Lead Opinion
OPINION
1 Appellant John Fitzgerald Neloms, Jr. was tried by jury in the District Court of Cleveland County in Case No. CF-2007-1812, for First Degree Rape in violation of 21 ©0.8.2001, § 1114(A)(8) (Count 1), and First Degree Rape by Instrumentation in violation of 21 O.S.Supp.2007, § 1111.1 (Count 2).
(1) whether the admission of certain other crimes evidence or bad acts was improper and unfairly prejudiced him;
(2) whether he was denied a fair trial by the improper admission of false and inflammatory testimony regarding alleged injuries to the prosecutrix;
(3) whether his sentences are excessive and should be favorably modified; and
(4) whether cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial.
12 We find reversal is not required and affirm the Judgment and Sentence of the District Court.
FACTS
183 In the early morning hours of November 21, 2007, four-year-old B.N. was sleeping on the floor of her family's living room in an apartment in Norman, Oklahoma. Her siblings and parents were asleep in their respective bedrooms. B.N.'s mother allowed B.N. to sleep in the living room because B.N. was suffering from an ear infection and had finally fallen asleep there.
14 Around 83:00 a.m., B.N. went into her parents' bedroom in her shirt and underwear erying and sereaming that someone had hurt her. After lifting B.N. into the bed, B.N.s mother noticed blood on B.N.'s panties and blanket, her feet, left leg, and the carpet. B.N. was taken to Norman Regional Hospital by ambulance and then transferred to Children's Hospital in Oklahoma City where she was sedated for a sexual assault examination.
[5 B.N. had an abrasion on the inside of her upper lip and red marks on her back and abdomen. There was bruising and swelling of the vaginal area. She also had bleeding from her injuries that included a tear in the labia, fissures around the clitoris, a laceration below the vaginal canal opening, and tears inside the vaginal canal. The hymen was not intact.
T6 During a forensic interview conducted the day after the assault, B.N. told her interviewer that her attacker was black and that he "pinched her pee with his fingers," "punched her pee with his pee," and his "pee went inside her pee." During another forensic interview, B.N. picked out a photograph of Neloms without hesitation from a photo lineup by circling his picture with a crayon. She also identified Neloms at the preliminary hearing, but was unable to identify him at trial. At trial, B.N. testified that she circled the photograph in the photo lineup because she was sure that the photograph depicted the person who hurt her.
T7 DNA samples obtained from B.N. during the sexual assault examination could not exclude Neloms as the donor, and the partial DNA profile that was detected in these samples was estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 798 African-Americans.
18 A nearby neighbor of B.N.'s family testified that he was returning to his apartment between 3:00 and 8:20 am. on the morning of November 21st when he heard a door close and then saw a man with a pony tail running away. Several witnesses testified that Neloms wore his hair in a pony tail at the time. Travis Kramer, a former friend of Neloms, testified that in a telephone conversation with Neloms, Neloms told him, among other things, that "I should have killed you and that little girl" (State's Exhibit 2; Kramer Tr. at 54).
19 Testimony of various witnesses placed Neloms in B.N.'s apartment complex throughout the evening of November 20, 2007. Neloms's girlfriend testified that despite Neloms asking her to tell police that he was with her all night, she last saw Neloms at 7:00 p.m. on November 20th when she dropped him off at the apartment complex where B.N. lived. Another friend of Neloms testified that Neloms left her apartment in that apartment complex at 1:00 a.m. on the morning of November 21st.
1 10 At trial, the State introduced evidence about an unrelated burglary at a residence of the Hofmann family in Norman, Oklahoma, a year-and-a-half earlier. In that case, the Hofmanns were asleep in their bed when an intruder entered their home. The intruder turned on the Hofmanns' computer and used it to conduct internet searches and view images of young girls in sexually suggestive poses and clothing. By following the history
{11 The intruder had obviously masturbated in front of the computer sereen because semen was found on the computer keyboard and table. An OSBI eriminalist testified that the DNA extracted from the semen on the computer table matched Nel-oms's DNA profile. The trial court judge allowed the State to introduce the Hofmann burglary evidence as evidence of a common scheme and plan that was relevant to proving the identity of B.N.'s attacker.
DISCUSSION
1.
Evidence of Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts
112 Neloms claims that evidence showing that he broke into the Hofmann home a year-and-a-half earlier and masturbated in front of a computer sereen to images of young girls was improperly admitted as evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts. This Court reviews a trial court's decision to allow introduction of evidence of other crimes for an abuse of discretion. Williams v. State,
113 The State defends the admission of the Hofmann evidence, as it did in the district court, by arguing that the evidence was admissible under 12 O0.S$.Supp.2007, §§ 2413 and 2414, Section 2418 provides in part that
[in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of an offense of sexual assault, evidence of the defendant's commission of another offense or offenses of sexual assault is admissible, and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.
12 O.S.Supp.2007, § 2418(A) (emphasis added). Similarly, Section 2414 provides in part that
[in a criminal case in which the defendant is accused of an offense of child molestation, evidence of the defendant's commission of another offense or offenses of child molestation is admissible, and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.
12 0.8.8upp.2007, § 2414(A) (emphasis added). It is obvious from the plain language of these two statutory provisions, however, that the Hofmann evidence was not admissible under either section. These two sections permit introduction of evidence of other sexual "assaults" or instances of child "molestation." Masturbation in front of a computer monitor displaying images of children is neither sexual assault, nor molestation of a child. The Hofmann evidence was therefore not admissible under either Section 2413 or Section 2414.
T14 Anticipating a finding that the Hofmann evidence was not admissible under Section 2413 or Section 2414, the State argues next that the evidence was, as the trial court concluded, admissible under
T15 Understanding that the common scheme and plan exception requires the two crimes to be related, the evidence in this case did not support a finding that the brealc-in at the Hofmann residence was part of a common scheme and plan that led to B.N.'s rape. That is, there is no evidence that B.N.'s rape was in any way dependent on, or facilitated by, the break-in at the Hofmann residence a year-and-a-half earlier. Lacking any dependence or facilitation nexus, the two crimes were independent of each other. Furthermore, while the entries to both dwellings were surreptitious nighttime entries to dwellings while the adult occupants slept, the entries were over a year apart, involved different victims at different locations, and most importantly, one involved a sexual attack against a child, while the other did not. While both of these crimes may have had some superficial similarities as nighttime burglaries of occupied dwellings, "[slimilar, but independent erimes are not admissible." Owens,
116 Nevertheless, this Court has recognized that separate offenses characterized by a "highly peculiar method" of operation suffice to show a common scheme because a "highly peculiar method" may constitute a unique signature that goes to the identity exception of Section 2404(B). Owens,
T 17 Because the evidence of the Hofmann break-in satisfies neither the common scheme and plan, nor the identity exceptions to 12 O.S.2001, § 2404(B), the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the evidence at trial. Owens,
118 Determining that the admission of the Hofmann evidence was erroneous, however, does not end our inquiry. This Court will not reverse a conviction for improper admission of other crimes evidence if it finds that introduction of the evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Stouffer v. State,
119 In this instance, the trial evidence showed that B.N. unhesitatingly and unambiguously identified Neloms from a photographic lineup within days of the attack, and that she identified him in court during
120 Furthermore, Neloms could not be excluded as a donor of DNA found on vaginal swabs from B.N., or on her underwear. With regard to DNA retrieved from the underwear, the partial DNA profile that was detected was estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 798 African-Americans. Lastly, at the time of the attack, Neloms wore his hair in a ponytail, and one of B.N.'s neighbors testified that at approximately 8:00 a.m. on the morning of the attack, he heard a noise like a closing door coming from B.N.'s family's apartment and then saw a man with a ponytail running away. It was shortly thereafter that a bleeding and crying B.N. woke her parents seeking help. Given the strength of this identity evidence, it is unlikely that the jury would have reached a different result as to guilt even if the Hofmann evidence had been exeluded. The error was harmless.
121 Neloms also claims that evidence of his previous contacts with police was improper evidence of other crimes that was erroneously allowed in violation of
122 With regard to the first statement, prosecutors agreed before trial that the statement would be redacted from the recording played for the jury. It was inadvertently left in, however, and played for the jury. The trial judge found that the statement was fleeting and that she barely "picked up on it." Neloms refused the trial judge's offer of a curative instruction admonishing jurors to disregard the statement. Nevertheless, believing that an admonishment to the jury was necessary, but recognizing that to instruct jurors immediately after the playing of the recorded interview would draw more attention to the error, the judge later instructed jurors to disregard any statements Neloms made concerning "any possible prior legal entanglements." Additionally, the copy of the recording that was provided to jurors for their use during deliberations had the allegedly offending statement redacted.
123 It is not at all clear how Neloms's statement that he had "been locked up before," violates 22 0.8.2001, $ 860.1. Section 860.1 governs the procedure for presenting evidence of prior convictions in a case where the defendant is charged with committing a crime as a prior-convicted felon. Neloms was not charged as a former felon, and his statement that he had "been locked up before" was not in itself evidence of any former felony conviction. See Bear v. State,
2.
Testimony about the Extent of the Victim's Injuries
124 Neloms claims that jurors heard false testimony about the extent of B.N.'s injuries. Neloms contends that this testimony violated his constitutional rights to due process and a fair trial. Neloms complains specifically about a portion of Travis Kramer's testimony in which Kramer stated:
Somebody told me that [B.N.] wasn't able to have kids. She was internally wounded beyond the point of healing and she had caught gonorrhea and Chlamydia [objection]
(Kramer Tr. 52; State's Exhibit 2). Kramer's videotaped testimony was admitted by agreement of the parties. Neloms objected to the statement during the recorded testimony and at trial. The trial court judge overruled both objections.
Neloms does not argue that Kramer's statement was inadmissible hearsay. Rather, he argues that because the testimony was not corroborated by medical testimony, it was false and because the statement was false, it was by definition not relevant to any issue at trial. As a result of the admission of this allegedly false, irrelevant, and inflammatory evidence, Neloms contends his due process rights were violated by the prosecution's failure to redact the statement from the videotaped testimony or disclose to the jury the falsity of the testimony (Aplt's Brief 38-89, 40). This Court reviews a trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. Williams v. State,
{26 Neloms relies on Hall v. State,
It is well established that the State's knowing use of perjured testimony violates one's due process right to a fair trial. Due process demands that the State avoid soliciting perjured testimony, and imposes an affirmative duty upon the State to disclose false testimony which goes to the merits of the case or to the credibility of the witness.
Hall,
127 When the snippet of allegedly false testimony cited by Neloms is reviewed within the full context in which it was rendered, it is obvious that it did not constitute evidence of a false fact (Le., that B.N. suffered permanent injuries and contracted sexually transmitted disease), and that it was relevant to an issue at trial (Le., Kramer's credibility). Specifically, Kramer testified on direct examination as follows:
Q. What about your last phone call with him?
A. Before-before the phone call happened, somebody told me that [B.N.] wasn't able to have kids. She was internally wounded beyond the point of healing and she had caught gonorrhea and Chlamydia.
MR. SAVAGE: Objection your Honor. I'm going to ask the Court to strike that, those references to-
MS. AUSTIN: And I will clear that up.
A. This-she-
THE COURT: I am going to reserve my ruling. And we can redact the tape before playing to the jury, if necessary, as to that. Continue. And I'll reserve that.
Q. (By Ms. Austin) Was there a lot of rumors flying around the complex?
A. Yes. Yeah.
Q. And did you learn that some of those weren't true?
A. I learned later that some of those weren't true.
A. And was this the kind of complex, too, where somebody might say something, and by the time it made it to four more people, it had grown into something a lot bigger than it was?
A. Yes, all of the time.
Q. So when you were hearing things around the complex, you didn't know what was true and what wasn't?
A. You know, I was a little more young and more hotheaded, so I tended to believe that everything I heard was true.
Q. So you heard these things, but you didn't know for sure they were true, but that's what you believed at the time?
A. Yes.
Q. Because you believed that, what did you do?
A. I snapped on him. I said, I am going to kill you.
Q. Is that in person or on the phone?
A. On the phone.
Q. What did he say back to that?
A. He kept saying-first, he kept saying, I'll kill you and your brother. Right before he hangs up, he says, I should have killed you and that little girl.
Q. And so what were you planning on doing at that point?
A. I had a .22 rifle at the time. I was going to meet up with him and shoot him.
Q. You were very angry with him, would that be safe to say?
A. Yes.
(Kramer Tr. 52-54; State's Exhibit 2)
128 This lengthy excerpt shows that Kramer made the statement about B.N.'s injuries in the context of explaining the circumstances of his third and final telephone conversation with Neloms. Specifically, Kramer explained how the perceived injuries to BN. angered him and drove him to threaten Neloms, and it was this threat that provoked Neloms into making the incriminating statement that "I should have killed you and that little girl." It is clear from the prosecutor's questions, and Kramer's responses to them, therefore, that Kramer was simply testifying about how his mistaken belief about the nature of B.N.'s injuries drove
29 Furthermore, given the way the prosecutor framed the questions about rumors in the apartment complex, and Kramer's responses to them, it is obvious that the prosecutor was disclosing, through Kramer's own testimony, that the statement about B.N.'s injuries was untrue. Thus, to the extent that Kramer's statement about B.N.'s injuries might be considered a false statement (Le., perjury), the falsity of the statement was disclosed by the prosecutor through her questions about the spread of false rumors throughout the apartment complex. Within this context, therefore, given the way the prosecutor framed the matter in the questions she put to Kramer, no reasonable juror would have understood Kramer's testimony to be evidence that B.N. had been injured to the point of not being able to bear children or that she had contracted a sexually transmitted disease from her attacker.
130 Considering the context within which it was rendered, Kramer's statement about the nature of B.N.'s injuries was evidence of what motivated him to elicit the incriminating statement from Neloms. It was not evidence of the actual nature or extent of B.N.'s injuries, and no reasonable juror should have understood it that way. As evidence of Kramer's motivation, the evidence was relevant to Kramer's credibility, and therefore, its admission did not violate Nel-oms's due process rights. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing this testimony into evidence. See eg., Warner v. State,
3.
Excessive Sentence
{31 Neloms raises several arguments in support of a claim that his sentence is excessive. Neloms contends first that improperly admitted evidence of other crimes caused the jury to impose an excessive sentence. Nel-oms complains specifically that the Hofmann burglary evidence prefudiced the jury's sentencing deliberations.
132 As discussed above, the Hofmann burglary evidence was erroneously admitted, but given the strength of the remaining evidence of guilt, the error was harmless with respect to the finding of guilt. With respect to sentencing, the error is similarly harmless.
133 In the case of evidentiary error, the proper inquiry to determine if relief is required is whether this Court has "grave doubts" that the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error not occurred. Mitchell v. State,
€34 Neloms also complains that Travis Kramer's testimony that B.N. had been injured to the point of not being able to have children and having contracted a sexually transmitted disease from her attacker also influenced the jury to impose an excessive sentence. As discussed above, this evidence was properly admitted as relevant to Kramer's credibility, and was presented to the jury in such a way as to make clear that while Kramer believed the information to be true at the time, he had later come to believe that it was just an unfounded rumor. Other than his bald assertion of prejudice stemming from this testimony, Neloms offers no evidence or argument to support his claim that
1835 Neloms complains further that the trial court erred by ordering that his two life sentences be served consecutively because the trial judge relied on other crimes evidence (e.g., the Hofmann burglary, drug and alcohol usage, and other contacts with law enforcement). This Court reviews a trial court's decision to run a defendant's sentences consecutively or concurrently for an abuse of discretion. See Kamees v. State,
136 In this instance, based on the judge's explanation of her sentencing decision, we find this complaint unfounded. The judge's explanation from the bench made clear that while she was aware of the Hofmann burglary and Neloms's other crimes and acts, she found that those activities "pale in comparison to the predatory, monstrous, brutal behavior you committed to [B.N.]" Following this statement, the judge then went on to say:
And I-I don't know how you get around that [referring to the monstrous brutal behavior against B.N.]. I don't know how you get around that. I hope that there is redemption, like your dad talked about, for you. But those are all part of your choices. It is completely outside my ability to give you those things or provide them for you, because of your choices.
I hope that you do make a covenant with God. And I hope that you do minister. But you will minister in the community that you have chosen. And by your behavior, you have chosen that community to be outside of free society.
As much as I hope for these things for you, I am afraid of you. And everyone in this room is afraid of monsters like you. People that come into their homes and rape their babies.
I have for weeks tried to figure out what I am going to do with this sentencing today; for weeks. It weighs on me. I thought about you during the trial. I have thought about you almost every day since. Jurors in this courtroom that went through this process and struggled with that think about what do we do.
And we look at rehabilitation. We look at punishment. We look at community safety when we talk about what we are going to do with your sentencing. And I can't get past the first one, which is the community safety. My world is not safe with you in it. And that's a frightening thing.
So, Mr. Neloms, it is the judgment and sentence of this Court that you be sentenced to life sentences on both counts, and that those sentences will run consecutive with each other.
(Sentencing Tr. 14-15).
137 It is apparent from these comments, that while the judge considered other crimes evidence in her decision to run Neloms's life sentences consecutively, she ultimately made the decision based on her concerns for community safety that arose from the sheer heinousness of Neloms's crimes in the instant case. The judge's concerns for community safety were well supported by the evidence that Neloms committed a brutal rape of a near-infant child who he randomly selected as his victim. As a reasoned decision supported by the evidence, the judge's decision to run the sentences consecutively was not an abuse of discretion.
138 Lastly, Neloms argues that the trial judge's decision to run his sentences consecu
139 This Court will not modify a sentence within the statutory range "unless, considering all the facts and cireumstances, it shocks the conscience." Rea v. State,
4.
Cumulative Error
1 40 In his last proposition, Neloms claims that an accumulation of error denied him a fair trial and produced an excessive sentence. Given that we have found just one error (improper admission of evidence of the Hof-mann burglary), and that error was harmless with regard to both the jury's guilt and sentencing determinations, there is no accumulation of error upon which to base a finding of cumulative error. This claim is denied. See Smith v. State,
5.
Judgment & Sentence Error
[41 Finally, we take notice of one matter not raised by the parties, a matter that requires a correction to the judgment and sentence document.
142 The charging information alleges in Count 1 that Neloms committed Rape in the First Degree in violation of "21 O.S. § 1111.1" and the judgment and sentence document mirrors this by stating that Nel-oms was convicted of Rape in the First Degree in violation of "21 0.8. § 1111.1" (O.R. 87, 391).
1 43 In this instance, the jury was instruct, ed on first degree rape as follows:
No person may be convicted of rape in the first degree unless the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the crime. These elements are:
First, sexual intercourse;
Second, with a person who was not the spouse of the defendant;
Third, where force/violence was used against the victim.
Rape in the first degree shall include:
[[Image here]]
8. rape accomplished with any person by means of force, violence, or threats of force or violence accompanied by apparent power of execution regardless of the age of the person committing the crime.
21 0.8.2001, § 1114(A)(8).
{44 In light of the instructions given to the jury and the way the instruction tracked the language of the first degree rape statute, it is obvious that Count 1 meant to allege a violation of 21 0.8.2001, $ 1114(A)(8) (Rape in the First Degree), not a violation of 21 O.S.Supp.2007, § 1111.1 (Rape in the First Degree by Instrumentation). Clearly then, the references to 21 O.8. § 1111.1 in the charging information and judgment and sentence document are serivener's errors with respect to Count 1. Accordingly, the district court will need to enter an order nune pro tumne correcting the Judgment and Sentence to reflect that Neloms's conviction in Count 1 was for a violation of 21 O.S.2001, § 1114(A)(8). See Head v. State,
DECISION
145 The Judgment and Sentence of the district court is AFFIRMED. Nevertheless, this case is REMANDED to the district court for correction of the Judgment and Sentence document, through an order pro tune, to reflect that Neloms's conviction in Count 1 was for Rape in the First Degree in violation of 21 0.$.2001, $ 1114(A)(8). Pursuant to Rule 3.15, Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, Title 22, Ch.18, App. (2012), the MANDATE is ORDERED issued upon delivery and filing of this decision.
Notes
. The judgment and sentence document states erroneously that Neloms was convicted of Rape in the First Degree in violation of "21 O.S. § 1111.1" (O.R. 391). This error is discussed in the main text below.
. State's Exhibit 54 contained sixty 1.5 x 1.25 inch images of young girls from the web site at http://teeny-list.com.
. Title 22 0.$.2001, § 860.1 states:
In all cases in which the defendant is prosecuted for a second or subsequent offense, except in those cases in which former conviction is an element of the offense, the procedure shall be as follows:
1. The trial shall proceed initially as though the offense charged was the first offense; when the indictment or information is read all reference to prior offenses shall be omitted; during the trial of the case no reference shall be made nor evidence received of prior offenses except as permitted by the rules of evidence; the judge shall instruct the jury only on the offense charged; the jury shall be further instructed to determine only the guilt or innocence on the offense charged, and that punishment at this time shall not be determined by the jury; and
2. If the verdict be guilty of the offense charged, that portion of the indictment or information relating to prior offenses shall be read to the jury and evidence of prior offenses shall be received. The court shall then instruct the jury on the law relating to second and subsequent offenses, and the jury shall then retire to determine the fact of former conviction, and the punishment, as in other cases.
. Nevertheless, even if we assume that admission of the statement was error, the error, if any, does not warrant reversal. This Court may set aside a jury verdict or remand for a new trial for misdirection of the jury, or any matter of pleading or procedure, only if it is the opinion of the Court that the error complained of has probably resulted in a miscarriage of justice or constitutes a substantial violation of a constitutional or statutory right. 20 0.S.2001, § 3001.1. In this instance, the single fleeting statement made by Neloms during the five hours of recorded interviews played for the jury, when weighed against the remaining substantial evidence of guilt, and considered in light of the remedial steps taken by the judge to admonish the jury and redact the exhibit that was provided to jurors during their deliberations, can hardly be viewed as so prejudicial as to have affected Neloms's substantial right to a fair trial, or to have caused a miscarriage of justice.
. Even if Neloms had cast this claim as one of improper evidence of other crimes or wrong acts in violation of 12 0.$.2001, § 2404(B), the claim still fails. This statement, while suggestive that Neloms may have had other legal entanglements in the past, was not in itself evidence of other crimes or wrongful acts,. Its admission as evidence, therefore, was not error. Cf. Banks v. State,
. Title 21 0.S.Supp.2007, § 1111.1 states in relevant part that
[rlape by instrumentation is an act within or without the bonds of matrimony in which any inanimate object or any part of the human body, not amounting to sexual intercourse is used in the carnal knowledge of another person without his or her consent and penetration of the anus or vagina occurs to that person.
. Count 1 alleged that
on or about the 21st day of November, 2007, in Cleveland County, State of Oklahoma, said defendant committed the crime of FIRST DEGREE RAPE, a felony, by having sexual intercourse involving vaginal penetration with one B.M.N. (DOB: 8-17-03), by placing his penis in her vagina, contrary to the form of the Statutes in such cases made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State of Oklahoma. (O.R. 87).
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in result.
11 I concur in the Court's decision to affirm the Judgment and Sentence and remand this matter for an order nunc pro tunc to correct the Judgment and Sentence document. However, I disagree with the Opinion's discussion of the other crimes evidence which was admitted pursuant to 12 0.8.2001, § 2404(B).
[ 2 The Opinion engages in the business of weighing the similarities of the two offenses against the dissimilarities which this Court denounced in Williams v. State,
While the opinion cites to Williams v. State,2008 OK CR 19 ,188 P.3d 208 and quotes a sentence that seems to confirm the opinion's analysis, it disregards the substance of the Court's analysis and decision in Williams. The Court actually found the evidence of the prior robbery in Williams was admissible § 2404(B) evidence to prove identity. In doing so the opinion pointed out the Court had previously considered this same issue in Pickens v. State,1988 OK CR 35 ,751 P.2d 742 . In both cases the Court analyzed the methods utilized to commit the robberies. As a part of that analysis the Court stated in Williams:
This Court should not be in the business of weighing the similarities against the dissimilarities. When there are enough similarities between the two crimes to support the trial court's decision, then we must give deference to the trial court's decision. Onee that threshold is met, any differences in the two crimes go to the weight of the evidence and not to the admissibility.
That is what the Court should have done in this case. If that analysis had been done, it would reflect the evidence should have been admitted in that the facts relating to*173 the similarities of the two crimes in this case are the mirror images of the factual analysis in Williams and Pickens. When the evidence in these three cases is reviewed side by side, there is no reason why the evidence was admissible in the first two cases, but not the present case. An objective analysis can make no reasonable distinction between the admissibility of the evidence in each of the three cases. Trying to make that distinction is like trying to strain a gnat's hair to find a discernable difference. Instead of engaging in that type of verbal gymnastics we should apply the straight forward, common sense approach the Court set out above in Williams. I would find the other crimes evidence properly admitted.
Id.,
T3 Turning to the present case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence concerning the burglary of the Hofmanns' home. Eizember v. State,
T4 As both burglaries were accomplished upon apartment homes at night with the utmost stealth and punctuated with sexual conduct towards a female child or children, there are enough similarities between the two crimes to support the trial court's decision. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the other crimes evidence and this Court need not determine whether admission of the evidence was harmless.
. I note that the definition of "sexual conduct" includes both "[alets of masturbation" and "'{alets of excretion in a sexual context." Inst. No. 4-139, OUJI-CR(2d) (Supp. 2010);