Nelson Javier Sosa-Martinez v. U.S. Atty. Gen.
420 F.3d 1338
11th Cir.
2005
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HULL, Circuit Judge:

Nеlson Javier Sosa-Martinez, through counsel, petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order affirming without opinion the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) order that his prior crime of aggravated battery is a crime involving moral turpitude and that thus he should be removed to Honduras. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C), this Court lacks jurisdiction to review removal orders based on a сonviction for a crime involving moral tur *1340 pitude. After review, we conclude that Sosa-Martinez’s aggravated battery conviction, in violation of Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.045, is a crime of mоral turpitude under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), and thus we dismiss Sosa-Martinez’s petition for review for lack of jurisdiction.

I. BACKGROUND

On July 19, 1995, Sosa-Martinez, a native and citizen of Honduras, was admitted into the United States at Miаmi, Florida, as a lawful permanent resident. On May 24, 1998, Sosa-Martinez, who was then nineteen years of age, was involved in a fight. During the fight, he stabbed the victim, a rival gang member, three times with а pocket knife. Sosa-Martinez was charged with attempted second degree murder. On March 29, 1999, he entered a plea of nolo contendere to a reduced charge of aggravated battery, in violation of Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.045.

On May 8, 2001, the INS sent a Notice to Appear to Sosa-Martinez, charging him as being subject to removal, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)®, for having been сonvicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within ten years of admission for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed. 1 At his hearing on Marсh 12, 2002, Sosa-Martinez admitted the allegations but denied that his aggravated battery conviction was a crime of moral turpitude. On this basis, Sosa-Martinez moved to terminate his remоval proceedings.

On November 26, 2003, the IJ denied Sosa-Martinez’s motion to terminate the removal proceedings, determined that Sosa-Martinez was an alien subject to removal because he had been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, and ordered that he be removed to Honduras. In denying Sosa-Martinez’s motion to terminate, the IJ determined that Sosa-Martinez was convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, and “especially in this case where ... [Sosa-Martinez] was convicted оf a crime involving repeatedly stabbing a person with a knife evidencing a depraved mind regardless of human life as is incorporated in the statute in which he was convicted.”

Sosa-Martinez appealed the IJ’s decision to the BIA, arguing that the crime for which he was convicted was not one involving moral turpitude. On December 7, 2004, the BIA entеred an order, pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(4), summarily affirming the IJ’s decision. Sosa-Martinez petitions this Court for review.

II. DISCUSSION

A Jurisdiction

We first must determine whether we have jurisdiction ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‍to entertain Sosa-Martinez’s petition. Bahar v. Ashcroft, 264 F.3d 1309, 1311 (11th Cir.2001). Section 242(a)(2)(C) of the INA provides that this Court has no jurisdiction to review the final order of removal if Sosa-Martinez is removable by reason of having committed a crimе involving moral turpitude for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C). However, because judicial review is limited by statutory conditions, we retain jurisdiction to determine whether those conditions exist. Id. Thus, we must determine if Sosa-Martinez “is (1) an alien; (2) who is removable; (3) based on having committed a disqualifying offense.” Moore v. Ashcroft, 251 F.3d 919, 923 (11th Cir.2001). Because Sosa-Martinez does not contest the fact that he is an alien, our review is limited to determining whether Sosa-Martinez’s conviction for aggravated battery is a conviсtion for a crime involving moral *1341 turpitude. If we determine that aggravated battery is a crime of moral turpitude, “§ 242(a)(2)(C) strips us of jurisdiction to review the final order of removal.” Galindo-Del Valle v. Att’y Gen., 213 F.3d 594, 598 (11th Cir.2000). 2

B. Florida’s Aggravated Battery Statute

As noted earlier, Sosa-Martinez pled nolo contendere to aggravated battery in violation of Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.045. Section 784.045 provides that:

(l)(a) A person commits aggravated battery who, in committing battery:
1. Intentionally or knowingly causes great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement; or
2. Uses a deadly weapon.

Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.045 (emphasis added). Thus, to be convicted of either prong of aggravated battery in Florida, a defendant necessarily must be found to have committed simple battery. Arnold v. State, 514 So.2d 419, 421 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 1987) (“battery is a necessarily included lesser offense of ... aggravated battery”).

Further, Florida’s simple battery statute provides that:

(l)(a) The offense of battery occurs when a person:
1. Actually and intentionally touches or strikes another person ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‍against the will of the other; or
2. Intentionally causes bodily harm to another person.

Fla. Stat. Ann. § 784.03 (emрhasis added). “The statutory elements of battery are: an actual and intentional touching or striking of another person against the will of the other person; or intentionally causing bodily harm to an individual.” Hamrick v. State, 648 So.2d 274, 276 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1995) (emphаsis added). Thus, an aggravated battery conviction required that Sosa-Martinez:

(A) commit a simple battery by intentionally (1) touching or striking another person, or (2) causing bodily harm to аnother person, and
(B) that in committing that battery, he (1) caused great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement, or (2) used a deadly weapon.

C. The Moral Turpitude Provision

INA § 237(a)(2)(A)© provides that a defendant who is convicted of a crime of moral turpitude is removable, as follows:

Any alien who ... is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five years (or 10 years in thе case of an alien provided lawful permanent resident status under section 1255© of this title) after the date of admission, and ... is convicted of a crime for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed, is deportable.

8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)®.

Although the term “moral turpitude” is not defined by statute, courts have stated that it involves an “ ‘act of baseness, vileness, or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes to his fellow men, or to society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between man and man.’ ” United States v. Smith, 420 F.2d 428, 431 (5th Cir.1970) (quoting Black’s Law ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‍Dictionary 1160 (Rev. 4th ed.1957)). 3 “Whether *1342 a crime involves the depravity or fraud necessary to be one of moral turpitude depends upon the inherent nature of the offense, as defined in the relevant statute, rather than the circumstances surrounding a defendant’s particular conduct.” Itani v. Ashcroft, 298 F.3d 1213, 1215-16 (11th Cir.2002); see also Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 329 F.3d 1217, 1222 (11th Cir.2003); Rodriguez-Herrera v. INS, 52 F.3d 238, 239 (9th Cir.1995). This court has concluded that crimes involving moral turpitude include misprision of a felony, Itani, 298 F.3d at 1216, and aggravated child abuse, Garcia, 329 F.3d at 1222. Accordingly, we must determine whether an aggravated battery offense in Florida is a crime involving moral turpitude without reference to the facts underlying Sosa-Martinez’s conviction.

Whether aggravated battery involves moral turpitude is a question of first impression for this Court, but one that is easily answered in the affirmative. In Florida, aggravated battery includes, as necessary elements, that the perpetrator intentionally commit simple bаttery and in doing so either (1) cause great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement, or (2) use a deadly weapon. We readily conclude that any intentional bаttery that includes, as an element of the offense either (1) that it caused great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement, or (2) involved the use of a deadly wеapon, constitutes a crime of moral turpitude. 4

Our conclusion is supported by the decisions of our sister circuits, involving laws similar to Florida’s aggravated battery statute. See Yousefi v. INS, 260 F.3d 318, 327 (4th Cir.2001) (concluding that assault with a dangerous weapon under District of Columbia law involves moral turpitude); Pichardo v. INS, 104 F.3d 756, 760 (5th Cir.1997) (finding that aggravated assault pursuant to Pennsylvania’s statute involves moral turpitudе because conviction under the statute requires bodily injury and a minimum mens rea of recklessness); Gonzales v. Barber, 207 F.2d 398, 400 (9th Cir.1953), aff'd, 347 U.S. 637, 74 S.Ct. 822, 98 L.Ed. 1009 (1954) (concluding that assault with a deadly weapon ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‍is a crime that involves moral turpitude); United States ex rel. Zaffarano v. Corsi, 63 F.2d 757, 758 (2d Cir.1933) (observing that assault with а dangerous weapon “plainly involve[s] moral turpitude”); see also Matter of Medina, 15 I. & N. Dec. 611, 613-14, 1976 WL 32319 (1976) (concluding that assault with a deadly weapon under Illinois law involves moral turpitude under any of Illinois law’s three mental states — intent, knowledge, or recklessness).

III. CONCLUSION

Because Sosa-Martinez was convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude, committed within 10 years after his date of admission, аnd for which a sentence of one year or longer may be imposed, we dismiss Sosa-Martinez’s petition for review for *1343 lack of jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C).

PETITION DISMISSED.

Notes

1

. The INS did not charge Sosa-Martinez with being deportable as an alien who has committed an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a) (2) (A) (iii).

2

. This Court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo, but defers to the BIA’s interpretation if it is reasonable. Bahar, 264 F.3d at 1311. Where the BIA summarily affirms the IJ’s decision, this Court “reviews the IJ's analysis as if it were the Board's.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir.2001).

3

. Decisions of the Fifth Circuit priоr to October 1, 1981, have been adopted as binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. *1342 City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc).

4

. In Garcia, this Court held that the inherent nature of aggravated child abuse, in violation of Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 827.03 and 784.045, сonstitutes a crime of moral turpitude. Garcia, 329 F.3d at 1222. Under Florida law, aggravated child abuse occurs in several ways, including when a person commits aggravated battery on a child. See Fla. Stat. Ann. § 827.03(2)(a) providing that " 'Aggravated child abuse' occurs when a person ... [c]ommits aggravated battery on a child”). While aggravated battery on a child may be more deрraved ‍‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​​​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌‍than aggravated battery on an adult, we have already concluded that a conviction for aggravated battery in Florida constitutes a crime of moral turpitude. However, because a child was involved in Garcia, we also analyze above why aggravated battery on any person is a crime of moral turpitude.