139 A. 564 | Md. | 1927
Charles Seiler, while walking in the bed of Roland Avenue in Baltimore City, was struck by an automobile driven by Arthur L. Nelson, and recovered a judgment against Nelson in this case for his damages; and the defendant brings up for review rulings during the course of the trial on offers of evidence, on a motion to withdraw a juror and continue the cause for misconduct of plaintiff's counsel to the prejudice of the defendant, and on instructions prayed by the defendant. The accident occurred at night on June 15th, 1926. Seiler, after having ridden on an outbound car far beyond his destination, walked along Roland Avenue back toward the center of the city, and according to his own testimony, was walking out from the sidewalk to the car tracks at the street crossing to wait for an inbound car when the automobile struck him. Nelson, who was driving the automobile — owned by his father — testified that he struck Seiler at a point in the bed of the street between crossings, and did not see Seiler until his automobile was too close to stop. The street at that point is lined by trees, and the car tracks are walled in by hedges, and there was a question of the extent to which the foliage obscured the road, and a question of the strength of the street lighting. The defendant's witnesses testified, too, that tar and gravel recently spread on the road bed added to the difficulty in seeing Seiler. There was testimony that the *67 plaintiff had been under the influence of liquor that day and night, and testimony to the contrary.
The appellant's father was joined as a defendant, but at the end of all the testimony and the rulings on prayers for instructions, a judgment of non pros. was taken as to that one defendant.
The exceptions group themselves about seven questions, and two of these of chief importance are here considered first. One is a question whether a defendant testifying in such a suit may for the purpose of impeaching his veracity as a witness be asked whether he has been arrested and convicted of violations of the motor vehicle law in the past. The defendant here, now appellant, was asked whether he had not been convicted before a magistrate, in Baltimore County, in 1924, of exceeding the legal speed limit, and he answered that he had been. Again he was asked whether before that he had not been convicted and fined for reckless driving in Montgomery County, and he answered that he had not. He was asked whether he had not been found guilty of driving without having his license in his possession in 1920 and again in 1923, and he answered that he had been twice convicted of that offense. Objections to all these questions were overruled.
It has been held by this court, and apparently by a majority of courts of other states, that to impeach the veracity of any witness he may be asked whether he has been convicted of crime.Smith v. State,
Confining ourselves to efforts to impeach the veracity of witnesses, it has been decided by this court further that mere charges or arrests, not followed by convictions, may not be shown. Bonaparte v. Thayer,
But assuming that the previous crimes which may be inquired about are not limited to those involving moral turpitude, the appellant urges that some distinction must still be observed between lesser violations of the criminal law, because some of them are so plainly without bearing on the witness' credibility and would commonly be brought into a case only for some ulterior and probably illegitimate purpose. And it seems to us this argument can hardly be denied. To admit as possible evidence of a witness' unworthiness of belief the fact that he has been convicted of driving over a stop signal, or making a left-hand turn where it is not permitted, would be unreasonable. Criminal law and criminal procedure are made use of for the enforcement of a large volume of mere regulations of convenience and order, wholly *69
without relation to any moral qualities; and while it may have been less apparent in times past, it is now at least unescapable that some discrimination must be made when the courts come to receive evidence of violations to impeach the credibility of a witness. It is not required that the evidence be restricted to infamous crimes or those involving moral turpitude on the one hand, but, on the other, the purpose of the admission, to impeach credibility, must impose some limits; the convictions should be of infringements of the law that may have some tendency to impeach credibility, and not all infringements do. No rigid classification seems possible. The principle generally adopted by courts which follow otherwise the practice followed in Maryland is that the trial court must exercise discretion when offers of convictions are made, looking to the purpose for which the evidence is offered, and that its decision will not be interfered with on appeal except when the evidence is so clearly irrelevant that its admission could not be said to be within the discretion lodged with the trial court. 2 Wigmore, Evidence (2d. Ed.), sec. 983. Third Great Western Co. v. Loomis,
Applying these principles to the questions admitted over objection here, we consider that none of them could bring out facts reflecting on a witness' credibility and their admission was erroneous. Convictions for driving without a license are so clearly without any such bearing that it is doubtful whether they could have a misleading effect on the minds of a jury, and perhaps their admission might be treated as harmless; but convictions for exceeding the speed limit seem more likely to have been harmful because of a possible suggestion of excessive speed in the case at bar, a fact of which there was no direct evidence and one to prove which the prior convictions would not be admissible. Balto. O.R. Co. v. Black,
Counsel for the plaintiff contends, however, that these past convictions, and also arrests asked about, would be admissible for another purpose in this particular case. An offer was made to prove that the father of the present appellant, owner of the automobile and a co-defendant, knew of the convictions and arrests of his son alluded to, and it was argued that upon such proof liability might be placed upon the father for entrusting his automobile to an incompetent or dangerous driver. The existence of such a ground of liability, if the facts were proved, was left unconsidered in Whitelock v. Dennis,
Discussion before the court and jury on one of the questions asked by the plaintiff about a supposed arrest of the defendant for violation of the traffic laws, without a conviction, brought a motion for the withdrawal of a juror and a continuance of the cause because of misconduct of the plaintiff's counsel, and the overruling of that motion forms the subject of another important exception. After the appellant *71 had been asked on cross-examination about violations of the traffic law already discussed, and immediately after an objection had been sustained to a question of arrest, but not of conviction, on November 17th, 1922, for failure to give a right of way to a pedestrian, counsel for the appellee asked whether on that date the defendant had not run into a colored woman and broken her leg and then, prior to the time for the case to come up in the traffic court, made a settlement with the woman to prevent the case from coming up. An objection to this was likewise sustained, and the court added that it was an improper question. Then the record of the trial continues: "(Mr. Boyd): I have got his report. (The Court): I can not help it, sir. It is an improper question. (Mr. Boyd): I do not think so. I am asking these questions in view of what I stated before, to show the recklessness of this man, and I am reading from the report made by this man to the automobile commissioner, and I am showing, if your Honor please, why the case was never tried. Now, that might not go, according to your Honor's rulings, for the purpose of reflecting on the credibility of the witness, but it does go to the main question in this case, for which these questions are asked, the recklessness of this driver and the attempt to bring it home to the father. (The Court): For the purpose of getting the exception on the other question you have in mind. (Mr. Boyd): Well, it is admissible for that purpose."
The defendant then made his motion that a juror be withdrawn and the case continued on the ground of misconduct of counsel, and it was overruled. And the court cautioned the jury to pay no attention to the question asked, and draw no inference from them, when objections to them had been sustained. And this was followed by counsel: "(Mr. Boyd): The question was admissible for the purpose I asked it. (The Court): Well, I have sustained the objection. (Mr. Boyd): But I want it distinctly understood that I am not conceding the question to be an improper one."
This evidence was not admissible, for an arrest on a charge of it could not establish the fact of recklessness, nor would *72
the fact of settlement with an injured person be evidence to prove liability or fault. Duffy v. State,
Generally, the choice of measures to protect the fair, unprejudiced, working of its proceedings is left to the discretion of the trial court, and only in exceptional cases will its choice be reviewed in this court. In the greater number of instances the injection into a trial of matter other than that involved in the issue to be decided is cured by withdrawal of it and an instruction to the jury to disregard it, but there may, of course, be instances in which it would not be cured in this way, and terminating the trial and taking the case up afresh before another jury would be the only adequate means of correction. Those instances are exceptional, but they do arise. Waldron v.Waldron,
The appellant urges that a photograph of the site taken in the winter after the accident, when the trees and shrubbery were bare of leaves, and in daytime, was improperly admitted because it was too likely to mislead the jury in deciding an issue of care in driving there at night when the foliage was full. The court admitted the picture with warnings to the jury on the effect of these differences, for the purpose *74
of making the situation and distances clear, and then, after having had its attention called to the opinion of this court in the case of Snibbe v. Robinson,
Admission against objection of questions put to the appellant on cross-examination as to the whereabouts and business of his father, the other defendant, is to be reviewed on another group of exceptions. These questions, according to the strict rules of evidence, being irrelevant to the issue to be decided, were inadmissible, and in the same situation in a retrial should be omitted, but it might be questioned whether the admission of them was likely to produce prejudice serious enough to require a reversal. The questions and answers were: "Where is he? I don't know where he is now. He is probably taking a ride with his grandson. Is he in the city? Yes, sir; he is in the city. What is his business? He is in the insurance business. Is he in any other business than that? Yes, sir. What other business? He is a member of the firm of the Baltimore Gas Light Company." The father was not a witness, so that his credibility was not in issue; there was no claim against him for punitive damages; and it would have been improper to convey to the jury by such means the fact, if it was a fact, that the defendants, or either of them, were insured against loss from the liability sought to be imposed in the case. And the relationship of *75
the son to a man of means, if that had been the fact sought, would have been irrelevant and inadmissible. Stockton v. Frey,
4 Gill, 406, 420; United Railways v. Riley,
Six exceptions present a question of admissibility of evidence to show the strength of the lighting at the place of the accident, but it needs little discussion. It is objected that evidence offered on this by the plaintiff in rebuttal should have been offered in chief; this may be true, but the court exercises some discretion in regulating the order of proof, and the evidence might have been received late without error. An objection that the testimony is not properly confined to the exact time of the accident seems not well taken, for it was testimony of the effect of permanent lighting arrangements, and the court appears to have brought it down as nearly as is practicable to exactly the same conditions.
Four exceptions are to the exclusion of records of two arrests and convictions of the plaintiff for drunkenness and disturbance of the public peace. The plaintiff had testified, at first, that he had never used intoxicating liquors, either on the day of the accident at or any other time, but on further cross-examination had admitted one arrest and conviction three years before for being drunk, and as to another instance, two years and more before, answered that he did not know; and the records of conviction in these cases were the ones excluded later when offered by the defendant. The exclusion of the first could have done no harm, as the fact of conviction was admitted. The second record might properly have been admitted in view of the issue of drinking at the time of the accident, but we should hesitate to say that the exclusion of it could not be supported as a proper exercise of the court's discretion, in view of the date of the conviction and the small number of convictions for drunkenness cited.
On the exceptions to rulings on prayers for instructions the appellant presses for review only the refusal of five of his *76
own, and these rulings may be dealt with briefly. Two of the prayers, numbered 5 1/2 and 6, asked that a verdict be directed for the defendants for lack of evidence to prove each of two allegations of the declaration respectively: an allegation that the accident was caused by physical inability of the appellant to drive, and another that it was caused by driving at a reckless rate of speed. These prayers were rightly rejected. Apart from any other objections to them, it is sufficient that there were allegations of negligence generally and recovery might be based on other theories of the facts even if these two theories were excluded, so that the court could not direct a verdict merely for lack of evidence on either or both of these. A prayer numbered 6 1/2 asked that the jury be instructed on the requirement of the law that headlights shall not throw a dazzling or glaring light to a height of more than forty-two inches above the road at a distance of seventy-five feet ahead. This was requested to justify the appellant's lights and his failure to see the plaintiff in the road until he was close upon him. It does not seem important, but we see no sufficient reason for refusing the instruction if prayed, and think it should be granted in the same situation on a new trial. Brown v. Patterson,
Prayers numbered twelve and thirteen asked instructions that the plaintiff was prima facie guilty of contributory negligence if at the time he was struck he was "walking in the south driveway of Roland Avenue in about the middle thereof at night time," or "was at or near the center of said south-bound driveway between street crossings." The inference is that this is the legal consequence of the provision of the law (Code, art. 56, sec. 209) that between street crossings vehicles shall have the right of way. It is not clear that the twelfth prayer supposes the plaintiff to be between street crossings, but taking both prayers to intend to place him there, his being so, while it is one of the facts to be considered on the question of his negligence, is not sufficient standing alone to establish negligence prima facie, to establish it, that is, in the absence of any other facts. No statute gives the fact that effect, and it would not logically follow, for a pedestrian has a right to *77 cross the streets between crossings, and it is conceivable that a man might be injured while crossing with care and without contesting the right of way there. There are statements in the authorities that negligence is prima facie shown by this one fact [Huddy, Automobiles (2nd Ed.), sec. 267] but it seems to us inaccurate. The question is one of ordinary care only, entirely for the jury, and we think it would be going too far for the court to give the fact prima facie effect. We find no error in the rulings on these prayers, therefore. See decisions collected in 14 A.L.R. 1176.
Judgment reversed, and new trial awarded, with costs to theappellant.