Plaintiffs appeal as of right from *796 аn order of the circuit court granting summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) to defendants on the basis of the running of the four-year period of limitations as provided in the Uniform Commercial Code, MCL 440.2725; MSA 19.2725. We affirm.
i
Plaintiffs, owners and operators of a dairy farm, contracted with defendant Charles Brinker to install a milking system. According to plaintiffs, the milking system was designed by defendants Universal Coopеratives, Inc., and Brinker, and was installed by Brinker to begin milking operations on September 1, 1979.
Plaintiffs allege that, after the milking system had been in operation for a period of time, their cattle became ill and died or had to be sold for beef because of their nonproductivity and unsuitability as milking animals, suffered a loss of milk production, had severe instances of mastitis, and experienced a loss of a portion of their udders. Consequently, plaintiffs claim, they were prevented from reaching their herd potential.
Plaintiffs alleged that it was not until fall оf 1986 that they discovered that the entire vacuum system on the milking equipment had been improperly designed and installed. Plaintiffs brought suit against defendants on April 13, 1987, and proceeded against them on three theories: breach of express warranty, breach of implied warranty, and negligence. The trial court granted summary disposition to defendants on the basis of the running of the statutory period of limitations, and plaintiffs appealed to this Court.
ii
The primary issue before this Court is whether *797 plaintiffs’ "cause of action is controlled by the statute of limitations contained in the Revised Judicature Aсt, MCL 600.5807; MSA 27A.5807, or by that contained in the Uniform Commercial Code, MCL 440.2725; MSA 19.2725.
The ucc contains a four-year period of limitations for breach of contract, and, absent a specific warrаnty pertaining to future performance of the goods sold, a cause of action under the ucc accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved рarty’s lack of knowledge of the breach.
H Hirschfield Sons, Co v Colt Industries Operating Corp,
The rja, on the other hand, contains a six-year period of limitations in actions for breach of contract. Hirs chfield, supra, p 724; MCL 600.5807(8); MSA 27A.5807(8). Moreover, in actions for damages based on breach of warranty of quality or fitness, the claim accrues at the time the breach of warranty is discovered or reasonably should be discovered. Hirschfield, supra; MCL 600.5833; MSA 27A.5833.
in
The trial court granted summary disposition to defendants pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), finding that, on the basis of the economic loss theory, plaintiffs’ remedy is to be found in the ucc. The trial court further found that the four-year period of limitations provided in the ucc is applicable, that the instant action was filed far in excess of four years after the date of accruаl, and, consequently, plaintiffs’ action is barred by the statute of limitations.
The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, in Frey *798 Dairy v A O Smith Harvestore Products; Inc, 886 F2d 128, 129 (CA 6, 1989), defined the economic loss doctrine as
a judicially created doctrine which bars recovery in tort where the relationship between the parties is contractual and the only losses alleged are economic. The doctrine is used when a contract does not spеll out the legal remedies contemplated by the parties with clarity and when the provisions of a contract do not specifically waive tort remedies in favor of enumеrated contract remedies.
In Frey, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals certified to our Supreme Court the very issue involved here: Whether, under Michigan law, the economic loss doctrine operates to bar tort claims sounding in negligence where the foundation of the parties’ relationship is contractual and the only losses alleged are economic losses. Our Supreme Court declined to answer the question.
However, in
McGhee v General Motors Corp,
Where the suit is between a non-performance [sic] seller and an aggrieved buyer and the injury consists of damage to the goods themselves and the costs of repair of such damage or a loss of profits that the deal had been еxpected to yield to the buyer, it would be sensible to limit the buyer’s rights to those provided by the Uniform Commercial Code. See Keeton, Torts, Annual Survey of Texas Law, 25 SW L J 1, 5 (1971); Franklin, When Worlds Collide; Liability Theories and Disclaimers in Defective-Product Cases, 18 Stan L Rev 984, *799 996-97, 1012-14 (1966). To treat such a breach as an accident is to confuse disappointment with disaster. Whether the complaint is cast in terms of strict liability in tort or negligenсe should make no difference.
The issue that must be decided here is whether plaintiffs’ losses are economic and thus not recoverable under a negligence theory. Defеndants assert that plaintiffs’ entire damages can only be characterized as economic losses. Plaintiffs attempt to avoid the economic loss doctrine by asserting that the alleged defective milking system caused damage to their dairy herd which is, they claim, damage to property other than to the goods themselves. We disagree.
Plaintiffs seek rеcovery for losses allegedly caused by a defective milking system that they purchased for their dairy farm, a commercial operation. Specifically, the milking system causеd medical and production problems with plaintiffs’ dairy cattle and lost profits. The damages claimed are economic and therefore not recoverable in tort. Sеe
Agristor Leasing v Spindler,
IV
Plaintiffs also argue that it was the services performed by defendants, rather than the goods provided, which caused injury to their cattle, and, therefore, this case is governed by thе rja and not the ucc.
The provisions of article 2 of the ucc (Sales), *800 MCL 440.2101 et seq.; MSA 19.2101 et seq., apply to transactions in goods. MCL 440.2102; MSA 19.2102. The term "goods” is defined as follows:
"Goods” means all things (including specially manufactured goods) which are movable at thе time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the price is to be paid, investment securities (article 8) and things in action. "Goods” also includes thе unborn young of animals and growing crops and other identified things attached to realty as described in the section on goods to be severed from realty (section 2107). [MCL 440.2105(1); MSA 19.2105(1).]
There is no dispute that the component parts of plaintiffs’ milking system were "goods” as defined in the ucc. However, it is also clear that the contract between the parties contained еlements of service because it included installation.
Defendants urge this Court to adopt the rule stated in Bonebrake v Cox, 499 F2d 951 (CA 8, 1974), with respect to contracts for mixed goods and services. The Bonebrake court articulated the following test to determine whethеr mixed contracts for goods and services fall within the ucc:
The test for inclusion or exclusion is not whether they are mixed, but, granting that they are mixed, whether their predominant factor, their thrust, their purpose reasonably stated, is the rendition of service with goods incidentally involved (e.g., contract with artist for painting) or is a transaction of sale, with labor incidentally involvеd (e.g., installation of a water heater in a bathroom). [Bonebrake, supra, p 960.]
Minnesota courts also employ a "predominant factor” test to determine whether a contract is
*801
primarily for the sale of goods or the provision of services. See
Valley Farmers’ Elevator v Lindsay Bros Co,
Plaintiffs rely on Hirschfield, supra, to argue that the contract giving rise to their claim was one for services, and, specifically, for installation of the milking system. In Hirschfield, supra, p 727, this Court held that the ucc was inapplicable where the plaintiffs’ claim related exclusively to the improper installation of goods and where the contract сontained a separate price for installation. The Court in Hirschfield specifically limited its holding to the narrow facts of the case before it and reserved comment on the rule expressed in Bonebrake involving mixed goods and services contracts and a single total contract price. The Hirschfield Court also noted that the divisibility of the contract in that case was significant because the plaintiff’s claim was one based entirely on the deficiencies in the rendition of services for which the contract contained a separate priсe rather than on any defect in the goods themselves.
The instant case does not fit within the narrow facts of HirscMeld, and we adopt the test set forth in Bonebrake. The contract here does not include a separate price for installation or even designate installatiоn as a distinct item. Plaintiffs refer on appeal to a July 5, 1979, contract for the sale and installation of a milk tank, which lists installation as "included,” as evidence that there was a seрarate contract for installation. The contract to which plaintiffs refer, however, is not that which is identified in their complaint. Rather, the complaint refers to a contract entered on May 22, 1979. Moreover, despite plaintiffs’ statement on appeal that their claims relate only to services rendered by defendants, reference to thе complaint *802 itself shows that plaintiffs’ claims relate to the inadequacy of both goods and services.
The rule expressed in Bonebrake leads to the conclusion that the transaction involved here was a sale of goods with labor, i.e., services, incidentally involved.
v
The transaction involved here was that of a sale of goods with services incidentally involved. Plaintiffs’ damages consisted solely of economic loss. Accordingly, we find that plaintiffs’ remedies fall within the ucc, with its attendant four-year period of limitations, which began to run at the time of delivery.
Affirmed.