16 T.C. 1114 | Tax Ct. | 1951
Lead Opinion
OPINION.
Petitioner seeks to apply section 112 (f) of the Internal Revenue Code
Respondent contends that there has been no involuntary conversion of petitioner’s property, that an involuntary conversion of property occurs as a result of its destruction, a theft, a seizure, requisition, or condemnation, that if there has been a conversion of property into money the latter must be expended in the acquisition of similar property, and that for depreciation purposes any similar property so acquired takes the substituted basis of the converted property which, in this case, was zero. For the purposes of this case, respondent has accepted petitioner’s method of determining how many containers would not be returned, the sum of $17,271.42 as the proper amount of funds that should be transferred from petitioner’s deposit liability account to its miscellaneous income account, and 1946 as the proper taxable year.
Section 112 of the Code relates to the recognition of gain or loss. In subsection (a) thereof the Congress laid down the general rule, that upon the sale or exchange of property the entire amount of gain or loss, as determined under section 111, shall be recognized. The exceptions to the general rule appear as subsections 112 (f) to (m), inclusive. Subsection 112 (f) is the exception which relates to recognition of gain or loss from involuntary conversions of property. It provides that upon compliance with the conditions therein stated the gain from involuntary conversions shall not be recognized. Recognition of gains from involuntary conversions is postponed for tax purposes until a subsequent sale or disposition of the property which takes the adjusted basis for gain or loss provided by section 113 (a) (9), Internal Revenue Code. In the Code and the Revenue Acts prior thereto Congress has consistently recognized the inequity of taxing a gain resulting from an involuntary conversion of property where the proceeds are used to replace the property.
A liberal construction of a relief provision to effectuate the intent of Congress does not mean, however, that a loose construction (which would permit abuse) is justified. Washington Railway & Electric Co., 40 B. T. A. 1249, 1259 (1939). The statutory conditions must be met if the taxpayer is to benefit from the non-recognition of gain provisions. Assuming, for the sake of argument, that some of petitioner’s containers were involuntarily converted into money, we are not convinced that petitioner has complied with that portion of the statute which states that such money must be “forthwith in good faith, under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, expended in the acquisition of other property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, * * *, or in the establishment of a replacement fund, * * *."
Respondent’s regulations dealing with the reinvestment of the proceeds of involuntary conversions are found in section 29.112 (f)-l, Regulations 111. They provide that it is not sufficient for a taxpayer seeking the benefits of section 112 (f) to show that subsequent to the receipt of the money he purchased other property similar or related in use. The taxpayer must trace the money into the payments for the property so purchased. He must be able to prove that the money was actually reinvested in other property similar or related in use to the property converted. The benefits of 112 (f) cannot be extended to a taxpayer who does not purchase other property similar or related in service or use, notwithstanding the fact that no other such property was available for purchase.
Petitioner is unable to comply with section 112 (f) as interpreted by respondent’s regulations. The growth of its deposit liability account was adversely affecting its financial statements and the directors forfeited to income net deposits in excess of a stated amount. There was no provision or direction in the directors’ minutes for placing the forfeited deposits in a special account to be used for any specific purpose. The forfeited deposits were not placed in a special fund or earmarked for a specific purpose but were commingled with other funds used for corporate purposes generally. Such treatment made the $17,271.42 available for general business purposes, and even though our findings show that petitioner was purchasing thousands of dollars of containers annually, it cannot be established that this $17,271.42 was “forthwith in good faith * * * expended in the acquisition of other property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, * * The necessity for such compliance in order to secure the benefits of the non-recognition of gain provisions is clearly set forth in Vim Securities Corp. v. Commissioner (C. A. 2, 1942), 130 F. 2d 106, affirming 43 B. T. A. 759, certiorari denied 317 U. S. 686; Kennebec Box & Lumber Co. v. Commissioner (C. A. 1, 1948), 168 F. 2d 646, affirming T. C. Memorandum Opinion and cases therein cited. It follows that even if petitioner’s containers were in-, voluntarily converted within the meaning of section 112 (f), it would nevertheless be unable to secure the benefits of that section for failure to comply with the other statutory requirements.
Taxpayers using returnable containers in their trade or business have accounted for the sales price thereof or the deposits thereon in various ways. In cases involving sales and subsequent repurchases of containers, the transactions have been treated in the same manner as the sale of any other merchandise.
The judge [Federal District Judge] found as a fact that the cases and bottles were not sold but that deposits were made to secure return of them, the time of return being indefinite, and any person being allowed to return them. This view has support in the evidence. The bottles bear distinctive marks, the cases bear the taxpayer’s name or initials as owner. They were expected to be returned if not destroyed. The account was labeled “Deposit”, as if the money entered was that of others. The tax returns all called the account a liability. The stipulation as above quoted itself calls the money “deposits”. If the balance was an aggregate of old deposits, the book entry closing them out and putting the money to free surplus funds was not mere bookkeeping, but a financial act, as though a bank could and did transfer to its surplus old deposit accounts as barred or abandoned. Such a financial act creates income in the year in which it is done. Compare Maryland Casualty Co. v. United States, 251 U. S. 342, 352, 40 S. Ct. 155, 64 L. Ed. 297; Boston Consol. Gas Co. v. Commissioner, 1 Cir. 128 F. (2d) 473; Commissioner v. Dallas Title & Guar. Co., 5 Cir., 119 F. (2d) 211.
At the time petitioner’s board of directors forfeited $17,271.42 of the deposits in its deposit liability account, the bottles and cases represented thereby had been fully depreciated. There was, therefore, no undepreciated cost to be recovered from the forfeited deposits, and, upon the authority of the Wichita case, we hold that petitioner realized income in the full amount of the forfeited deposits.
Petitioner’s alternative contention is that the recognized gain of $17,271.42 should be treated as capital gain under section 117 (j).
The statute specifically describes the transactions in property to which it applies as involuntary conversions, sales, and exchanges. Property transactions outside the statutory language are unaffected thereby. Petitioner must, therefore, bring its forfeiture of the deposits within one of the three mentioned categories if the recognized gain is to be treated as capital gain rather than as ordinary income.
Petitioner has taken a position with respect to each category. It contends that the determination of its board of directors effected (1) a sale on condition subsequent, or (2) an exchange of petitioner’s equity in the bottles for the cash contained in the deposit liability account, or (3) an involuntary conversion in somewise not qualifying for the tax free provisions of section 112 (f).
The theory that the action of petitioner’s directors in forfeiting the deposits effected a sale on condition subsequent is conceived by the following process of reasoning. When the beverages were sold the possibility was recognized that the deposits on containers might have to be forfeited because of their destruction. Petitioner thus acquired a right to consider the destruction of the containers as the sale thereof and the amount of the deposit as the selling price. The deposit was retained therefore upon the condition that if the container was later destroyed title to the deposit passed to petitioner. The action of the board of directors in forfeiting the deposit established the occurrence of the condition subsequent and effected the sale.
It is stipulated that the containers were not sold by petitioner, but it was also agreed that this stipulation would not preclude the above argument that the legal effect of the non-return of the containers and the forfeiture of the deposit amounted to a sale. Eespondent contends that if the fiction of a sale of unreturned containers is to be indulged in then the logical extension of the fictional sale theory is that such containers were “property held by taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business,” which would prevent the application of 117 (j). In other words, if unreturned containers are “sold,” the gain should receive the same treatment as the gain from the sale of the beverage itself, and not the special treatment provided for certain types of gain in section 117 (j).
We agree with respondent that the gain realized on the unreturned containers did not result from the sale of property. Too many of the necessary elements of a sale
Petitioner's theory that the gain was the outgrowth of an exchange of propert}- rights visualizes its equity in the bottles and containers being exchanged for the customer;/ rights to the deposits. One difficulty with this theory lies in its conflict with petitioner’s basic theory that the bottles and cases were destroyed and therefore could not be returned. The deposit was given originally as a security for the return of the containers and in view of the fact that the cost of the containers exceeded the deposit it was to petitioner's interest economically to get every container returned as many times as possible for refill. But when the container is destroyed the right to a return pf the deposit is destroyed too. Whatever property right the customer had in the deposit was shattered with the bottle, and there could be no exchange of property as specified in section 117 (j), for, as there used, the word “exchange” means reciprocal transfers of capital assets.
Finally, petitioner contends that the recognized gain grew out of an involuntary conversion within the meaning of section 117 (j) which somehow fails to qualify as an involuntary conversion under section 112 (f). Petitioner’s brief points out that Regulations 111, section 29.117-7 state that an involuntary conversion under section 117 (j) is a conversion of property into money or other property as a result of its destruction in whole or in part, theft, etc. Thus, says petitioner, the regulation emphasizes the conversion of the destroyed property into “money or other property,” which is the situation here, since petitioner realized its gain primarily upon the action of its board of directors in determining that containers in the amount of $17,271.42 had been destroyed. Petitioner admits that the containers were fully depreciated but contends that since the gain realized from the sale of fully depreciated assets can be capital gain,
We cannot agree that the situation here is comparable to that existing in Providence Coal Mining Co. There is a specific finding in that case that the assets there involved were sold.
In view of the foregoing, we hold that even though section 117 (j) was intended as a remedial measure applicable to all taxpayers within its provisions, the facts here do not warrant nor has petitioner established its right to apply 117 (j) to the unilateral action of its directors in freeing funds in a deposit liability account for general corporate purposes. The resulting gain was ordinary income and respondent properly taxed it as such. In so holding we have carefully considered our decisions in Massillon-Cleveland-Akron Sign Co., Guy L. Waggoner, and Alamo Broadcasting Co., footnote 8 supra. There is no similarity in the facts here to the facts in any of the cited cases, and the tax principle applied there does not apply here. Petitioner’s claim for refund of a part of its 1944 taxes based upon the alleged erroneous treatment of this $17,271.42 item was properly denied by respondent.
Reviewed by the Court.
Decision will be entered under Rule 50.
SEC. 112. RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR DOSS.
(a) General Rule. — Upon the sale or exchange of property the entire amount of the gain or loss, determined under section 111, shall be recognized, except as hereinafter provided in this section.
* * * * * * *
(f) Involuntary Conversions. — If property (as a result of its destruction in whole or in part, theft or seizure, or an exercise of the power of requisition or condemnation, or the threat or imminence thereof) is compulsorily or involuntarily converted into property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, or into money which is forthwith in good faith, under regulations prescribed by the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary, expended in the acquisition of other property similar or related in service or use to the property so converted, or in the acquisition of control of a corporation owning such other property, or in the establishment of a replacement fund, no gain shall be recognized, but loss shall be recognized. If any part of the money is not so expended, the gain, if any, shall be recognized to the extent of the money which is not so expended (regardless of whether such money is received in one or more taxable years and regardless of whether or not the money which is not so expended constitutes gain).
See Eastern Steamship Lines, Inc., 17 B. T. A. 787 (1929), interpreting section 234 (a) (14), Revenue Act of 1921, which was retroactive; and Massillon-Cleveland-Akron Sign Co., 15 T. C. 79 (1950).
Washington Railway & Electric Co., 40 B. T. A. 1249 (1939), and cases cited therein.
LaSalle Cement Co. v. Commissioner (C. A. 7, 1932), 59 2d 361, certiorari denied, 287 U. S. 624 (cement sacks); Beadleston & Woerz, Inc,, 5 B. T. A. 165 (1926) (bottles and cases).
Farmers Creamery Co. of Fredericksburg, Va., 14 T. C. 879.
Wichita Coca Cola Bottling Co. v. United States (C. A. 5, 1945), 152 F. 2d 6, certiorari denied, 327 U. S. 806.
(j) Gains and Losses from Involuntary Conversion and from the Sale or Exchange of Certain Property Used in the Trade or Business.—
(1) Definition of property used in the trade or business. — For the purposes of this subsection, the term “property used in the trade or business’’ means property used in the trade or business, of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation provided in section 23 (1), held for more than 6 months, and real property used in the trade or business, held for more than 6 months, which is not (A) property of a kind which would properly be includible in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the taxable year, or (B) property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business, or (C) * * *.
(2) General Rule. — If, during the taxable year, the recognized gains upon sales or exchanges of property used in the trade or business, plus the recognized gains from the compulsory or involuntary conversion (as a result of destruction in whole or in part, theft or seizure, or an exercise of the power of requisition or condemnation or the threat or imminence thereof) of property used in the trade or business and capital assets held for more than 6 months into other property or money, exceed the recognized losses from such sales, exchanges, and conversions, such gains and losses shall be considered as gains and losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets held for more than 6 months. If such gains do not exceed such losses, such gains and losses shall not be considered as gains and losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets. For the purposes of this paragraph:
(A) In determining under this paragraph whether gains exceed losses, the gains and losses described therein shall be included only if and to the extent taken into account in computing net income, except that subsections (b) and (d) shall not apply.
(B) Losses upon the destruction in -whole or in part, theft or seizure, or requisition or condemnation of property used in the trade or business or capital assets held for more than 6 months shall be considered losses from a compulsory or involuntary conversion.
Massillon-Cleveland-Akron Sign Co., 15 T. C. 79 (1950); Guy L. Waggonert 15 T. C. 496 (1950); Alamo Broadcasting Co., 15 T. C. 534 (1950).
Williamson v. Berry, 49 U. S. (8 How.) 495. 544.
Helvering v. Flaccus Oak Leather Co., 313 U. S. 247 (1914).
Providence Coal Mining Co. v. Glenn, 88 Fed. Supp. 975 (1950).
Whether the assets sold were fully depreciated or not is immaterial.