44 Mass. 396 | Mass. | 1841
Questions depending upon this branch of the statute of frauds are often attended with some perplexity, on account of the difficulty in laying down a general rule, by which to distinguish a guaranty, or mere collateral promise for the debt of another, from an original agreement, upon a new and independent consideration, when the subject of the contract is the debt or default of another.
Our own statute is in terms so nearly like the statute 22 Car. II. to prevent frauds and perjuries, that the English authorities upon its construction are entitled to the same consideration, as upon questions of common law. The statute, in force wher the promise in question was alleged to have been made, was this ; “ no action shall be brought whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default or misdoings of another person, unless the agreement, or some memorandum or note thereof shall be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized.” St. 1788, c. 16, § 1. The provision in the revised statutes is in nearly the same terms, and of the same legal effect. Rev. Sts. c. 74, § 1.
The object of the statute manifestly was, to secure the highest and most satisfactory species of evidence, in a case, where a party, without apparent benefit to himself, enters into stipulations of suretyship, and where there would be great temptation, on the part of a creditor, in danger of losing his debt by the insolvency of his debtor, to support a suit against the friends or rela tives of a debtor, a father, son, or brother, by means of false evidence; by exaggerating words of recommendation, encouragement to forbearance, and requests for indulgence, into positive contracts.
Some things under the statute seem to be well settled ; and one is, that to bind one person for the debt or default of another, there must not only be a promise or memorandum in writing, but such promise must be made on good consideration. The statute does not vary the rule of common law, as to what constitutes a valid and binding promise ; to every such promise, whether oral or written, there must be a good consideration. A
The terms original and collateral promise, though not used in the statute, are convenient enough, to distinguish between the cases, where the direct and leading object of the promise is, to become the surety or guarantor of another’s debt, and those where, although the effect of the promise is to pay the debt of another, yet the leading object of the undertakér is, to subserve or promote some interest or purpose of his own. The former, whether made before, or after, or at the same time with the promise of the principal, is not valid, unless manifested by evidence in writing ; the latter, if made on good consideration, is unaffected by the statute, because, although the effect of it is to release or suspend the debt of another, yet that is not the leading object, on the part of the promisor-
in case one says to another, “ deliver goods to A. and I will pay you,” it is binding, though by paroi, because A., though he receives the goods, is never liable to pay for them. But if, in this same case, he says, “ I will see you paid,” or “ I will pay, if he does not,” or uses words equivalent, showing that the debt is in the first instance the debt of A., the undertaking is collateral and not valid, unless in writing. Matson v. Wharam, 2 T. R. 80. Anderson v. Hayman, 1 H. B. 120. In these cases, the same consideration, which is the consideration of the promise of the principal, is a good consideration for he promise of the surety or collateral promisor. The credit is given as
The distinction between the different classes of cases is well stated in Leonard v. Vredenburgh, 8 Johns. 29, and Farley v. Cleveland, 4 Cow. 432.
The statute of frauds, says Mr. Justice Bayley, in Edwards v. Kelly, 6 M. & S. 209, was aimed at cases, where a debt being due from one person, another engaged to pay it for him ; but where one promised to pay the debt of another, in order to release property in which he or his employers had an interest — as to extricate property subject to distress, on promising to pay the amount due — it was neither within the letter nor the mischief of the act.
But it has been argued, that this case is not within the statute, because the consideration of the defendant’s promise was the discontinuance of an action commenced by the plaintiff against the defendant’s father, in which he had an attachment on real estate ; and this, it was argued, brings it within the case of Williams v. Leper, 3 Bur. 1886, and that class of cases, in which the creditor had a claim or lien upon property, which was discharged, at the request and for the benefit of the party promising.
That is the class of cases, where, as expressed in Roberts on Frauds, 232, the statute does not apply, if the consideration, “ spring out of any new transaction, or move to the party promising upon some fresh and substantive ground of a personal concern to himself.” In the latter, there is no doubt that a good promise may be made by paroi, and it is independent of the statute.
In Williams v. Leper, 3 Bur. 1886, the landlord was about distraining for rent, and the defendant, a broker, who was employed to sell the goods, promised to pay the rent if the plaintiff would forbear to distrain. It was put upon the ground that the direct object and purpose of this promise were, not to pay the debt of another, but that it was in effect a release and transfer of the plaintiff’s interest in the goods, and that the leading
The case of Castling v. Hubert, 2 East, 325, throws much light on this distinction. The plaintiff had a lien, as broker, on policies of insurance- sufficient to indemnify him against his liabilities for his principal, and the defendant had an interest in having them transferred to him ; and, to induce the plaintiff to do so, promised to pay the debt of the principal. It was held that this was not within the statute. It was considered-that though the discharge of the principal would eventually follow, yet because it was not the leading object of the transaction, but another and quite a different object, viz. that of obtaining the policies, it was not within the statute. It was in the nature of a purchase of the securities, which the plaintiff held and had a right to hold. So in the case of Barrell v. Trussell, 4 Taunt. 117.
The rule to be derived from the decisions seems to be this , that cases are not considered as coming within the statute, when the party promising has for his object a benefit which he did not before enjoy, accruing immediately to himself; but where the object of the promise is to obtain the release of the person or property of the debtor, or other forbearance or benefit to him, it is within the statute. In the case of Fish v. Hutchinson, 2 Wils. 94, the plaintiff bad sued a third person, and the defendant, in consideration that he would stay his action, promised to pay ; the original debt still subsisting. It was held that it was a promise for the debt of another, and within the statute. So in Jackson v. Rayner, 12 Johns. 291, where the plaintiff had sued the defendant’s son, although the defendant stated, at the same time, that he had taken the son’s property, and meant to pay his debts, it was held not binding without a promise in writing. Many other cases upon the construction of the statute might be cited to illustrate this distinction.
It becomes necessary then to apply the rule, thus established, to the circumstances of the present case.
It appears that in the year 1834, the plaintiff commenced an action against the defendant’s father, on two promissory notes,
Under these circumstances, the court are of opinion that the promise was within the statute of frauds ; a promise to pay the debt of the father ; and therefore, though made on good consideration, was not valid, without a promise or memorandum of the agreement in writing. For, although the effect of the discontinuance of the action was to discharge the attachment, yet that was incidental only, and the leading object and purpose were the relief and benefit of the father, and not of the son. It does not appear that the son had any interest in the estate released, or object or purpose of his own to subserve. It is the ordinary case of a son becoming surety for the father’s debt, in consideration of surceasing a suit, or other forbearance, and therefore, not being in writing, is within the statute. And although the forbearance would be a good consideration for such a promise, if proved by written evidence, yet the consideration was not of such a character as to constitute a new and original transaction between these parties.
The court below, having expressed a different opinion, and instructed the jury that this bargain, if they found it had been so made, was an original undertaking by the defendant, for a new consideration, and was not therefore within the statute of frauds, and also that, notwithstanding the notes were not given up, nor the father discharged, still, if there was a consideration for the promise, that the promise need not be in writing ; this court are of opinion, that the verdict rendered for the plaintiff, in pursuance of these instructions, must be set aside, and a new trial granted.
It appears by the dates of the notes, that nearly six years had elapsed, when the former action was brought against the father on the notes. Whether six years had elapsed from the
An exception was taken to the admission of the testimony oí Russell, to prove the fact of an attachment in the former suit.
The writ on file was undoubtedly the primary and proper evidence to prove the attachment. But in case of its loss, and upon satisfactory proof of that fact, we do not perceive why its existence and contents may not as well have been proved by that witness, as by the testimony of the officer who served and returned it. The testimony of Russell, in regard to that of the officer, cannot be deemed secondary. It does not presuppose the existence of evidence of a higher nature, which must first be adduced. In regard to the writ itself, both are secondary ; but after proof of its Joss, the memory of any one who saw it, and can testify to its contents, is of as high a nature as that of another, offered to prove the same fact.
Verdict set aside, and a new trial granted.