Nelson v. State Board of Health

108 Ky. 769 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1900

Opinion oar the court by

JUDGE HOBSON

Reversing.

Appellant, Harry Nelson, a citizen of this State, filed! his petition in equity in the court below in which he alleged that, after he had taken a regular course of studies at the American School of Osteopathy at Kirksville, Mo.,' for a term of years, he became a graduate thereof on September 15, 1897; that, since that date he has been practicing this system of healing for his support to the great comfort and relief of disease and sickness, having adopted it as his vocation in life; that osteopathy is a perfect system, having the approval of skilled and scientific men, and schools and colleges in which its doctrines are taught; that appellee was about to have him arrested for practicing osteopathy, or prosecute him therefor, under the act entitled “An act to protect citizens of this Commonwealth from empiricism,” approtmd April 10, 1893, and the amendment thereto approved March 18, 1898; that this act is in violation of the bill of rights, and is unconstitutional, or, if valid, that under it appellee is discriminating against the system of medicine known as “osteopathy,” refusing to recognize his diploma, or to give him a certificate; that the school referred to at which he graduated is a reputable medical college chartered by the laws of Missouri, with a large body of learned professors, and a large patronage of pupils, and as such is entitled to be recognized and indorsed by the appellee. He prayed that appellee be enjoined from molesting him in his business or profession as an osteopath, or pursuing him criminally therefor, and, if he was not entitled to this relief, then that a writ of mandamus be awarded him compelling appellee to recognize and indorse the American College of Osteopathy at Kirksville, Mo., and issue him a certificate entitling him to follow his calling in this State. Appellee answered, denying the allegations of the petition, and pleading specially that the school referred to was not a reputable medical college, and that plaintiff, as a graduate of it, was not entitled to a certificate from it. On final hearing the court below dismissed the action, refusing the complainant any relief, and the correctness of this judgment is the question to be determined on this appeal.

The proof shows that osteopathy is a new method of treating diseases, which is said- to have originated with Dr. A. T. Still, of Kirksville, Mo., about the year 1871. He practiced it more or less from that time until about the year 1890, when he opened a school for the instruction of -others. In 1892 he obtained an imperfect charter for his school under the laws of Missouri. This was perfected in 1894 by a charter in regular form, under which the school has since been operating. At the time the proof was taken in this case there were in attendance at the school something over 500 scholars from twenty-nine States of the Union, and several from Canada. In connection with the school was an infirmary, at which from 800 to 500 patients were regularly treated. There were twelve or thirteen professors in the school. Of these four were regularly graduated physicians, besides Dr. Still, who was a surgeon in the army during the Civil .War, and is said to have been a college graduate; but the proof as to this is not clear. Another of the professors is a fellow of the Royal Society of .England, and still another was for many years the circuit judge of that district. The buildings of the school are shown to be commodious, and suitable for its purposes. While its equipment at first was meager, it has gradually increased from time to time until now it would seem in some respects to compare favorably with other colleges. The patients treated at the infirmary, as well as those treated by appellant, appear to have been satisfied with what they received, and many of them to have been materially benefitted. There are four or five other colleges of osteopathy, which, with the one at Kirksville, form an association, and in five States of the Union osteopathy has been recognized by statute. The testimony of the witnesses, the character of the professors, and the evident sincerity of their statements, leave no doubt in our minds that the school at Kirksville is a reputable school of osteopathy; -but whether it is a reputable school of medicine, within the meaning of our statute, or what are appellant’s rights if it is not, are very different questions, depending upon the proper construction of the act itself. The purpose of the statute, as shown by its title,' was to protect the people of this State from empiricism. Its material provisions are as follows (Kentucky Statutes, sections 2611-2618):

“Section 2611. It shall be the duty of the county clerk of each county to purchase a book of suitable size, to be known as the ‘Medical Register’ of the county, and to set apart one full page for the registration of each physician. . . .

“Section 2612. It shall be unlawful for any person to practice medicine in any of its branches, within the limits of this State, who has not exhibited and registered in the county clerk’s office of the county in which he resides his authority for so practicing medicine as herein prescribed, together with his age, address, place of birth and the school or system of medicine to which he professes to belong. . . .

“Section 2613. Authority to practice medicine shall be a certificate from the State board of health, and said board shall, upon application issue a certificate to any reputable physician who is practicing, or who desires to begin the practice of medicine in this- State, who possesses any of the following qualification: (1) A diploma from a reputable medical college legally chartered under the laws of this State. (2) A diploma from a reputable and legally chartered medical college of some other State or country, indorsed as such by the State board of health. (3) Satisfactory evidence from the person claiming the same that such person was reputably and honorably engaged in the practice of medicine in this State prior1 to February 23, 1864. (4) Satisfactory evidence from any person who was reputably and honorably’engaged in the practice of medicine in this State prior to February 23, 1884, who has passed a satisfactory practical examination before said board. . . .

“Section 2616. Nothing in this law shall be so construed as to discriminate against any peculiar school system of medicine, or to prohibit women from practicing midwifery, or to prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency; nor shall this law apply to commissioned surgeons of the United States army, navy, or marine hospital service, or to legally qualified physicians of another State called to see a particular case or family, but-who does not open an office or appoint any place in this State where he or she may meet patients or receive calls.

“Section 2618. Any person living in this State or coming into this State, who shall practice medicine, or attempt to practice medicine in any of its branches, or who shall treat or attempt to treat any sick or afflicted person, by any system or method whatsoever, for reward or compensation without first complying with the provisions of this law shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined fifty dollars, and upon each and every subsequent conviction shall be fined one hundred dollars and imprisoned thirty days, or either or both, in the discretion of the court or jury trying the case; and in no case where any provision of this law has been violated shall the person so violating be entitled to receive any compensation for the services rendered. To open an office for such purpose or to announce to the public in any way a readiness to treat the sick or afflicted shall be deemed to engage in the practice of medicine within the meaning of this act.”

Empiricism is defined as “a practice of medicine founded on mere experience without the aid of science or the knowledge of principles.” The above act is therefore “an act to protect the people of this Commonwealth from the practice of medicine founded on mere experience, without the aid of science, or a knowledge of principles.” To secure this, it requires a medical register to be kept by the county clerk of each county, and malíes it unlawful for any person to practice medicine in any of its branches within the limits of the State until he has registered in the county of his residence. Authority to practice medicine under the statute can only be conferred by a certificate from the State board of health issued to a reputable physician having a diploma from a reputable medical college legally chartered under the laws of this State, or, if chartered under the laws of some other State or country, indorsed as such by the State board of health. Persons engaged in the practice reputably and honorably prior to February 23, 1864, are, on proof of this fact, entitled to a certificate, and persons engaged in the practice reputably and honorably prior to February 23, 1884, may be given a certificate after a satisfactory examination before the board; but there is no authority in the act for the board to examine any one who was not engaged in the practice prior to February 23, 1884, or to issue a certificate to such a person, unless he is a reputable physician having a diploma from a reputable college; and without such a certificate it is made unlawful for any person to practice medicine in any of its branches within the limits of this State. The appellant, therefore, having graduated in the year 1897, and not being a practitioner of medicine in this State prior to February 23, 1884, could not be examined before the board of health, nor was he entitled to a certificate from it unless upon the ground that he held a diploma from a reputable and legally chartered medical college of the State of Missouri. It is contended for the appellee that the law has conferred upon it the sole power to determine whether a particular college is reputable, and should be indorsed as such by it. It is contended for appellant that appellee, by the express terms of the statute, is limited in power, and can not discriminate against any peculiar school or system of medicine. It is urged with force that, if the refusal to indorse the school is essentially based on the system it teaches, rather than on the sufficiency of its instructions, the action of the board is without authority, and may be restrained by the courts.

This ' seems to us to be the true construction of the statute, and in a case where it was clear from the evidence that a discrimination had been made against a system of medicine we should not hesitate to hold that the board had exceeded its power. But, under the evidence, we are not inclined to think that the school re< ferred to is a reputable medical college, within the meaning of the statute. The terms “physician,” “practice medicine,” and “medical college,” used in the act, have' a well-defined popular meaning, and were used, we think, by the Legislature, in this sense. The term “physician” refers to those exercising the calling of treating the sick by medical agencies, as commonly practiced throughout the State at the time the act was passed. The • term “medical college” refers to those schools of learning teaching medicine in its different branches, at which physicians at that time were educated, or schools of that character organized since. At such an institution an essential part of the instruction was in teaching the nature and effects of medicines, how to compound and administer them, and for what maladies they were to be used. In such institutions also surgery is an essential part of the instruction. Without a knowledge of surgery or medical agencies, no person would be deemed equipped to practice medicine by any medical college; for these things lie at the base of the instruction given in such schools. Osteopathy teaches neither therapeutics, materia medica, nor surgery. Bacteriology .is also ignored by it. As we understand the record, it relies entirely on manipulation of the body for the cure of diseases. Its theory is that a large number of ailments are due to irregular nerve action, and that by stimulating or repressing the nerve centers by manip. ulation chey enable nature herself to right the evil. It administers no drugs; it uses no knife. It does not profess to cure all diseases. When a case is presented requiring surgery or medication, the osteopath gives way to the physician. Faith cure or magnetism has no place in the system. It relies wholly upon manipulation aiding the vis medwatria) naturae. The main things taught in the school are physiology, anatomy, and the treatment of diseases by manipulation. The system is new, and, of nee. essity, imperfect as yet, but, if we may credit the evidence in this record, is often efficacious where the regular practice is ineffective. Still a school which teaches neither surgery, bacteriology, materia medica, nor therapeutics can not be regarded as a medical college within the pop. ular meaning of those terms as understood in -this State when the act in question was passed.

Having reached the conclusion that the school at which appellant graduated is not a medical college within the meaning of the statute, it remains for us to inquire whether the act applies to him at all. The subject-matter in the minds of the Legislature in passing the act was to protect the people of the State from • the practice of medicine founded merely on experience without scientific knowledge. To effect this it allows only reputable physicians holding a diploma from a regular or reputable school to practice medicine, with an exception in favor of those then already long engaged in the practice. If the act applies to appellant, he can in no case practice his- system in this State; for, however well qualified he may be, he can not be examined for license as a physician, and he could not, without abandoning his practice as an osteopath, obtain a diploma from a medical college. If the statute applies to him, it also applies to trained nurses, and all others-of that class, who, for compensation, administer to the wants of the sick. The result of such a construction of the statute would be to compel every one, whether willing or unwilling, to employ a registered physician to care for him when he is sick, or to trust himself entirely to gratuitous services, however much he might prefer skillful nursing to medical treatment. It is doubtful if the Legislature has the right under the Constitution thus to restrict the free choice of the citizen in a matter concerning only himself and not the people at large. Taking the statute as a whole, we do not think that this was within the legislative intent, or that the act was designed to do more than regulate the practice of medicine by physicians and surgeons.

After it was -first passed in this State, there was a separate statute passed applicable to dentists, and still another for pharmacists; thus showing that the Legislature intended the act before us to apply only 10 physicians. Until these acts were passed, there were no requirements established by law for the practice of medicine in this State, and in undertaking to regulate the practice of medicine it should not be presumed that the Legislature intended to interfere with trained nurses or others, who, for compensation, attended on the sick without undertaking to prescribe medicine or to follow the calling of a physician; for suc'h persons are not within the spirit of the act, and could not well have been in the mind of the Legislature when enacting it. A statute precisely similar to ours in purpose was passed in the State of of New York. In Smith v. Lane, 24 Hun., 632, a person treating disease like appellant was charged with violating the act. The court held him not within the statute. Among'other things, the court said: “The practice of medicine is a pursuit very generally known and understood, and so, also, that of surgery. The former in. eludes the application and use of medicines and drugs for the purpose of curing, mitigating, or alleviating bodily diseases, while the functions of the latter are limited to manual operations, usually performed by surgical instruments or appliances. It was entirely proper for the Legislature, by means of this chapter, to prescribe the qualification of the persons who might be intrusted with the performance of these very important duties. The health and safety of society could be maintained and protected in no other manner. To allow incompetent or unqualified-persons to administer or apply medical agents1, or to perform surgical operations, would be highly dangerous to the health as well as the lives of the persons who might be operated upon, and there is reason to believe that lasting and serious injuries, as well as the loss of life, have been produced by the improper use of medical agents and surgical instruments or appliances. It was the purpose and object of the Legislature by this act to prevent a continuance of deleterious practices of this nature, and to confine the use of medicines and the operations of surgery to a class of persons who, upon examination, should be found competent and qualified to follow these professional pursuits. No such danger could possibly arise from the treatment to which the plaintiff’s occupation was confined.

While it might be no benefit, it could hardly be possible that it could result in harm or injury. . . . His system of practice was rather that of nursing than of either medicine or surgery. . . . He neither gave nor applied drugs or medicines, nor used surgical instruments. He was outside of the limits of both professions, and neither of the schools or societies mentioned in the act had jurisdiction over him.” A statute very similar to ours was passed in the State of Ohio, and in State v. Liffring, 55 N. E., 168 (46 L. R. A., 334), the question was presented to the supreme court of the State whether an osteopath was included in the statute. It was held that he was not. The court said: “The obvious purpose of the act under consideration is to secure to those who believe in the efficacy of medicines the ministration of educated men, thus preventing fraud and imposition, and to protect society from the evils which result from the administration of potent drugs by the ignorant and unskillful. The purpose of the act is accurately indicated by its title to be ‘to regulate the practice of medicine.’ No provision of the act indicates an intention on the part of the Legislature that those who do not propose to practice medicine shall graduate from a college of medicine, or otherwise become learned in its use. Without such knowledge, no one is entitled to a certificate from the board of examination.

The result of the view urged in support of the exception is that by this act the General Assembly has attempted to determine a question of science, and control the personal conduct of the citizen without regard to his opinion; and this is a matter in w'hich the public is in no wise concerned. Such legislation would be an astonishing denial of the commonly accepted views touching the right to personal opinion and conduct, which does not invade the right of others.” A similar ruling was made in Rhode Island. State v. Mylod, 40 Atl., 753. While the phraseology of our statute is in some respects different from that before the court in either of these cases, the purpose of the act is plainly the same, .and we think the same construction should be adopted. The thing in the mind of the Legislature, and declared by the act to be unlawful, is “for any person to practice medicine in any of its branches within the limits of this State” without a certificate from the State board of health. Section 2612.

And as the board is only authorized to issue a certificate to ‘ a reputable physician having a diploma from a reputable medical college, and no discrimination is allowed against any peculiar school or system of medicine, the penalties provided by the last section of the act must be limited to that which is referred to in the title and previous sections,— the practice of medicine in some of its branches in this State; and the words, “who shall practice medicine or attempt to practice medicine in any of its branches or who shall treat or attempt to treat any sick or afflicted person by any system or method whatsoever, for reward or compensation, without first complying with the provisions of this law,” must be held to refer to physicians or sur. geons belonging to some school or system of medicine practicing or desiring to practice medicine in this State, as provided in the preceding section; otherwise, this section would be made to include those not provided for in the preceding section, and the effect of the act would be not to protect the people of this State from the unscientific practice of medicine, but to deny to the sick all ministrations not gratuitous, unless by registered physicians. Thus construed, the act would be for the protection rather of the doctors of the State than of the people; and, in view of the general custom before and since this act of hiring nurses'and others to care for the sick, we are of the opinion that such a construction would do violence to the actual intention of the Legislature. Appellant is in no proper sense a physician or surgeon. He does not practice medicine. He is rather on the plane of a trained nurse. If by kneading and manipulating the body of the patient he can give relief from suffering, we see no reason why he should not be paid for his labor as other labor ers. Services in kneading and manipulating the body are no more the practice of medicine than services in bathing a patient to allay his fever or the inflammation of a wound. Appellant may not prescribe or administer medicine or perform surgery, but, so long as he confines himself to osteopathy, kneading and manipulating the body, without the use of medicine or surgical appliances, he violates no law, and appellee should not molest him. On the return of the case the court below will enter judgment granting appellant a perpetual injunction restraining appellee from interfering with him or prosecuting him for the practice of osteopathy as above indicated. Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

Petition for re-hearing filed by appellee and overruled, Judge DuRelle dissenting.