The defendant in error is the surviving widow of Dean Thomas Saul, who was fatally injured in his sedan’s collision with a ¾-ton “bob tail” Chevrolet truck, on the Will Rogers Turnpike, after midnight and early in the morning of November 27th, 1958. The truck, having double rear wheels, and being of the type commonly used for pulling trailers, and referred to as a “tractor”, was stopped on said Turnpike, with its lights turned off, and without a proper signal, or flare, to warn motorists of its presence. In the cab of the truck was its driver, Alva Milo Wix, who had stopped it there, after using it to pull a trailer, belonging to National Trailer Company, Inc., to Abilene, Texas, from said Trailer Company’s establishment in Tulsa, under a one-year “Lease” contract Wix had, more than a month before, or on October 11, 1958, entered into with said company.
When defendant in error, as plaintiff, thereafter instituted this action in July, 1959, for her intestate’s wrongful death, she named both Wix and National Trailer Convoy, Inc., as defendants, and later made the Oklahoma Turnpike Authority, operator of the turnpike, an additional defendant. As Wix, who hastily drove the tractor away from the scene of the accident, within moments after it occurred, some time later the same morning, was awakened in the cab of the truck, parked in the parking area of a Howard Johnson restaurant and Phillips Service Station on the turnpike, and plaintiff alleged he was drunk when he had previously stopped it on the turnpike and caused the accident, she sought recovery against National Trailer Convoy, Inc., (hereinafter referred to merely as “National”) on the alleged theories of both respondeat superior, and negligent entrustment. She sought to make Oklahoma Turnpike Authority (hereinafter referred to as. the “Turnpike Authority” or “Authority”)' also liable for the accident, and the resulting damages, on the theory that it, through its Toll Gate Attendant at the Claremore Interchange, was negligent in allowing Wix. to drive the truck onto the turnpike in an-intoxicated condition, and/or in not taking; measures to prevent the accident after Wix drove the truck, or tractor, inside the turnpike gate.
At the trial of the case, the court overruled motions for directed verdicts by both-National and the Authority, and, upon submission of the cause to the jury (which'answered certain written interrogatories in-plaintiff’s favor) a general verdict was rendered against all three defendants. After judgment was rendered accordingly,, and separate motions for a new trial, filed' by National and the Authority, were overruled, those two defendants perfected the-present appeal.
None of the propositions submitted in: the arguments herein include, or comprehend, any question as to the negligence of the truck driver Wix, or any question as to said negligence being a proximate cause of plaintiff’s intestate’s death, and the resulting damages. Accordingly (although Wix’ name is printed on one of the briefs-as a defendant in error) those matters are-settled by the verdict and judgment.
The gist of National’s position on appeal' is that the evidence in this case was insufficient for determination of any liability on its part for Wix’ negligence, whether on-the theory of respondeat superior, or negligent entrustment, or both. Said Company-calls attention to evidence indicating that Wix owned the “pick-up”, or pulling, tractor, or truck, and to the fact that no chattel' belonging to it was involved in the accident, which occurred when the only part of the truck-trailer combination owned by it (to-wit: the trailer), had already been delivered in Texas, and to evidence indicating that it did not, at least as to some par *925 ticulars, direct the manner in which Wix carried out the assignments it gave him for transporting its trailers under the parties’ contract, or arrangement, with each other. National contends that, at the time of the accident, all of its business with Wix had been concluded; and part of its argument as to the trial court’s alleged error in overruling its motion for a directed verdict, is based on the hypothesis that, in view of the evidence, there could be no question but that Wix was, at that time, outside, or beyond, the scope of his employment as National’s agent. National’s brief mentions, but attaches no significance to, the fact that when Captain Reese, of the Oklahoma Highway Patrol, found Wix asleep in the cab of his truck some time after the accident, he still had in his possession the rental money he had collected, on behalf of National, from its customer in Abilene, as rent on the trailer he delivered there.
As far as the evidence shows, no release, or dismissal from the hauling assignment, had been obtained by Wix from any officer, or employee, of National, but this, and Wix’ retention of its aforementioned funds, is explained by the fact that he did not reach Tulsa until long after National’s office there had closed for the night. It was established at the trial, however, that shortly after Wix was bailed out of the county jail in Claremore (where he was taken by Captain Reese) the next morning, he returned to Tulsa, where he turned the rental money into National’s office (which had then re-opened for another day’s business) and “checked in” with its Mr. Ed-mondson.
As further supporting its position that, when the accident occurred, Wix was on what it terms a “frolic” of his own, rather than on any mission, or business, for it, National cites the fact that, when Wix, apparently en route from his delivery assignment to his home in Claremore to spend the rest of the night, drove out of the turnpike gate at the Claremore interchange, he turned the truck around, drove back through the toll gate toward Tulsa, but, after the accident, was found in the aforementioned parking area a mile and a half, or more, from the gate, toward Vinita. Wix testified, in substance, that the reason he did this was that he had changed his mind about going home to sleep, because he happened to remember his wife’s opposition to his drinking, and was also afraid he might have trouble with the Claremore “cops”, so he decided to drive to a place along the turnpike, where he could park the truck and sleep in it until morning, before going home.
National’s liability, as Wix’ principal, for his negligence in causing the collision does not depend on a master-servant, or employer-employee, relationship between the two. Assuming that, in his relationship to National, Wix’ status was no more than that of an independent contractor, would not necessarily relieve National of liability for his negligence, if it engaged him in work that was inherently dangerous. See 27 Am.Jur., “Independent Contractors”, sections 28, 30, 35, 39, 48, 49, and the Annotations beginning at
“* * * public policy requires that the holder of a franchise or certificate *926 from the Interstate Commerce Commission for the operation of freight vehicles in Interstate Commerce upon the public highways be held responsible for the operation of such vehicles under said franchise, or certificate, by independent contractors of such certificate holders, * * *. Otherwise, the public might be entirely deprived of safeguards to the public required by the Interstate Commerce Commission, by means of certificate holders evading their responsibility by the employment of irresponsible persons as independent contractors.
*******
“From the cases cited * * ⅜ the theory seems to be that where public authority grants to an individual or corporation authority to engage in certain activities involving danger to the public, the duty to safeguard the public while performing such franchise activities, is legally nondelegable, and the franchise holder is therefore responsible for the conduct of those whom it permits to act under its franchise, even though such persons be independent contractors. * * *”
Here, Wix, in pulling National’s trailers under his hereinbefore mentioned lease contract with it, did so — by specific provision of said contract — under National’s Interstate Commerce Commission Certificate. The eighth paragraph of said contract (in which National is referred to as the “Carrier”, and Wix is referred to as “Operator”) provides:
“It is understood and agreed that, concerning the duties of the Carrier to the public in general as a common carrier, and as required by the rules and regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission, shall be and remain the obligation and responsibility of the Carrier, and in the performance thereof concerning such obligations as are imposed by law upon a motor vehicle common carrier as provided by the Interstate Commerce Act [49 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.], and all rules and regulations thereunder the Carrier shall be responsible to the general public irrespective of any agreement between the Operator and Carrier herein.”
In the above quoted case, as in the present one, an independent contractor, Johnson Truck Company, used one of its trucks, operated by its driver, Gilmore, to haul a load of lard from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Roanoke, Virginia, for Jocie Motor Lines under the latter’s certificate and license from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The truck’s accident occurred on the return trip to Charlotte, after the lard had been unloaded at its consignees in Roanoke. Consequently, at the time of the accident, the truck was empty; and Jocie, in an effort to escape liability for the driver’s negligence took a position similar to that of National here, that, at the time of the accident, the truck was not in its service, because the only purpose, or mission, of the trip, to which Jocie was in any manner related, was accomplished or completed, with the unloading of the truck in Roanoke. The court rejected this argument, holding Jocie liable, on the view that the truck’s return to Roanoke empty, as well as its departure from Charlotte loaded — in other words, the
whole
trip— was undertaken, and made, under Jocie’s franchise. In numerous other cases involving hauling by trucks in interstate commerce, the courts have refused to excuse such carriers from liability because they were operating through independent contractors. See the impressive list of cases cited in Werner Transp. Co. v. Dealer’s Transport Co., (U.S.D.C.Minn.),
“If the motor carrier cannot delegate its responsibility to an independent contractor for the period of delivering the load, neither can it delegate its responsibility for that part of the trip which necessarily must be made after the load is delivered. It is the *927 motor carrier that has put the entire trip in motion. * * * ” (Emphasis ours).
In Mellon National Bank and Trust Co. v. Sophie Lines, Inc., (U.S.C., 3rd Cir.)
“ * * * obtaining the receipt called for by 207.4(7) (b) which latter reads: ‘ * * * When the possession by the authorized carrier ends, it or its employee or agent shall obtain from the owner of the equipment, or its regular employee or agent duly authorized to act for it a receipt specifically identifying the equipment and stating therein the date and the time of day possession thereof is taken.’ It failed to do this. * * * ”
While the particular provision of I. C. C. Rule, sec. 207.4 quoted in the above opinion was not introduced into the evidence of this case (though some other parts of it were incorporated in the Court’s Instruction No. 10)- — and it may, or may not, be applicable- — the fact that Wix was still carrying the rental money he had collected for National, was a significant one, to be considered on the issue dealt with here (see Cotton v. Ship-By-Truck Co.,
In part of its instruction No. 14, the trial judge told the jury:
“ * ⅜ * it is the duty of one having custody and control of a vehicle not to allow a driver whom they know, or in the exercise of ordinary care should know, is an unfit or otherwise incompetent driver to operate such vehicle.”
Under its Proposition II, National argues that this instruction was not justified by the facts. Its position seems to be that, on the basis of the undisputed evidence, it not only did not know Wix was unfit because of his drinking, to be entrusted with pulling its trailers, but that it did all that could reasonably be expected of it to determine his fitness before he was given any pulling assignments. National cites Tit. 47 O.S.1951 § 308, and the cases of Willingham v. Panick (C.C.A. 10th Cir.)
As hereinbefore indicated, a common carrier who engages a trucker to operate under its I.C.C. permit has the duty of seeing that the truck’s driver is a competent one; and, even though the trucker may be an independent contractor, the con-tractee stands in the same shoes as a master, or employer, as regards such duty. Hence, his liability is governed by the doctrine of respondeat superior. If there is competent evidence tending to show that such contractee knew, or should have known, that the contractor was not such a driver, then, whether or not the contractee was negligent in discharging this duty is a question to be determined by the trier of fact, if reasonable men might draw conflicting conclusions on the matter. In this connection, see the Annotations at 8 A.L. R.2d, supra. As to this and related subjects, also notice the Annotations at
Under its Proposition III, National contends that the trial judge erred in overruling the following motion its attorney dictated into the record:
“Now comes the defendant, National Trailer Convoy and moves the Court to require plaintiff to elect the theory of negligence upon which (s)he seeks to submit this cause to the jury * * *, it being the position of this defendant that the theory of agency and the theory of dangerous instrumentality are wholly unrelated and repugnant to each other in the submission of the case to the jury.”
National bases its claim of the incompatibility of the cited theories on the contention that if, at the time of the accident, Wix was within the scope of his agency, any consideration of whether or not National should have engaged him, was immaterial— and conversely, if National was negligent in engaging Wix, then whether or not he was, at that time, within the scope of his agency, was immaterial. National cites Gypsy Oil Co. v. Colbert,
In argument under two propositions, which can properly be directed only at the trial court’s alleged error in overruling its motion for a directed verdict (rather than at said court’s ruling on its demurrer to plaintiff’s evidence), the Turnpike Authority assumes two positions: (1) That without the assertedly inadmissible testimony of conversations its toll booth, or gate, attendant had with two certain witnesses after the accident, there would have been no evidence upon which to submit the question of the Authority’s liability for the accident; and (2) There was no evidence *930 to establish the Authority’s liability, even if the assertedly inadmissible evidence had been admissible.
The trial court’s admission of the as-sertedly inadmissible evidence occurred during the course of plaintiff’s attempt to prove that the attendant (as recognized Agent of the Authority) knew, or should have known, that the truck driver, Wix, was under the influence of liquor, when, after changing his mind about going to his home in Claremore, he turned his truck around in the direction of Tulsa, drove it to the Claremore toll gate, purchased a turnpike ticket from the Attendant, and was allowed to drive back on the turnpike.
Although the Authority’s argument pertaining to (1) above is virtually all directed at attempting to show that only one of plaintiff’s witnesses, an Assistant County Attorney, was improperly allowed to relate statements the Attendant made to him at some time after the accident (indicating he had such knowledge, or belief) the Authority is evidently of the opinion that error was also committed in the admission of testimony of similar import from another of plaintiff’s witnesses, Patrolman Reese. It is our opinion, however, that the Authority’s argument fails to demonstrate prejudice by such alleged errors, for we think such evidence was merely cumulative, in view of the Attendant’s admission that he had given a deposition to the same effect (see Yellow Transit Freight Lines v. Allred, Okl.,
'“A (Wix) * * * still * * * slurred his words and * *' * he asked me if I’d ever been on a drunkj and I looked at him kind of puzzled and didn’t answer his question, and he said he had been out on one or was out on one, and then at that point I started to look in his * * * (truck) and observing him to determine the amount of drink he’d had, if possible, * * *
* * * * * *
“ * * * I asked him if he was all right, * * *. And I thought maybe he had joked about being on the drunk and that’s why I asked him, I wanted to talk to him further to determine if he was' able to drive his vehicle, and I told him something about going home and getting some turkey and he’d be all right, * * *.
******
“Q Now, at the time that he went through there did you have any I'eason to believe that he was intoxicated at that time?
“A Well, no reason to believe he was — had enough drink to not operate his vehicle properly.
* * * * * *
“Q Now, what is your practice, or what are your instructions with ref-ference to intoxicated drivers, * *?
“A One comes up that is obviously intoxicated, we tell them they should not be on the turnpike * * *.
******
“Q Then you say if they come up obviously drunk, you try to get them not to go on * * * ?
“A Yes, sir, and if they still insist on going on, inform them that we shall call the patrolman and have them investigated.
“Q And do you do that?
“A Yes, sir.
* * * * * *
“Q * * * — What about these people that come up there who may have had drinks or something of that *931 character? What do you do in those cases ?
“A If we see empty bottles or open bottles or even beer cans in the car, or can smell, which is very hard to do at that distance, we immediately call the patrol, which has to go through Oklahoma City, then they in turn call the patrol.
“Q Is that done by radio and you have a phone there?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q Is that phone connected direct with the tower ? ■
“A The tower at Oklahoma City. You have to ring the tower first, and then they will answer your call, and then you give them the number you want and they will in turn call the number.
“Q Now, did you call in to make any report about this man after he left?
“A No, sir.
“Q Why didn’t you?
“A Well, there were two reasons I suppose. One was Captain Reese was the only one on the turnpike. He was at Vinita, which was thirty-five miles east, and Mr. Wix stated he was going to Tulsa. The other was, he was driving his vehicle properly, and I had no indication that he was drunk beyond driving, or even drunk of any sort, only besides what he had told me about ‘had been on a drunk,’
“Q All right, sir. Now, have you had occasion to call him about various people whom you did have suspicions of?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q How many people have you called in on?
* * * * * *
“A Oh, I would say fifty.
* * * * * *
“Q Now, have you ever called * * to report * * * (anybody) as being possibly drunk, and it turned out that they were not drinking at. all?
“A Yes, sir, several times.
- ⅜ * * * *
“Q When you have occasion to be suspicious of a driver'going on do you get the license number?
“A Yes, sir, try to get the license number, the description, make, model of the vehicle. i
“Q I see. Did you do that in this instance ?
“A No, sir.
* ?k * *
On cross-examination, the witness testified in part as follows:
"Q * * *, it did not appear strange to you that this man, when he came up says, ‘How do I get to Clare-more’, and then a moment later, he said, ‘How do I get to Tulsa?’
* ⅜ * * * Jk
“A It could have, yes, sir, I don’t remember.
5k 5⅜ ⅜ ⅜ ⅜ ⅜
“Q Well, you visited with him for some five or ten minutes there, did you not ?
“A Possibly, yes, sir.”
The cross-examiner then commenced interrogating the witness about his deposition. The first of the following questions pertains to a remark he made, after Captain Reese had finally been contacted by another sotirce, and had searched' for and found Wix asleep in his truck, and brought him in custody in his patrol car off of the turnpike at the gate where the witness was on duty.
“Q * * * did you tell Captain Reese or Mr. Wix when they came off of the turnpike that ‘If I had done what I should have done, these people would not have been in the hospital?’
“A I believe I stated if I had called, that those people might not have been in the hospital, yes, sir.
* 5⅜ * * * . *
*932 “Q * * * — Do you say at this time in your opinion, when Mr. Wix came hack on the turnpike after that five or ten minutes visit with you, that he was or was not under the influence of.intoxicating liquor, in your opinion?
“A I couldn’t tell.
“Q * * * Now, you have been asked that question on two or three occasions before under oath, haven’t you, sir?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q All right. Referring to Page 7 of the deposition.
* $ ífc ⅝ ⅜ ⅝
“Were you asked this question: ‘Do you feel that you can tell when a person is intoxicated? And your answer is ‘Yes, sir.’ You recall that question and answer?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q And is it your opinion that Mr. Wix was or was not intoxicated at the time he came on to the turnpike ? And you answered, 'It is my opinion that he was.’
“A Yes, sir.
“Q Did you make that answer?
“A Yes, sir.
* * * * *
“Q Now, this man (Wix) went through the turnpike and went out there and turned around some place; did you watch him while he turned around ?
“A * * *, I believe I did.
* * * * * *
“Q All- right. He came back to the gate, and you determined at that time that he was drunk?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q * * * from the gate there where you sit, you could watch that truck had you wanted to and you could have determined in which direction he went after he left your gate — * * *?
“A Yes, sir.
“Q When he got out 'to the highway, but you didn’t do that?
“A No, sir.
“Q Even though you knew at that time that there was an intoxicated driver going out on the turnpike?
“A Possibly intoxicated.
******
“Q Now, you say and tell the jury and the Court that it is your duty, if a man is intoxicated and tries to get through the turnpike, that you do something about it?
“A Yes, sir.
⅜ ⅝ ⅜ ‡ ⅜
“RECROSS EXAMINATION
“Q You know you are only a half a mile or a mile from the patrol headquarters, don’t you?
“A It was at that time, yes, sir.”
We think the above quoted testimony of the Authority’s Toll Booth Attendant speaks for itself, and furnishes an adequate answer to the Authority’s argument that the evidence was insufficient to show that the Authority, through said agent, knew, or should have known, Wix was intoxicated so as to create a menace to other motorists, if allowed to drive his truck on the turnpike. The Authority does not argue that if it was negligent in discharging a duty toward plaintiff in respect to that matter, such negligence did not concur with that of Wix, in constituting the proximate cause of the accident, and plaintiff’s intestate’s death. Nor does it directly deny that, as indicated by the undisputed testimony of the Attendant and others, it has the duty of taking the measures described therein, to prevent, or stop, drivers, who are believed to be intoxicated, from operating their motor vehicles thereon. Although it seems to be the position of the Authority that, on the basis of this court’s opinion in Oklahoma Turnpike Authority v. Kitchen, Okl.,
As, in view of the foregoing, the arguments advanced by National, and the Authority, have failed to demonstrate that the trial court committed any prejudicial, or reversible, error, the judgment of said court is hereby affirmed.