9 N.M. 325 | N.M. | 1898
The facts as to which there is no dispute are, that prior to the fourteenth day of June, 1880, Ambrosio Armijo, was put in possession of the locus in quo, under a contract to purchase same from the New Mexico Town Company, by Harry R. Whiting, as agent of that company and on that day a deed was duly executed by that company to him, which deed was acknowledged and recorded in the manner provided by law. In the spring of 1882, Ambrosio Armijo leased the premises to John Boyle and Mary Boyle his wife, and placed them in possession of the same, and thereafter, on the tenth day of April, 1882, died, leaving a last -will and testament which was duly admitted to probate by the probate court of Bernalillo, the county of Ambrosio Armijo’s residence. On the first day of May, 1882, Perfecto Armijo, the eldest son of Ambrosio Armijo and Candelaria G. de Armijo, his widow, were duly appointed to execute the will and qualified as such. The will left certain specified property to the widow, Candelaria G-. de Armijo, contained one or two trifling bequests to servants, and devised the great bulk of the estate, including the locus in quo, to tbe ten children of the testator, share and share alike. The will declares that there were no gains of the marriage community composed of the testator and Candelaria Armijo, in the following language: “I declare and believe that I have no property acquired during marriage; I have only kept my capital intact since I married the' second time, but according to Pedro Murilla Velarde and the laws of the country, I leave, direct and order my executors that there shall be delivered to my wife the two paragraphs above, entirely using about one-fifth of my property, which is what the laws of the country authorize.” The inventory of the estate was taken on August IT, 1882, iand concluded August IV, 1882, and is signed by the executors and by the appraisers appointed by the probate court, in which the locus in quo is appraised as “one lot and house occupied by John Boyle, $1,500.” On August 26, 1882, in pursuance of an order of the probate court the executors made a distribution of the estate and executed and recorded hijuelas to the ten children of Ambrosio Armijo, in-which to each is set apart one-tenth interest in the locus in quo, in the following language: “One-tenth on one lot and house occupied by John Boyle, $150.” Each of these instruments is signed by Perfecto Armijo and Candelaria G. de Armijo, ' administrators, and is approved by Tomas C. Gutierrez, judge of the probate court, May 11, 1883, and is recorded in the office of the probate clerk, May 11, 1883. ' John Boyle continued in possession of the locus in quo, paying rent therefor to the executors until the execution of a deed to A. M. Ooddington, on the twenty-eighth day of December, 1883. This rent was divided by the executors, one-tenth to each of the children. Teresa Armijo de Symington, wife of John Symington, was one of the children of Ambrosio Armijo, and on the twenty-seventh day of December, 1883, said Teresa and her said husband, made a power of attorney to Elias IT. Armijo to “sell our right, title and interest individually as guardians of the estate of Dolores Armijo, a minor, in lot No. 17 in block No. 5 as shown on the map of the New Mexico Town Company addition to the town of Albuquerque, situate on the street known as Railroad avenue, and tó execute, acknowledge and deliver to the purchaser thereof a warranty deed with full covenants therefor.” This power of attorney was duly recorded in Bernalillo county on the twenty-eighth day of December, 1883, Perfecto Armijo and wife, Jesus Arnnijo and wife, Mariano Armijo and wife, Elias H. Armijo and John Symington and wife, by Elias H. Armijo, as their attorney in fact, conveyed to A. M. Coddington, by warranty deed, with full covenants for title the whole of lot 17 in block 15, which deed was duly recorded in Bernalillo county, and on January 2, 1884, A. M. Coddington and wife conveyed the same property to Conrad Schenfield. Schenfield entered into possession of the entire propertv and remained in possession thereof, by himself or his tenants until his death, which occurred on the twenty-fifth day of June, 1888. By his last will and testament he devised lot 17 in block 15 to James A. Williamson and the said last will and testament was admitted to probate by the probate court of Bernalillo on the fifth day of July, 1888. ■ Williamson afterwards received deeds from all the heirs at law of Conrad Schenfield and it is admitted that whatever title Schenfield acquired under his deed from Ooddington and wife passed to Williamson. The record shows affirmatively that Williamson entered into possession of the' premises under the- will of Shenfield, deeds from Shenfield’s heirs, and claimed by no other title. On December 16, 1890, Williamson conveyed to plaintiff in error, Neker, who continued in possession at the time of the institution of this suit. On August 28, 1896, Ambrosio Armijo, Dolores Armijo de Borradaile and John Borradaile, her husband, and Anita Armijo, an infant, by her mother and guardian, begun this suit in ejectment in the district court of Bernalillo county against George K. Neker for the recovery of the locus in quo. The defendant appeared and answered, interposing the general issue and also a special plea that the alleged cause of action did not accrue within ten years prior to said suit. Thereupon the plaintiffs joined issue as to the first plea and demurred to the second. Afterwards, plaintiffs moved the court to allow them to amend by striking out the names of Dolores de Armijo de Borradaile, and John Borradaile, and that they be allowed to prosecute the suit in the name of the remaining plaintiffs. The motion was allowed, the defendant not objecting thereto. Thereupon the plaintiffs withdrew their demurrer to defendant’s second plea and the plaintiffs, Ambrosio Armijo and Anita Armijo, filed their replication, taking issue on the first plea and answering defendant’s second plea by alleging infancy at the time the cause of action accrued, and that the action was begun during the infancy of Anita and within three years after Ambrosio Armijo became twenty-one years of age. To the second replication of plaintiffs to the second plea of defendant the defendant interposed his rejoinder, alleging that said alleged cause of action did not first accrue to plaintiffs but to their ancestor, Ambrosio Armijo. Plaintiffs interposed a demurrer to this rejoinder, which was overruled by the court and thereupon plaintiffs filed their sub-rejoinder, and therein denied that said cause of action first accrued to Ambrosio Armijo, the father of the plaintiffs, but on the contrary alleged that Ambrosio Armijo died seized and possessed of an estate in fee simple in said premises. Issue was thereupon joined and thus the pleadings stood at the time of trial, April 3, 1891. After a verdict and judgment in favor of Ambrosio Armijo and Anita Armijo for an undivided two-tenths of the locus in quo and damages, defendant brought the cause into this court by writ of error, and makes the following assignments of error:
1. The court erred in refusing to grant defendant’s motion for a verdict at the close of plaintiff’s evidence in chief.
%. The court erred in refusing defendant’s motion for verdict at the close of the case.
3. The court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for new trial in this case.
4. The court erred in overruling defendant’s motion in arrest of judgment.
5. The court erred in ruling that the will of Ambrosio Armijo deceased required an election of the widow.
6. The court erred in ruling that said widow did elect to take under said will.
7. The court erred in ruling that said will and the election of said widow divested her of the legal title to the premises in question and vested the same in the heirs of, Ambrosio Armijo, deceased.
We will discuss the questions raised by the foregoing assignments of error in their logical order.
From the record it appears that the testator by his will, declared that he had acquired no property during his second marriage which were gains of the community; that the locus in quo was devised to the ten children, share and share alike, to the exclusion of the widow, and that certain other property was devised to the widow, to the exclusion of the children; that the widow and one of the children were appointed exec-tors, that they duly qualified and executed the will and that the widow acquiesced in the distribution of the property as made by the will, and since in this case she is presumed to have known both the law and the facts such acquiescence was with full knowledge of her legal rights. Therefore we must hold that these facts constitute clear and conclusive proof that the locus in quo was not community property; and having reached this conclusion the contention of the defendant that the- widow became vested with the legal title to a one-half interest in the property falls, and the question of the election of the widow under the will became, irrelevant in this cause.
Therefore, we can not agree with the learned counsel for defendant that the cause of action in this case first accrued to Ambrosio Armijo, the father of the plaintiffs, during his lifetime. And, since we have decided that the widow never acquired any rjght of possession to the locus in quo, certainly it can not be pretended that from the date of the deed from the New Mexico Town Company to Ambrosio Armijo up to the date of the deed to Coddington the right to the possession was not in Ambrosio Armijo during his lifetime and thereafter in these plaintiffs to the extent of their interest. Therefore, having established the right of possession to the locus in quo to have been in Ambrosio Armijo during his lifetime and in these two plaintiffs until the making of the deed with full warranty of covenants to Coddington, the question arises whether or not the defendant upon the record in this case has shown a better right or title as against plaintiffs. What title has the defendant shown? The plaintiff introduced in evidence a record title tracing the conveyance of the locus in quo from Ambrosio Armijo, ancestor, down to the defendant George Neher. But defendant insists that he does not claim through or under any of said deeds. He disclaims the title under which he entered and sets up a defense of title by adverse possession. We take it that the question for determination is not so much whether defendant is estopped to deny the title as alleged to have been derived from common ancestor with plaintiffs, as whether the facts in this case constitute adverse possession within the meaning of the statute as against the plaintiffs’ delivery of the deed to Ooddington, what was the relative position of the parties. The law seems to be well settled that by proof of actual ouster one co-tenant may sustain an action in ejectment against another, and that a conveyance by the owner of a share of the whole estate and delivery of possession of the whole is an ouster. Sedg. & Waite on Trial of Land Title, pp. 41, 69, 199, 476, 739, 482; Demblitz on Land Titles, sec. 183. Has such proof of ouster of plaintiffs been shown ? We think it has, and that the deed to Ooddington established clear, open, notorious, adverse possession in the grantee. We think the supreme court of the United States in the case of Robertson v. Pickerel, 109 U. S. 615, laid down the true rule: “Where both parties assert title in a common grantor and no other source, neither can deny that such grantor had a valid title when he executed his conveyance.” That court did not decide that where title was asserted from any other source, such estoppel would operate; nor do we find any authorities which do so hold. Our view of the law is not at variance. The defendant in this case under his deed with full warranty of covenants might well have assumed that his grantors were so seized, and here it is immaterial whether they were, or not. Their act gave to defendant and his privies a possession under color of title adverse to these plaintiffs, and the defendant is not bound to depend bis title on that of Ambrosio Armijo, the ancestor. The distinction between color of title and title must be presented. Sete v. Waite, sec. 764. He holds in opposition to Ambrosio Armijo and to these plaintiffs. He holds by virtue of the limitation in the statute. The statute is his source of title, so that he did not come into possession wrongfully. He came into possession under color of title, and by operation of the statute he has title by adverse possession against all claimants excepting those under disability in whose favor the law has preserved a right of action. That„eminent jurist, Chief Justice Marshall in the case of Blight’s Lessee v. Rochester, 7 Wheaton 543, in considering the principle that one is bound to admit the title when traced to a common ancestor said, “But if the deed of the defendant does not refer to their ancestor * * * the defendant holds in opposition to John Dunlop (the ancestor) or claims to have acquired that title. If "he holds under adverse title his right to contest that of Dunlop is admitted,” and “The vendee acquires the property for himself, and his faith is not pledged to maintain the title of the vendor. The rights of the vendor are intended to be extinguished by the sale, and he has no continuing interest in the maintenance of his title, unless he should be called upon in consequence of some covenant or warranty in his deed. The property having become by the sale the property of the vendee, he has a right to fortify that title by the purchase of any other in the quiet enjoyment of the premises. No principle of morality restrains him from doing this nor is either the letter or the spirit of the contract violated by it. The same court in the case of Willison v. Watkins, 3 Pet. 45, held in discussing the question of-estoppel between landlord and tenant,' that, “the extent of the doctrine was never intended to go so far as to apply to a case where the tenant disclaims the tenure, claims the fee adversely in right of a third person or his own, or attorns to another. . His possession becomes tortious by the forfeiture of his right, and the landlord’s right of entry is complete, and he may sue at any time within the period limited, but he must lay his demise subsequent to the termination of the tenancy, for before that he had no right of entry. By bringing his ejectment he also affirms the tenancy and goes for the forfeiture. The relation between tenants in common is in principle very similar as that between lessor and lessee; the possession of one is the possession of the other, while the tenure is acknowledged. But if one ousts the other or denies the tenure, and receives the rents and profits to his exclusive use, his possession becomes adverse and the statute of limitation begins to run.” This doctrine is affirmed by the case of Barnetz, Lessee, v. Casey, 7 Cranch. 464, in which Mr. Justice Storey said: “As however a tenant in common can not in general maintain an action of ejectment against his cotenant, and there are no facts found in this case to prove an actual ouster and to take it out of the general rule the consequence is that the judgment in the opinion of the majority of the court must be affirmed.” In the case of Probst v. Trustees, etc., 128 U. S. 182, the supreme court discussed the question of what constituted adverse possession under the statute involved in this case. Mr. Justice Miller, in delivering the opinion of the court, quotes from Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Pet. 41, 52. “An entry by one man on land of another is an ouster of the legal possession arising from the title, or not, according to the intention with which it is done. If made under claim and color of right, it is an ouster; otherwise it is amere trespass inlegal language. The intention guides the entry and fixes its character.” It is- the essence of the statute of limitation that whether the party had a - right to the possession or not, if he entered under the claim of such right and remained in the possession for the period of ten years or other period prescribed by the statute, the right of the plaintiff who had the better right is barred by that of adverse possession.” If there be any case which could clearly illustrate the sound policy of acts of repose and quieting title and possession by the limitations of actions, it is in this. Here was actual ouster ' of plaintiffs by their cotenants, by deed promptly recorded, and actual, open, notorious adverse possession in defendant and privies from that day to this.
After careful reviewing of the authorities we can not assent to the doctrine contended for by plaintiffs, that this defendant is estopped from denying their title because derived through a common ancestor. The title of the plaintiffs to the locus in quo depends entirely upon the will of Ambrosio Armijo, while, as against them, whatever rights the defendant acquired depends upon the statute of limitations. And the legal effect of the deed from the heirs to Coddington having been to disseize the plaintiffs, and set the statute in motion as against them, we must now determine whether Neher acquired such an interest in the locus in quo as would defeat the plaintiffs’ right to recover. By • successive conveyances that title which Coddington acquired and to which the defendant must trace his title for a lawful entry, this possession has been continued without interruption adversely to these plaintiffs down to the present time. As against any cotenants of the grantors who were not under disabilities we see no reason why after ten years of such adverse possession this title might not by operation of the statute have matured into a perfect title. But what were the facts at the time of the conveyance to Coddington ? These plaintiffs were both under the disability of infancy, and under our statute had three years after arriving at full age within which to bring their action. Ambrosio •Armijo, in his right, and Anita Armijo, by her guardian commenced this action within the time so limited.
In view of what is here decided, can defendant maintain title by adverse possession as against these plaintiffs? Suppose that plaintiffs had joined with their cotenants in the deed to Coddington, and that Coddington had held down to the present time. Would there be any dispute as to their power to -repudiate their own act, and could Coddington hold as against such disaffirmance? We think not. Much less then is it true that this defendant by the adoption of a tortious act committed upon these plaintiffs during their infancy could have the benefit of the bar of statute of limitations as against them at any time within the three years after the removal of their disability, and it appears from the record that tire plaintiffs commenced their action within the time prescribed by law.
Bor the foregoing reasons, we are of the opinion that under the evidence presented by the record in this cause, there was no error committed by the trial court prejudicial to the right of plaintiff in error, and the judgment of the district court of Bernalillo county is affirmed.