site excavation for utility conduits on behalf of Northeast Utilities (Northeast). Hull-Hazard was the general contractor on a flood control project with responsibility for repairing the southerly portion of the bridge, which had sustained structural damage as a result of a flood in April of 1983.
As part of its repair of the bridge, Hull-Hazard removed a large steel beam supporting the southerly overhang of the bridge. This portion of the bridge included a pedestrian walkway and a small triangular parking area at the west end of the bridge. The southerly portion of the bridge, being no longer structurally sound, was closed to vehicular traffic.
The plaintiff, eighty-five years of age and a spectator at the construction site, was standing on or near the southerly sidewalk of the bridge. As a loaded cement truck owned by Charter Oak and operated by George C. Mulligan backed onto the bridge and its southerly overhang, that portion collapsed and catapulted the truck and the plaintiff into the stream below. The plaintiff suffered serious physical injuries
I
The Defendants’ Requests to Charge
The defendants’ first claim is that the court erred in refusing to charge in accordance with their request on the issue of the duty of care owed by an occupier of land to a trespasser. The defendants’ request to charge sets forth eleven points of law on the issue of negligence as applied to trespassers. The soundness of the legal principles recited in the request was not challenged. The court, however, rejected the request to charge as irrelevant to the allegations set forth in the complaint and responsive pleadings.
It is fundamental that the trial court need charge only on those points of law which arise pursuant to the claims of proof advanced by the parties in their pleadings. See Tierney v. American Urban Corporation, 170 Conn. 243, 250, 365 A.2d 1153 (1976); Novella v. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., 163 Conn. 552, 573, 316 A.2d 394 (1972); Franks v. Lockwood, 146 Conn. 273, 279, 150 A.2d 215 (1959). Our review of the pleadings indicates that the plaintiff’s revised complaint alleged negligence by the defendants in the course of Mulligan’s operation of Charter Oak’s truck, and not negligence arising from the ownership or occupancy of land. The plaintiff’s revised complaint does not allege that the defendants occupied the premises in such a manner as to make them responsible for its condition. Likewise, the defendants do not allege that the plaintiff prosecuted this action on that legal theory. The plaintiff’s allegations of negligence were based upon Charter Oak’s parking of a 7500 pound truck carrying an air compressor on the triangular parking area located
The defendants also allege that the court erred in failing to charge in accordance with the defendants’ request on the effect of warnings issued to the plaintiff by the workers at the construction site. The substantive law contained in the defendants’ request to charge concerned the duty of a landowner to warn trespassers of dangerous conditions known to exist on his land. See 2 Restatement (Second), Torts § 336, comment (d). Since such an issue was not material to the plaintiffs theory of negligence, the trial court correctly refused to charge in accordance with the defendants’ request.
The defendants also allege that the court erred in failing to provide the jury with any instruction as to the legal consequences of the warnings given to the plaintiff. It is argued that the legal effect of these warnings was placed in issue by the defendants’ general denial contained in their answer. The defendants claim that a reasonable warning may have been all that was required of the defendants to discharge their duty of
The plaintiffs principal claim of negligence was based upon the defendants’ conduct in backing a loaded cement truck onto the unsupported bridge overhang and adjacent sidewalk area. For the defendants to have discharged their duty of care under such circumstances, they would have had to warn the plaintiff of the condition of the unsupported bridge overhang and adjacent sidewalk and the resulting danger which would be presented by backing the cement truck onto the unsupported structure. The defendants do not claim, nor does our review of the testimony disclose, that any such warning was given. The testimony of the witnesses demonstrates that the plaintiff was warned about standing too close to the workmen using jackhammers and cautioned about getting in the way of the backhoe. Since the testimony of the warnings was legally insufficient to prove that the defendants had discharged their duty of care under the facts of this case, the trial court’s failure to charge on that issue could not be error.
The defendants further allege that the trial court erred in denying the defendants’ request to charge and in refusing to charge that the plaintiff’s refusal to heed the warnings given by the men at the construction site may have been the proximate cause of the plaintiffs injuries. The defendants’ claim is one of contributory negligence, which must be specially pleaded. See General Statutes § 52-114; Practice Book § 167. For the reasons stated above, since no such special defense was asserted in the defendants’ answer, they were not entitled to such an instruction. See, e.g., Faulkner v. Reid, 176 Conn. 280, 281, 407 A.2d 958 (1978).
The Charge to the Jury
The defendants’ second claim asserts that the court erred in instructing the jurors that they may take into account, while deciding the issue of negligence, “the various testimony as to whether or not the foreman gave safety instructions to his men.” The defendants characterize this instruction as beyond the allegations of the plaintiff’s complaint. See Matthews v. F.M.C. Corporation, 190 Conn. 700, 705, 462 A.2d 376 (1983).
“The test of a proper jury charge is whether ‘ “it fairly presents the case to the jury, in such a way that injustice was not done under the rules of law to the legal rights of either litigant . . . .”’A properjury charge must be correct in law, adapted to the issues and ample for the guidance of the jury. . . . Jury instructions should be confined to matters in issue by virtue of the pleadings and evidence in the case. . . . It is error to submit a specification of negligence to the jury in respect to which no evidence has been offered.” (Citations omitted.) Mack v. Perzanowski, 172 Conn. 310, 313, 374 A.2d 236 (1977).
One of the plaintiff’s allegations of the defendants’ negligence was that in the exercise of reasonable care they should have known of the danger of conducting their construction operations and that they failed to take any actions to avoid the resulting sidewalk collapse. We find that this allegation is sufficient to warrant the introduction of evidence as to whether the foreman gave safety instructions to his men and to warrant the court’s reference to this evidence in its charge to the jury.
The defendants also allege that the court erred in charging the jury on issues raised by the pleadings, but
It is beyond cavil that the trial court may not submit for the jury’s consideration any theory of negligence which is unsupported by the evidence. Mack v. Perzanowski, supra; Goggins v. Reinzo Trucking Co., 166 Conn. 240, 246-47, 348 A.2d 569 (1974). We do not agree, however, that there was no evidence to support these allegations of the complaint.
As relevant to paragraph 7 (d) of the revised complaint, the record contains testimony by several witnesses that a jackhammer was used on the bridge to remove concrete and to form trenches to lay conduit for Northeast. The air compressor carried on the truck of Charter Oak which was parked in the nearby triangular area operated the jackhammer. There was also testimony by Paul Cianci, a consulting structural engineer, that the unsupported sidewalk in question was in a severely weakened condition prior to the accident and that only a little blow or vibration could cause it to collapse. We find that such testimony provided sufficient evidence to consider whether the operation of the jackhammer or similar tools further weakened the sidewalk.
As relevant to paragraph 7 (f) of the revised complaint, the record contains substantial evidence that the loaded cement truck weighed in excess of the legal limit
The defendants also allege that the trial court erred in its instruction on the issue of proximate cause. The defendants claim that the following portion of the trial court’s charge on proximate cause was erroneous: “If you find that even though the extension span may have been in a seriously weakened condition, the act of driving the twenty and one-half ton cement truck onto it in that condition [was a] substantial factor in causing the extension span to collapse, then you are to find that it was the Charter Oak Construction Company and Mr. Mulligan, not anyone else, who are reponsible for the plaintiff’s injuries.” The defendants claim that the court, in effect, directed a verdict for the plaintiff on the issue of proximate cause.
Our review of the transcript reveals that the defendants took no exception to the court’s charge on this basis. The only exception taken to the instruction on the issue of proximate cause was unrelated to this claim and was made while the defendants were excepting to the court’s instruction to the jurors that they could consider the plaintiffs allegation of negligence as set forth in paragraph 7 (c) of the revised complaint. This specification claimed negligence in that “the decedent, George C. Mulligan, drove the cement truck owned by Charter Oak Construction Company, Inc., onto the sidewalk portion of said Farmington Avenue bridge when other vehicles, owned by Charter Oak Construction Company, Inc., were parked on the sidewalk area . . . .” During that exception, the defendants stated that there was “no evidence of proximate cause or that [the placing of the cement truck on the sidewalk area] was a substantial factor.” The exception taken by the defend
The defendants also allege that the court*® charge failed to provide the jury with adequate guidance to. decide whether the defendants owed a, duty to the plaintiff. This claim arises from the trial court’s; instruction that “[i]f the defendants knew of the presence of the plaintiff in the area where they were driving their track,, then they owed him a duty to refrain from injuring Mm as a reasonably prudent man would do.” The defendants took exception to this charge, because if failed to provide the jurors with proper guidance in; tibe event that they concluded that the defendants were, not aware of the plaintiff’s presence in the area. The defendants, argue that, “a charge that is expressly contingent upon the finding of a disputed feet, which charge is unaccompanied by any guidance whatsoever for the possibility that such fact is not found, leaves; the jury guessing about what the law is. No intelligent juror could find ample guidance in such an obviously incomplete instruction.” We disagree with the defendants’ claim that the jurors were not provided: adequate guidance as to their duty under the law should they find that the defendants were not aware of the; plaintiff s presence in the area at the time of the accident.
gence, specifically that the defendants; knew that the
Ill
Evidence of the Charter Oak’s Insurance Carrier
The defendants claim that the trial court erred in admitting evidence that Charter Oak was insured by the Aetna Insurance Company. Specifically, the defendants claim that the trial court erred in allowing the plaintiff to question the defendants’ engineering expert, Cianci, as to the identity and occupation of the person who hired him to investigate the accident. The witness had previously testified that he was hired to investigate the accident on behalf of Charter Oak. The witness was then allowed to testify that he was hired by John Scarpolino, a claims representative for the Aetna Insurance Company. The defendants claim that such evidence was irrelevant and extremely prejudicial. The defendants also contend that the trial court compounded this alleged error by instructing the jury that no connection should be made between an insurance company and any defendant in the case.
“Generally, in negligence actions, evidence that the defendant carries liability insurance is inadmissi
During the discussion which took place relevant to the defendants’ objection, the court noted that it was “a well known fact in this case that Aetna [was] in this case” and at no time until the present objection, did the defendants make any objection to the introduction of that evidence. The court indicated that it was of the opinion that no further harm or prejudice would be done beyond what harm might have been done by the prior mention of the Aetna Insurance Company without objection. The plaintiff’s counsel, in defense of his right to ask who had hired the witness, stated his belief that the jury had the right to know the motive and the reason why the witness was testifying. It should also be noted that after the witness identified the person who had hired him as a claims representative of the Aetna Insurance Company, no further reference was made to Charter Oak’s insurance carrier.
Whether the witness should have been allowed to testify that he was hired by the Aetna Insurance Company is a matter of discretion for the trial court. See id., 243. Under the facts of this case, where the Aetna Insurance Company had been referred to by name several times earlier during the course of the trial without objection by the defendants and the plaintiff’s justification for eliciting such testimony failed to demonstrate anything other than a good faith attempt to establish the witness’ motive for testifying, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in admit
IV
The IMfemdants’ Motions for a Directed Verdict and for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
The defendants’ final claim is that the trial court eiredim denyingfhe defendants’ motions for a directed verdict and for .judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The grounds proffered in support of their claim that thejpJlMBiiffifaled to prove his cause of action have been addressed fifty ha this ©pinion. For the reasons stated herein* the iiM ©ourt properly denied the defendants’ motions.
'There is no error.
in this ©pinion ithe other judges concurred.
This action was originally brought against the named defendant, Charter Oak Construction Company, Inc., Hull-Hazard, Inc., and the town of West Hartford. The plaintiff’s actions against Hull-Hazard, Inc., and the town of West Hartford were withdrawn. As used in this opinion, the term defendants refers to the named defendant and Charter Oak Construction Company, Inc., the appellants in this case.
This court is, of coarse, free to. recognize pMra error mot.brougMrtQ. the attention of the trial eourt where necessary t® serve; the interest, of justice. Practice Book § 4185. We find, however, thatthedefendant's”present allegation as applied to the court’’s charge, in tMs ease does not. constitute plain error.
