Naylor v. Jensen
113 P. 73
Utah
1910
Check Treatment

Lead Opinion

ERICK, J.'

This is an appeal from a judgment or decree in equity rendered in the district court of Salt Lake County. The *314record is of great length; tbe pleadings alone covering more than seventy pages of tbe printed abstract. While tbe assignments of error are very numerous, yet, because of tbe views that we entertain of tbe case, it will be unnecessary to refer to tbe assignments in detail. In order to assist the reader to arrive at a better understanding of tbe real basis of our conclusions, we deem it necessary to make a somewhat lengthy statement of tbe history of tbe transactions and of what we deem to be tbe controlling facts.

On tbe 8th day of October, 1901, Joseph M. Jensen and Benham Hunsaker, as “parties of tbe first,” and George Nay-lor (one of tbe plaintiffs), Nelson A. Naylor, Lester O. Naylor, W. S. Naylor, and W. G. Clark, as “parties of tbe second part,” entered into an agreement in writing whereby tbe first parties leased and delivered to tbe second parties a large number of sheep, in two bands or herds, to be retained and cared for by tbe second parties for tbe term of three year's upon tbe terms and conditions contained in said written agreement. As a partial security for tbe faithful performance of tbe promises and undertaking of tbe second parties tbe plaintiff, George Naylor, jointly with bis wife (tbe other plaintiff), namely, Huida O. Naylor, executed and delivered a certain mortgage whereby they conveyed certain real estate to said first parties; and W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark, two others of tbe second parties, as additional security for tbe purpose aforesaid, also made and delivered to said first parties a chattel mortgage covering a band of sheep owned by tbe last-named parties in Tooele County. Some time in the summer of 1902, Joseph M. Jensen assigned all bis interest in said agreement and in tbe sheep leased as aforesaid to tbe appellant John T. Rich, and it is claimed that thereafter all of tbe sheep in which the parties of tbe second part, excepting W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark, claimed any interest, were returned and redelivered to said Hunsaker and Rich. It is also alleged that at that time an agreement was entered into between said Hunsaker and Rich and said Naylors and Clark whereby, for certain considerations passing between them, George Naylor, one of tbe *315plaintiffs, and Nelson A. and Lester 0. Naylor, were to be and were fully released and discharged from all the obligations by them assumed in said agreement and lease, and, further, that the plaintiffs George Naylor and Huida 0. Naylor, together with the real estate mortgage given by them, were to be and were in fact released and discharged, but it is claimed that said first parties neglected and refused to release or discharge said real estate mortgage by entering satisfaction thereof of record. After all of the foregoing transactions, and others which it is not deemed necessary to state, had taken place, the plaintiffs commenced this action in equity against said Jensen, Hunsaker, and Hieh, the latter as the assignee of said Jensen. In their complaint, among other numerous allegations, they substantially alleged the facts we have just stated, and asked the court to find and declare that the plaintiffs were released and discharged from all liability on account of said agreement and lease, and of the obligations assumed by them by reason of the execution and delivery of said real estate mortgage, and that said mortgage be canceled and satisfied of record. Jensen and Hunsaker appeared in the action, and practically disclaimed any interest in the subject-matter thereof; that is, they disclaimed having any present interest either in the lease or the sheep mentioned therein, or in said real estate mortgage, and asked for no affirmative relief. The appellant John Y. Each also appeared in the action, and in his answer he set forth the making of the lease and the delivery of the sheep thereunder by Jensen and Hunsaker and the assignment to him to Jensen’s interest. He also alleged a number of breaches of the conditions of the lease, and claimed a large amount of damages by reason thereof. He denied the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint that they had been released from the obligations assumed by them in the real estate mortgage, and averred that the mortgage (with the exception of a partial release made by him) was still in full force and effect. In a counterclaim he asked that the mortgage in question to be foreclosed and the mortgaged premises sold and the proceeds of said sale applied to the satisfaction of any judg*316ment for damages that be might obtain against the Naylors and Clark for the alleged breaches of the agreement and lease. In this connection appellant, in the nature of a cross-complaint, asked that W. S. Naylor, Nelson A. Naylor, and Lester O. Naylor and W. GK Clark be made parties to the action, and that they- be required to plead to the cross complaint, and demanded judgment for the damages aforesaid against them. The court granted the request, and said Nay-lors and Clark were accordingly made parties to the action. They appeared and set up various defenses to the matters set forth in the cross-complaint. The whole matter respecting compromises and settlements and transactions had between the parties subsequent to the original delivery of the sheep were set forth in the answers to the cross-complaint by the respective parties, to all of which the appellant filed a reply. Appellant had thus brought new parties into the case and had by way of cross-complaint, as provided by section 2974, Comp. Laws 1907, set forth a cause of action for damages for an alleged breach of contract against such new parties. The cause of action in the cross-complaint, so far as it affected the parties other than the plaintiffs, was purely legal; that is, it was in the nature of an action for damages for an alleged breach of contract. The action instituted by the plaintiffs, on the other hand, was purely equitable.

After the issues had all been made up on the cross-complaint filed by appellant, the new parties who had been brought into the case insisted that the issues presented by the cross-complaint and the answers thereto were purely legal, and they demanded a jury trial. To this appellant made no objection, and the court granted the request. The issues arising upon the cross-complaint and the answers interposed thereto were accordingly all transferred to the law division of the district court and were there tried to a jury, as law actions are usually and ordinarily tried and determined; that is, no questions of fact were submitted to the jury to be answered by them in a special verdict or by answering specific questions, as is usually done, when specific questions of fact are submitted to a jury in equity cases, but the issues *317arising upon tbe cross-complaint and tbe answers thereto were all tried and submitted to tbe jury as in a law case, and a general verdict was returned by tbe jury, by wbicb, under tbe instructions of tbe court, tbe jury disposed of all tbe issues wbicb arose on tbe pleadings before referred to. By tbeir verdict tbe jury found tbe issues on tbe cross-complaint and answer thereto filed by W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark in favor of appellant and assessed tbe damages against them at nine thousand dollars, while upon tbe issues raised by the parties other than said Naylor and Clark, including tbe plaintiffs, tbe jury found against appellant and in favor of said parties. Tbe court entered judgment in favor of George Naylor, tbe plaintiff, Nelson A. and Lester 0. Nay-lor, dismissing appellant’s counterclaim as against them, and, further, that tbe appellant “has no cause of action against them” or either of them. Appellant filed a motion for a new trial upon various grounds, by reason of wbicb be sought to have tbe verdict and judgment, in so far as it was against him and in favor of tbe Naylors aforesaid, set aside. Tbe court, however, approved tbe verdict of tbe jury, and denied tbe motion. Some time after these proceedings were concluded, counsel for plaintiffs filed a motion in tbe equity division of tbe court, and asked that court to enter judgment as prayed for in tbe complaint of plaintiffs. This motion was resisted by appellant, and be, in substance, contended that tbe verdict of tbe jury was merely advisory to tbe court; that tbe evidence did not sustain tbe verdict in various particulars ; that tbe court, sitting as a court of equity, should then review and pass upon all tbe evidence that bad been submitted to tbe jury upon all tbe issues that were presented by tbe cross-complaint and tbe answers thereto filed in tbe case as before stated; and that tbe court should make its findings of fact and conclusions of law upon all tbe issues as though tbe matters bad not been submitted to and passed on by tbe jury as aforesaid. Tbe court refused to pass upon the evidence, but held tbe verdict of tbe jury and tbe judgment based thereon as conclusive upon all tbe issues that were presented to tbe jury, and made findings of fact and *318conclusions of law upon tbe equitable claims of plaintiffs and entered a decree canceling tbe real estate mortgage given by tbem wbicb they asked to bave canceled and declared satisfied in tbeir complaint. Appellant filed another motion for a new trial, wbicb was overruled, and, as before stated, be now appeals only from tbe judgment entered by tbe equity division of tbe district court.

It is seriously urged tbat among other errors tbe trial court erred in not reviewing and passing upon all tbe evidence submitted to tbe jury upon tbe issues presented by tbe cross-complaint and tbe answers thereto, tbat tbe evidence is insufficient to sustain tbe verdict of tbe jury, and tbat tbe court erred in not making findings of fact and conclusions of law, and in not entering judgment in favor of appellant upon all tbe issues. It is undoubtedly true tbat in equity cases certain issues of fact may be submitted to a jury, and tbat tbeir findings thereon are ordinarily merely advisory to tbe court. Such procedure might bave been followed in this case notwithstanding tbe fact tbat appellant in bis cross-complaint bad presented matters ordinarily cognizable in a court of law. But tbe parties to this action did not proceed in tbat way. Tbe Constitution of this state in section 19 of article 8 provides “there shall be but one form of action, and law and equity may be administered in tbe same action.” No doubt tbe framers of tbe Constitution thereby intended to permit tbe parties to actions to dispose of all questions, whether legal or equitable, in one and tbe same action. Of this right appellant availed himself when be filed bis cross-complaint and brought in tbe new parties. After this cross-complaint bad been filed and all tbe parties were before tbe court, and tbe issues bad been made up, tbe law issues, as they were denominated by tbe parties, were as we bave seen on motion of plaintiffs’ counsel transferred to tbe law division of tbe court to be there tried to a jury. All of tbe issues arising upon' appellant’s cross-complaint and tbe answers thereto were by tbe apparent consent of all tbe parties in interest, thus submitted to a jury, and tbe case was tried in tbe ordinary way tbat law cases are tried *319and submitted. The issues of fact were numerous and complicated, including, among others, questions of settlement, accord, and satisfaction, release, and discharge of some of the parties to the original agreement or lease as well as questions relating to breaches of the provisions of said agreement and lease and the consequent damages resulting from such breaches. All these matters were under instructions of the court with respect to the law arising .upon the issues of fact, of which instructions no complaint is made, submitted to the jury, and the conclusions reached by them upon all of these questions is included in their general verdict. All of the parties to the action, including the appellant, thus apparently treated the case, at least so far as the issues of fact were concerned, as purely a law case, tried and submitted it as such, and took their chances of obtaining a verdict from the jury either for or against their contentions. Upon the verdict of the jury thus obtained, the court entered a judgment, and thereby, we think, concluded all of 1 the matters that were submitted to the jury. Appellant in his motion for a new trial, in so far as the verdict of the jury was against W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark, and in his favor for damages, did not assail it, but attacked it only in so far as it was against his contentions. The whole conduct of the case and the proceedings had indicated that all of the parties to the action treated the trial to the jury as a complete trial of the issues, the same as such issues are usually tried and determined in law cases. This being so, we think the district court was right in holding that the parties by their conduct were concluded by the verdict, and could not again try the issues that had been submitted to and passed on by the jury. All of the issues of fact were peculiarly matters for the jury to pass on. The parties all seemed to recognize this fact, and hence did not avail themselves of the opportunity of simply submitting to the jury certain questions of fact, and have the jury answer such questions in accordance with their conclusions. Instead of this, all the issues were submitted to the jury in the usual way and a general verdict asked at their hands. While this *320may have been somewhat irregular, yet there is nothing made to appear why the trial of the issues in that way was not as fair for one as for the other of the parties, and appellant made no such claim in his motion for a new trial. The principle involved here, therefore, bears some resemblance to the one passed on in the case of Grand Cent. M. Co. v. Mammoth M. Co., 36 Utah 364, 104 Pac. 573, where this court in effect held that parties to> an action by their conduct may treat what would otherwise not be a final and ap-pealable judgment as such, and, if they do so, they may be bound by the result reached on the premature appeal.

In view of all the proceedings had in this case, and in view of the conduct of the parties to the action, and of the general verdict returned by the jury, we are of the opinion that the evidence submitted to and passed on by the jury was not open for review by the court sitting as 2 a court of equity; and, in view of the whole record presented on appeal, we cannot pass upon the weight of the evidence and order findings of fact and conclusions of law as may ordinarily be done in actions in equity. To avoid a misapprehension of the scope of this decision, we remark that we do not hold that in equity cases where special issues of fact are submitted to a jury that their findings thereon are ordinarily more than advisory to the court; but what we do hold is that under the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case and by reason of the proceedings had and the conduct of the parties to the action they are precluded from again trying the issues submitted to the jury, and are bound by their verdict and the judgment rendered thereon.

It follows from what has been said that the court sitting as a court of equity had no alternative, but was required to make the findings of fact and conclusions of law, and to enter the judgment thereon as it did. It further follows that, in view of the conclusions reached, all the other assignments of error are not properly reviewable by us on this appeal, and hence but one result is permissible, namely, to affirm the judgment. Nor, in view of the result reached, is it necessary to pass upon the motion of two of the re*321spondents to dismiss tbe appeal as against tbem for tbe alleged reason that it was not taken in time.

Tbe judgment is therefore affirmed, with costs to respondents.

STRAUP, 0. J., and MoOARTY, J., concur.



Rehearing

PETITION EOS. REHEARING.

PRICK, I.

Counsel for apppellant have filed a petition for a rehearing supplemented by an argument in which they strenuously insist that we erred in assuming that practically all the issues of fact presented by the pleadings were submitted to and passed on by the jury as issues of law. Upon the contrary, they insist that only certain specific issues were submitted to the jury, and that, therefore, there are some questions both of law and fact that have not yet been passed on.

In deference to counsel’s request for a rehearing, we have again carefully gone over the entire record with the result that we are more firmly convinced, if possible, than ever that our former conclusion is not only right, but is the only one permissible in view of the entire record. As we said in the opinion, the record is entirely too voluminous to admit of even a condensed statement of either the issues or the evidence except in the most general terms. We remark, however, that the only equitable features of the entire case were presented in the complaint of George and Huida Nay-lor wherein they sought a cancellation of their mortgage, and in appellant’s counterclaim, ■ in which he sought a foreclosure of the mortgage in question. In view that counsel insist that we have misconceived the issues presented for determination by the jury, and that we have not stated them correctly, we shall restate them in the briefest terms possible, namely: (1) George and Huida Naylor by their complaint sought a cancellation of the mortgage which they made *322and delivered to secure tbe faithful performance of tbe stipulations of a certain contract. (2) Appellant’s answer to said complaint in wbicb be denied the claims of George and Huida Naylor and affirmatively set forth tbe facts why those claims should not prevail. (3) Appellant’s counterclaim wherein he set forth the making of the contract aforesaid and his interest therein, the obligations thereby assumed by George and Huida Naylor and others who were parties thereto, the breaches of said contract and the amount of damages he sustained by reason thereof, the giving of the mortgage to secure any possible damages that might arise by reason of the breaches of the contract, and, lastly, that the mortgage be foreclosed and the mortgaged premises sold, and the proceeds thereof applied to pay such damages. (4) Appellant’s cross-complaint, in which he sets forth that said George, Nelson A., Lester O. and W. S. Naylor, and W. G. Clark, were all parties to said contract, and again recites the alleged breaches thereof and the amount of damages he sustained by reason thereof, and therefore prays that the parties last named, except George Naylor, be made parties to the action and be required tO' defend therein. The order was made and the parties all appeared in the action. W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark made no special defense, except that they were bankrupts and had been discharged as such. The other Naylors, however, answered in detail, and after, in part at least, denying the alleged breaches of the contract, they affirmatively averred that the terms of the contract had in part at least been complied with; that with respect to other parts a settlement had been had; that all the Naylors, except W. S. Naylor, had been discharged and released from any gnd all obligations assumed by said contract; and, lastly, alleged fraud and misrepresentation in material matters on the part of appellant’s assignors who were parties to said contract. They therefore prayed that appellant take nothing by his counterclaim and cross-complaint, and that the mortgage be canceled as prayed for in the original complaint of George and Huida Naylor.

*323To these defenses appellant replied by denying some and by avoiding others. When the issues had thus been framed, all the parties herein moved the court to transfer “the above-entitled cause from the equity division of this court to the law division thereof.” Subsequently, after the attorneys for all the parties, including appellant, had argued the matter, the court made an order in which it appears that “by consent of the respective attorneys it is ordered that the within case be, and it is hereby, transferred to the law division of this court.” The case came on for trial in that court, and the court in its charge to the jury submitted to them all the issues that were presented by appellant’s answer and counterclaim, including the allegations contained in his cross-complaint, the issues presented by the Naylors in their answer to the counterclaim, and by the reply of appellant thereto. The issues alone, as submitted to the jury, cover twelve sheets of typewritten legal cap. In submitting the issues, nothing was omitted except the question of whether the mortgage should be canceled on the one hand, or whether it should be foreclosed on the other. These were, however, not issues of fact, but were to be determined alone from what the jury might find to be the facts. The principal defenses in the answer of the Naylors other than W. S. Naylor were that the interest in the sheep leased by the contract in question had been divided, the Naylors other than W. S. Nay-lor having taken one-half and W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark the other half, that the mortgage was thereafter held only for the first half, that there had been a full settlement with respect to the first half, and that the parties, including the mortgagors, were therefore released and discharged from all obligations with respect thereto, and that by.reason thereof the mortgage given by George and Huida Naylor was discharged and should be released of record. Appellant joined issue upon these defenses in his reply, and the whole matter was submitted to the jury as aforesaid. The jury were asked to determine whether the Naylors other than W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark were liable in damages to appellant and in what amount, if any. The jury returned a *324general verdict in which tbey found that the Naylors other than W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark were not indebted to appellant, but that W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark were indebted to him in the sum of nine thousand dollars. After this verdict was returned as stated in the opinion, appellant filed a motion for a new trial so far as the verdict was in favor of the Naylors. The motion was denied. The legal status of the case thus was simply this: All the issues to be tried in the case were presented by appellant’s counterclaim and cross-complaint, the answer containing the affirmative defenses to the counterclaim and cross-complaint filed by the Naylors and Clark and appellant’s reply to these answers. Te question whether the mortgage given by George and Huida Naylor should be canceled or not therefore depended entirely upon whether the defenses set up by them and the other Naylors interested with them were established or not. If they were established, nothing remained for any court to do except to enter a decree canceling the mortgage, and, if not established, then to order a decree of foreclosure for the amount found' due the appellant for the established breaches of the contract. The jury must have found that there was a segregation of the interests of the Naylors other than W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark, and that the former had fully settled all claims against them on the contract, while W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark alone were indebted to appellant on the contract for said sum of nine thousand dollars. The question of whether the interests under the contract were divided between the Naylors other than W. S. Naylor on the one hand and W. S. Naylor and "W. G. Clark on the other was directly presented by the pleadings and issues submitted to the jury, and hence was included in their general verdict. If there was such a division, and the jury must have found that there was, and they further must have :found that nothing was owing upon the half intei*est for which the mortgage was to stand as security after the division, and if this be true, then there was nothing for which the mortgage could be foreclosed, and as we said in the opinion, the court could do nothing else except what it did, *325namely, enter a decree canceling tbe mortgage and dismiss tbe appellant’s counterclaim so far as tbe same related to tbe Naylors other than W. S. Naylor and W. G. Clark and to tbe foreclosure of tbe mortgage, for tbe reason tbat tbe jury bad disposed of tbe questions of fact presented by tbe counterclaim and answers thereto, and there were no other questions of fact to be passed on. Counsel are 3 therefore in error in saying tbat there are any questions of either law or fact left undisposed of. Nor can they complain because tbe court did not in terms review all tbe facts tbat were presented to tbe jury, and declined to make bis own findings thereon. Courts certainly have tbe right to treat questions as tbe parties to tbe action have treated them and to deal with them accordingly. If counsel’s contentions are sound tbat they did not treat tbe submission of tbe questions of fact to tbe jury and their general verdict thereon as final, why did they make a motion for a new trial ? If tbe verdict was to be advisory only, no motion for a new trial was necessary or even proper. All tbat counsel need have done was to ask tbe court to make findings of its own either in harmony with tbe findings of tbe jury or contrary thereto. While, as we have said in tbe principal opinion, tbe proceedings were somewhat irregular, yet neither party is in a position to complain of tbe irregularities.

Tbe petition should be, and it accordingly is, denied.

STBAITP, C. J., and McOAKTY, J., concur.