ARNOLD NAVARRO v. SMILEDIRECTCLUB, INC., et al.
Case No. 22-cv-00095-WHO
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
June 1, 2022
ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION AND DENYING DEFENDANTS’ ADMINISTRATIVE MOTION TO STRIKE
Re: Dkt. No. 18, Dkt. No. 53
For the reasons set forth below, I GRANT SDC‘s motion to compel arbitration. SDC has met its burden to show that Navarro assented to the agreement. He has withdrawn his arguments regarding the enforceability of the arbitration clause. SDC‘s administrative motion to strike
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Navarro filed a complaint in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Alameda alleging that SDC engages in the unauthorized practice of dentistry. First Amended Complaint (“FAC“) [Dkt. 28] ¶ 1. He claims that, among other things, SDC failed to comply with consumer protection licensing requirements, negligently provided dental care, and made misleading and false representations to consumers about the scope of the dental services that SDC could lawfully provide. Id. ¶¶ 1, 10-12, 60-61, 74-75, 83. He has pleaded various causes of action against SDC, including negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, fraudulent inducement, violation of California‘s Consumer Legal Remedies Act, and violation of California‘s Unfair Competition Law. Id. ¶¶ 32-110.
SDC characterizes itself as a “teledentistry platform” that connects consumers like Navarro with orthodontic treatment. SDC‘s Motion to Compel Arbitration (“MTC“) [Dkt. 18] at 3. It claims that its business model facilitates access to orthodontic treatment and allows consumers to straighten their teeth via clear aligners without the hassle and cost of in-person appointments. Id. Consumers who are interested in SDC‘s dental services may request a doctor-prescribed impression kit from SDC‘s website, visit a SDC retail location (known as a SmileShop), or visit the office of a dentist or orthodontist that participates in SDC‘s Partner Network. Id. All three options require consumers to register and create an SDC account online before they can access any of SDC‘s products or services. Id. at 4.
In April of 2020, Navarro visited SDC‘s website and reportedly created an online account. Id. at 4-5. According to SDC, as part of the account creation process and before Navarro could finalize his registration as an SDC clear aligner candidate, he was required to affirmatively check a clickwrap checkbox in which he agreed to SDC‘s Informed Consent, Terms & SmilePay Conditions (“TOS“). Id. at 4. The checkbox is not pre-checked, and the full TOS are presented as hyperlinks. Id. at 5. Id. When the hyperlinks are clicked, the consumer is taken to another screen that displays the complete text of each of the policies. Id. Consumers have the option to read, download, and/or print the policies. Id.
Additionally, SDC submitted a sworn declaration by Michael Meuti, SDC‘s counsel, which described Meuti‘s retrieval of certain archived pages of SDC‘s website from January 26, 2020, and June 18, 2020, via the Wayback Machine. Declaration of Michael Meuti (“Meuti Decl.“) [Dkt. 49] ¶¶ 3-10. Meuti attached screenshots of the archived pages as exhibits to his declaration. See Dkts. 49-1 to 49-4. These screenshots are consistent with Skinner‘s description of the SDC registration process. Compare Dkts. 49-1 to 49-4 with Supp. Skinner Decl. ¶¶ 9-11. SDC also explained that its servers, which maintain an electronic file for each customer, log the customer‘s transactions and interactions. MTC at 5. These servers also log a customer‘s electronic assent to the TOS. Id. SDC‘s electronic records indicate that Navarro completed his
Although Navarro vigorously disputes that he assented to arbitration, he concedes that he “enrolled on a website” so that he could receive patient services. See Declaration of Arnold Navarro (“Navarro Decl.“) [Dkt. 23-2] ¶ 3; Supplemental Declaration of Arnold Navarro (“Supp. Navarro Decl.“) [Dkt. 52-1] ¶ 3. Navarro contends that the website enrollment process did not put him on notice of an arbitration policy, that no version of any rules of the American Arbitration Association were provided to him, and that no medical service provider informed him that any dispute would be subject to arbitration. Id. He does not, however, challenge SDC‘s allegations that he was required to affirmatively check a clickwrap checkbox on SDC‘s website in which he agreed to SDC‘s TOS before he could receive any services from SDC. Nor does he assert that he did not check the clickwrap checkbox on SDC‘s website.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On January 6, 2022, SDC removed this case on the bases of diversity and the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA“). Not. of Removal [Dkt. 1] ¶¶ 6, 20. On February 7, 2022, SDC filed its motion to compel arbitration. On April 13, 2022, I heard oral argument regarding the motion. Dkt. No. 45. During the oral argument, I issued a tentative ruling that SDC had not met its burden to show that Navarro had assented to the arbitration agreement and said that I would order SDC to provide more evidence on this issue. On April 15, 2022, I did so. See April 15, 2022 Order [Dkt. 46] at 2.1 I explained that “should Navarro wish to respond to SDC‘s evidence, he may file a declaration with supporting evidence by May 20, 2022,” and that I would rule on SDC‘s motion to compel arbitration following the submission of the supplemental evidence. Id.
On May 6, SDC submitted its supplemental evidence, which consisted of a supplemental declaration by Justin Skinner, a declaration by Michael Meuti, and supporting exhibits. See Dkts. 48, 49. On May 20, 2022, Navarro submitted a twenty-four page opposition brief to SDC‘s supplemental evidence, along with sworn declarations by Navarro and Navarro‘s counsel. See Pl.
LEGAL STANDARD
The parties do not dispute that the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA“) governs the motion to compel arbitration.
DISCUSSION
SDC‘s motion to compel Navarro to arbitration initially involved three disputes: (1) whether Navarro assented to the arbitration agreement, (ii) whether the arbitration agreement (in whole or in part) is valid and enforceable, and (iii) whether the arbitration agreement delegates these “gateway” questions of arbitrability, meaning that the arbitrator, not the Court, should decide these issues. Navarro has since withdrawn all of his arguments concerning the validity and enforceability of the arbitration agreement and any delegation of arbitrability. Pl. Supp. Brief at 11 (“Plaintiff no longer challenges the delegation of other arbitrablity [sic] issues, nor does he seek decision on all other issues concerning the enforceability of the arbitration clause . . .“).
As a result, should I find that Navarro assented to the arbitration agreement, then I must compel arbitration. Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining that a court must enforce a valid arbitration agreement that encompasses the dispute at issue).
I. MUTUAL MANIFESTATION OF INTENT
The internet has not fundamentally changed the requirement that “mutual manifestation of assent, whether by written or spoken word or by conduct, is the touchstone of contract.” Nguyen, 763 F.3d at 1175; see also Long v. Provide Commerce, Inc., 245 Cal. App. 4th 855, 862 (2016) (relying on Nguyen and describing this as a “pure question of law“). Mutual assent does not require that the consumer have actual notice of the terms of an arbitration agreement. Nguyen, 763 F.3d at 1177. Instead, a consumer is bound by an arbitration clause if “a reasonably prudent” Internet consumer would be put on “inquiry notice” of the terms of the agreement. Id.
“Contracts formed on the Internet come primarily in two flavors: ‘clickwrap’ (or ‘click-through‘) agreements, in which website users are required to click on an ‘I agree’ box after being presented with a list of terms and conditions of use; and ‘browsewrap’ agreements, where a website‘s terms and conditions of use are generally posted on the website via a hyperlink at the bottom of the screen.” Id. at 1175-76. Unlike a clickwrap agreement, a browsewrap agreement does not require an express manifestation of assent to the terms and conditions. Id. at 1176. Rather, a party gives its assent by simply using the website. Id. at 1176. “The defining feature of browsewrap agreements is that the user can continue to use the website or its services without visiting the page hosting the browsewrap agreement or even knowing that such a webpage exists.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
SDC‘s website uses a clickwrap agreement. SDC provided evidence showing that all of its customers, including Navarro, were required to affirmatively check a “clickwrap checkbox” (as depicted below) in which they agree to SDC‘s TOS as a condition of partaking in SDC‘s clear aligner therapy process. MTC at 4-5; Supp. Skinner Decl. ¶¶ 7-8, 19.
Despite Navarro‘s contention to the contrary, SDC has provided evidence based on Navarro‘s customer file that Navarro electronically accepted the TOS on April 23, 2020. Skinner Decl. ¶ 27 (“SDC‘s electronic records establish that Navarro affirmatively checked the box agreeing to the Informed Consent on April 23, 2020 at 9:25 p.m. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).“); see also Supp. Skinner Decl. ¶¶ 25-30. The notice provided to Navarro via clickwrap agreement during the enrollment process is sufficient to establish his assent to the TOS. Courts in this District have upheld similar agreements that require a computer user to consent to terms and conditions before proceeding with an internet transaction, even where the user is not required to check a separate dialog box to indicate assent. See, e.g., Lee v. Ticketmaster LLC, No. 18-cv-05987-VC, 2019 WL 9096442, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2019), aff‘d, 817 F. App‘x 393 (9th Cir. 2020) (finding “Lee was required to assent to the terms whenever he placed orders for tickets” and even though “Lee was not required to check a separate box to indicate his assent . . . Ticketmaster provided notice of the terms of use adjacent to the ‘Place Order’ button, included a hyperlink to the terms in a contrasting color, and informed the user that ‘continuing past this page’ (i.e., placing an order) would indicate assent to the terms“); Peter v. DoorDash, Inc., 445 F. Supp. 3d 580, 587 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (enforcing arbitration agreement where terms of service were hyperlinked on the sign-in page); cf. Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 956 (9th Cir. 2022) (“[C]ourts have routinely found clickwrap agreements enforceable.“).
In sum, SDC has provided sufficient evidence showing that Navarro assented to SDC‘s TOS when he clicked the “I agree” box, as required before he could complete his account. By assenting to the TOS, Navarro also assented to the arbitration provision.
II. NAVARRO‘S EVIDENTIARY OBJECTIONS
In an effort to avoid arbitration, Navarro raises a host of evidentiary objections directed to
Nevertheless, I have exercised my discretion and reviewed the thirty-two evidentiary objections that Navarro has lodged. Pl. Supp. Brief at 11-12. I conclude that these objections are not appropriate at this stage in response to this type of evidence in support of a motion to compel arbitration. A district court ruling on a motion to compel arbitration applies a standard similar to the summary judgment standard of
None of the evidentiary objections call into question what Justin Skinner or Michael Meuti declared with regard to the appearance of the SDC website on April 23, 2020.2 Nor do the
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, SDC‘s motion to compel arbitration is GRANTED and its administrative motion to strike Navarro‘s supplemental brief is DENIED as moot. This proceeding is STAYED pending resolution of the arbitration. See
The parties shall submit a joint case management statement six months from the date of this Order and every six months thereafter until this matter is resolved. They shall notify the court within 14 days of the resolution of the arbitration, indicating whether the case should be dismissed or will proceed; if the latter, the parties should contact Ms. Davis, my Courtroom Deputy, to request a case management conference.
Dated: June 1, 2022
William H. Orrick
United States District Judge