370-58 | Ct. Cl. | Oct 16, 1964
Lead Opinion
Toward the close of the Korean hostilities, in the late fall of 1952, the Ordnance Department of the Army sought proposals for the commercial production of 105-millimeter artillery shells. Along with other firms, plaintiff, a fabricator of pressure cookers which had turned to the manufacture of cartridge cases and shells during and after World War II, submitted a plan for the production of the shells (at its plant at Eau Claire, Wisconsin) by the conventional hot forge method — involving considerable heat twice applied, and two turning steps at which large amounts of excess steel are removed from the shell. While the proposals were under consideration, Ordnance mulled over a change in the procurement from the conventional method to the new hot cup-cold draw process. The central advantage of this mode is that the steel is heated only once and there is much less excess metal to be removed. The plaintiff already had an Ordnance contract for making 105-millimeter shells by the older method at its factory at Menomonie, Wisconsin, and its initial response to the Army’s suggestion of a further contract was based on that system. However, plaintiff then considered conforming its proposal for Eau Claire manufacture to the newer process. In June 1953 the parties entered into two letter contracts, one for establishing lines to produce shells at Eau Claire and the other for the production there of one million 105-mm. shells. It was shortly agreed that the Eau Claire plant was to use the hot cup-cold draw method. After production of the shells immediately needed, the plant was to be retained in stand-by condition for the Army’s use.
Under these letter contracts, which were preliminary to formal agreements, the plaintiff was to propose the equipment (and facilities) it believed to be needed for production. The defendant was to pay for the items upon which agreement was reached; in that sense the equipment was to be government-furnished property. Some months were consumed in plaintiff’s preparation of its proposed equipment-schedule, and of a suggested fixed-price for making the shells by the new method. There were some tentative discussions. On November 10, 1953, the parties met to consider the final schedule to be incorporated in the formal facilities contract which would supersede the letter contract on facilities. Of concern to us was the discussion of the need for plunge grinders— devices mainly used to remove surface imperfections in steel. Plaintiff felt that the six new shell lines at Eau Claire should include 24 plunge grinders, four to each line. Ordnance thought them unnecessary; its principal representative informed plaintiff that he would not approve a facilities schedule which included plunge grinders; he also said that, if the grinders proved necessary in the course of performance, he would sanction their acquisition.
Plaintiff then began the detailed process leading to the acquisition and installation of the necessary equipment. In March 1954, before completion of the contractor’s engineering studies and its placement of orders, the defendant told plaintiff that it was drastically curtailing its procurement of 105-mm. shells and that both plaintiff’s Eau Claire and Menomonie contracts were terminated for all production scheduled for delivery after April 30, 1954. Following negotiations for a decrease rather than elimination of production, the defendant rescinded its notice of termination of the Eau Claire contract and, on June 30, 1954, the parties entered into a supplemental agreement (to that contract) providing that plaintiff should produce a new total of 1,100,000 105-mm. shells (in place of the former totals of the shells to be made at Menomonie and at Eau Claire), at a fixed price of $5.2499 per shell, to be manufactured at either plant as plaintiff wished. Production at Menomonie would follow the conventional hot forge method while the new hot cup-cold draw system would be used at Eau Claire.
Because the Menomonie plant was already operational, plaintiff began to supply the new total of 1,100,000 shells from that factory. By the end of August 1955, over 800,000 shells had been shipped from there. Since preliminary operations at Eau Claire did not begin until the summer of 1955, it appeared that the full quota of shells would be produced at Menomonie by the conventional process before the new method could be fairly sampled at Eau Claire. The Government was anxious to test the hot cup-cold draw system. Early in September 1955, the parties agreed that the conventional operations should be reduced so that some 180,000 shells would be left to be manufactured (by March 1956) under the new process.
Plaintiff suffered difficulties of various kinds in making the hot cup-cold draw system fully functional at Eau Claire. Only one of these problems is now alleged to be the defendant’s responsibility • — the need for turning equipment to shave excess metal. The first batch of shells, produced relatively slowly and using only one of the six lines at Eau Claire, did not require any such turning. But as production increased there, in the fall of 1955, it became doubtful that good shells could be made without a turning step; the shells were not concentric when they came out of the hot forge and some shaving (but still less than in the conventional method) was necessary. A final decision on this point was put off until April 1956 when it was decided by the parties to purchase a number of new lathes for this purpose (plunge grinders were never considered). Meanwhile, plaintiff, with the consent of Ordnance, transferred some older lathes from the Menomonie plant to perform this turning function. The remainder of the contract shells were produced at Eau Claire, using these Me
I
The case has been wholly tried in this court
On this phase of the case, we can assume, without deciding, that the defendant would be liable under the contract if the parties had left the specification of the government-paid-for equipment to be determined after the contract was made, and the defendant had then refused to authorize a tool or device which was needed to manufacture the shells in due time. We can also assume, likewise without deciding, that the request for plunge grinders equaled one for lathes.
When Ordnance and the plaintiff discussed, in the fall of 1953, the inclusion of plunge grinders, the letter contracts were still extant (they had been extended to December 4th) and formal contracts had not yet been consummated. One of the prime reasons for the meetings was to decide, if possible, what equipment and facilities should be covered by the formal facilities contract. On this record there is no reason to doubt that the parties discussed the matter of plunge grinders in utmost good faith. The hot cup-cold draw process was new and the defendant’s expertise was certainly no greater than the plaintiff’s (and probably less); there were no decisive indications that the questioned equipment should or should not be included; at most the choice lay in the area of legitimate doubt. Both parties had the full legal right to stand on their positions and thus to end the negotiations. The contractor was free to insist on plunge grinders (or other turning equipment) and the defendant was equally free to maintain that they should not be listed. In the event of an impasse the whole project would be terminated and plaintiff would receive its costs to date.
Plaintiff did not take this road. Instead, it acquiesced in the Ordnance position and presented a schedule omitting plunge grinders and proposing a new fixed-price. This written presentation did not refer to the grinders (or comparable machines) or intimate any concern over their absence. The plaintiff simply withdrew from its former position. Similarly, the formal contract did not list or refer to this (or like) equipment and did not even embody Ordnance’s oral promise that it would authorize the purchase of the grinders if
In these circumstances we cannot find any warranty or representation by the Government, express or implied, as to plunge grinders or turning equipment.
/• The result is no different if we reject plaintiff’s version and assume that the discussion of plunge grinders had nothing to do with the need for the lathe-like turning equipment which was ultimately revealed. In that event the parties would have entered into the formal agreements without bringing into the open the question of turning equipment. But, for the reasons given above, the defendant would still not have warranted or guaranteed the adequacy of the items of equipment on which agreement was reached. There were no express warranties. The Government did not prepare the list, have the greater knowledge, or make the studies. The process was novel. Accordingly, the Government’s representatives were in no position to, and did not, assure plaintiff that the list plaintiff proposed would be sufficient. There may have been a mutual mistake, but there was no undertaking, explicit or implied, by defendant to assume all the risks that the agreed-upon items would effectively produce the shells.
The principles and decisions on which plaintiff relies are inapposite. In Ekco Products Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 312 F.2d 768" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1963-03-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/ekco-products-company-v-the-united-states-259461?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="259461">312 F.2d 768, decided Jan. 11, 1963, the court held that, since the formal contract specified that head turners were to be furnished by the Government, adequate machines were impliedly warranted under the usual rules of bailment. There were no pre-contract negotiations negativing such an implied warranty; in addition, the court expressly held that because of the protective coating on the machines the contractor’s inspection, made before the contract was executed, enabled its representatives to determine very little, if anything; about the turners (312 F.2d p. 773). Ekco deals with property furnished by the Government to a contractor; the- decision does not treat with a claim of implied warranty where the disputed equipment was omitted from the final contract and the parties’ negotiations fail to suggest any promise by the defendant to guarantee performance. Dayton-Wright Co. v. United States, 64 Ct. Cl. 544" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1928-02-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/dayton-wright-co-v-united-states-8586959?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8586959">64 Ct.Cl. 544 (1928), is likewise far afield. The suit was not for damages over and above the contract price but solely for the contract price; recovery was allowed because the defendant, after the contract was made on the basis of the contractor’s own design and specifications, so changed the conception embodied in the contract that it was impossible for the plaintiff to meet the performance requirements. The present case differs sharply, among other things, in that the “imposition of defendant’s mistaken judgment” — of which plaintiff now complains but in which it originally acquiesced — occurred prior to the making of the contract, not after.
II
Having rejected plaintiff’s claim of a breach of contract, we come, now, to the more difficult phase of the case — can there be any sort of recovery here, premised on a mutual mistake? Except where the parties have failed to conform the written instrument to their actual understanding (e. g., Sutcliffe Storage & Warehouse Co. v. United States, 112 F. Supp. 590" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1953-06-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sutcliffe-storage--warehouse-co-v-united-states-1749087?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1749087">112 F. Supp. 590, 125 Ct. Cl. 297" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1953-06-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sutcliffe-storage--warehouse-co-v-united-states-8590589?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8590589">125 Ct.Cl. 297 (1953); Jones & Sears, Inc. v. United States, 158 Ct. Cl. 162" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1962-07-18" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/jones--sears-inc-v-united-states-8592794?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8592794">158 Ct.Cl. 162, 172-173 (1962)), the courts generally, as well as this court, have been wary in granting relief from innocent mutual mistakes imbedded in, or under
The mutual mistake was this: It was important to the Government to create stand-by facilities using the hot cup-cold draw method of making shells. Both parties hoped to make the shells under this pi’ocess without any turning equipment, so as to diminish the wastage of steel to the greatest extent possible. Plaintiff’s trials over a considerable period demonstrated, however, that this new method could not efficiently be used for mass production without one turning step at which some excess steel was removed from the shell. The main objective of the new method was to save much of the scrap steel resulting from the conventional hot forage process. That end was still reached, but not as completely as initially expected. Much steel was saved, but less than hoped. Some turning was still necessary. This critical fact the Government certainly did not know at the time of the negotiations and the execution of the contracts with plaintiff.
The plaintiff had premonitions that some sort of turning might be required, but it, too, did not know of the necessity of a shaving step; more particularly, plaintiff had no idea that it would be hard to determine this need. We are convinced from the record that, when plaintiff signed the formal contracts, it did not enter the arrangement with the feeling -that it would fail, or encounter grave difficulty, because of the lack of turning equipment. It expected to succeed. Even assuming that the request for plunge grinders was equivalent to a request for a mechanism performing as the lathes later did — an assumption defendant challenges
Thus, the parties’ arrangement was infused throughout, on both sides, with mutual ignorance of two essential facts —the need for turning equipment; the time and work required to establish that need — but the products of that mutual ignorance now weigh wholly upon the contractor. The defendant has paid the contract price and received its shells. The plaintiff has received the contract price but is left with a large loss which (we assume for present purposes) is due to the common error. This is not a case in which one party merely seeks to be excused (usually through rescission) from failing to perform because of a mutual mistake. This is a case where a party which has received the stated consideration asks for greater compensation, over and above the contract price, because of the mistake.
The courts have thus far chosen, in passing upon claims of the latter type, to hug closely the notched coastlines of the particular litigations,
In denying a claim for increased compensation tied to a mutual mistake, we recently pointed out that “a mutual mistake as to a fact or factor, even a material one, will not support relief if the contract puts the risk of such a mistake on the party asking reformation * * * or normally if the other party, though made aware of the correct facts, would not have agreed at the outset to the change now sought * * Flip-pin Materials Co. v. United States, Ct. Cl., 312 F.2d 408" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1963-04-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/flippin-materials-company-a-joint-venture-composed-of-brown-and-root-inc-a-corporation-v-the-united-states-259367?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="259367">312 F.2d 408, 415, decided Jan. 11, 1963. The contractor in Flippin fell before both of those obstacles. Here, we are impelled to find that plaintiff is able to surmount both, perhaps not in Olympic fashion but well enough.
Did plaintiff assume the whole risk? In the first part of this opinion we considered whether the Government, under the contract, should bear the entire risk of the error as to turning equipment.
Plaintiff’s acceptance of a fixed-price contract, instead of some form of cost-plus arrangement or research-and-development contract, could suggest the allocation to it of all uncovered risks. But in this case that solution would be too facile for a risk connected so directly with the equipment to be used. Since the Government was to pay for the machines,
The second prerequisite to recovery for mutual mistake mentioned in Flippin is that the other party, if made aware of the true facts, “would have agreed at the. outset to the change now sought.” This factor should be examined so as to avoid imposing, through reformation, an arrangement wholly alien to the parties’ desires and basic plan. If the actual facts were known, to what would the Government have consented here ?
Flippin does not say that, if the two prerequisites we have just discussed are fulfilled, then relief for a mutual mistake follows as of course. These are necessary conditions but they may not be sufficient. The argument can be advanced that relief for a mutual mistake, through additional compensation to the contractor, should be left
For such a case it is equitable to reform the contract so that each side bears a share of the unexpected costs, instead of permitting the whole loss to remain with the party on whom it chanced to light. In contract suits courts have generally seemed loath to divide damages, but in this class of case we see no objection other than tradition. Reformation, as the child of equity, can mold its relief to attain any fair result within the broadest perimeter of the charter the parties have established for themselves.
In the present instance it might theoretically be possible to calculate (i) the cost of the most economical and efficient process of testing whether turning equipment was necessary for mass production and then of using the lathes once they were found essential,
The Trial Commissioner has found the loss plaintiff suffered in making the shells at Eau Claire, but he has not determined whether and to what extent that loss is atti’ibutable to (a) the costs of testing to see whether turning equipment was required and (b) the extra costs of manufacturing with the lathes. Also, the Commissioner has referred to other difficulties in production but has not indicated whether (and to what extent) these other problems contributed to the loss he has found. From the materials available to us we cannot readily make these determinations. We therefore remand the case to the Commissioner to find what part of the total loss should be attributed to the mistake over the turning equipment. The plaintiff should recover one-half of the portion of the total loss so delimited.
Plaintiff is entitled to recover in accordance with this opinion, and judgment is entered to that effect. The amount
. Plaintiff insists that Colonel Haskell, the chief Ordnance representative, went further and declared that the Army would be responsible for the consequences of omitting the plunge grinders. One of plaintiff’s witnesses testified to that effect and produced an internal memorandum for plaintiff’s own files in which he had put down, on the day after the conference, that understanding of the Colonel’s posi
. Plaintiff did not seek relief from the contracting officer or the Board of Contract Appeals, and there is no administrative record on the factual issues in the case. At the trial before our Commissioner, both parties introduced evidence; neither objected to the use of de novo evidence, sought a stay so that disputed issues of fact could be determined administratively, or raised the point that administrative proceedings should have been had. After the Commissioner’s report had been submitted and the plaintiff had filed its brief and exceptions, defendant moved for the first time to suspend the proceedings so that the plaintiff could present any disputed questions of fact to the contracting officer and to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals. Plaintiff opposed on the ground, among others, that this is an action for unliquidated damages for breach of contract, to which. United States v. Carlo Bianchi & Co., 373 U.S. 709" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1963-06-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/united-states-v-carlo-bianchi--co-106633?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="106633">373 U.S. 709, 83 S.Ct. 1409, 10 L.Ed.2d 652 (1963), is wholly inapplicable. The motion was denied by a single judge. Considering the point as raised anew in the course of the presentation of the case on the merits, we deny it, again, on the ground that defendant waived any right it may have had to an administrative determination of the facts by failing to make the point until too late a stage in the proceedings. ’ Commerce Int’l Co., Inc. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 338 F.2d 81" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1964-10-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/commerce-international-company-inc-v-the-united-states-265866?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="265866">338 F.2d 81, decided this day; Wingate Constr. Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., No. 394-60, decided Jan. 24, 1964, slip op., p. 7; WPC Enterprises Inc. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 323 F.2d 874" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1964-01-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wpc-enterprises-incorporated-v-the-united-states-262124?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="262124">323 F.2d 874-878, decided Oct. 11, 1963; Stein Bros. Mfg. Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 337 F.2d 861" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1963-10-11" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/stein-bros-mfg-co-v-the-united-states-265800?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="265800">337 F.2d 861-863, decided July 12, 1963.
. Plaintiff sees this general clause as a guarantee by the Government that, whatever the facilities subsequently incorporated in the final contract, the contractor would be able to perform effectively. We road the clause as a general indication to plaintiff to propose facilities designed to achieve that goal, and in no sense as a warranty by the defendant as to the adequacy of the facilities (as yet undecided) for which it would ultimately pay.
. In contrast, the formal supply contract included a caveat, which the parties had earlier discussed, as to the price of steel.
. We have already indicated, supra, fn. 1, that the evidence does not support the contention that there was a specific oral warranty.
. Where the Government orders an item to be manufactured, or a structure built, according to certain specifications, it will usually be held, nothing else appearing, that the defendant implicitly represented that, if the specifications were complied with, satisfactory performance would result. See, e. g., R. M. Hollingshead Corp. v. United States, 111 F. Supp. 285" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1953-04-07" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rm-hollingshead-corporation-v-united-states-1815962?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1815962">111 F.Supp. 285, 124 Ct.Cl. 681 (1953). This rule rests on the presumed expertise of the Government where it sees fit to prescribe detailed specifications. But this court has also pointed out that “if the manufacturer knows, or, perhaps, from his experience should know, that the desired article cannot be made from the specified materials, he has no right to make a useless thing and charge the customer for it.” Ibid., 111 F. Supp. 285" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1953-04-07" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/rm-hollingshead-corporation-v-united-states-1815962?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1815962">111 F.Supp. at 286, 124 Ct.Cl. at 683. Even for Government specifications, the rule may be different where the defendant has no special knowledge of the process of manufacture and the subject is brought into the open before the contract is made. Cf. Beacon Constr. Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 314 F.2d 501" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1963-05-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/beacon-construction-company-of-massachusetts-v-the-united-states-259902?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="259902">314 F.2d 501, decided March 6, 1963, and WPC Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 323 F.2d 874" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1964-01-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/wpc-enterprises-incorporated-v-the-united-states-262124?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="262124">323 F.2d 874, 876-877, decided Oct. 11, 1963. In any event, the government-specification rule has no application where, as here, the contractor is the source of the proposal, and the defendant’s role is merely to approve or disapprove.
. It is noteworthy that plaintiff did not make its final price proposal until after the discussion as to plunge grinders. It may very well be that, in calculating that price, plaintiff took some account of the ■defendant’s refusal to authorize plunge grinders. Moreover, when plaintiff agreed, in June 1954 (on reinstatement of the supply contract), to a fixed price of $5.2499 it knew that turning equipment had not been authorized.
. See 3 Corbin, Contracts (1960 ed.), § 597 et seq.; Note, “The Application of Common-Law Contract Principles in the Court of Claims: 1950 to Present,” 49 Va.L.Rev. 772, 789-95 (1963); Doke, Mistakes in Government Contracts — Error Detection Duty of Contracting Officer, 18 Sw.L.J. 1 (1964), esp. at pp. 40-43.
. We qualify the statement by “apparently” since it has not yet been decided how much of the claimed loss was attributable to the mistake.
. A smaller one-line plant, which did not nse a turning step, had previously made shells for the Government by the new process.
. On defendant’s view that plunge grinders were irrelevant to the turning problems later encountered in performance, there is a stronger case for finding that plaintiff (as well as defendant) was mistaken.
. Other lines using the new process employ turning equipment. The smaller plant which had not used such machines (see fn. 10, supra) did not engage in speedy mass production.
. Cf. 3 Corbin, Contracts (1960 ed.), § 598; Virginia Engineering Co. v. United States, 101 Ct. Cl. 516" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1944-05-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/virginia-engineering-co-v-united-states-8589207?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8589207">101 Ct.Cl. 516, 532-533 (1944); Peter Kiewit Sons’ Co. v. United States, 74 F. Supp. 165" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1947-11-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/peter-kiewit-sons-co-v-united-states-1410187?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1410187">74 F.Supp. 165, 168, 109 Ct.Cl. 517, 522-523 (1947).
. In The Austin Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 314 F.2d 518" court="Ct. Cl." date_filed="1963-03-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/the-austin-company-v-the-united-states-259906?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="259906">314 F.2d 518, decided March 6, 1963, cert. denied, 375 U.S. 830" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1963-10-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/austin-co-v-united-states-8947530?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8947530">375 U.S. 830, 84 S. Ct. 75" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1963-10-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/louisiana-ex-rel-schwegmann-bank--trust-co-v-jeansonne-8947327?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8947327">84 S.Ct. 75, 11 L.Ed.2d 62 the contractor deliberately rejected the defendant’s specifications as unworkable, substituted its own proposal, and assured the defendant that a contract based on its specifications could be performed and would result in a device of greater precision than called for by the defendant’s original plans. In these circumstances the court held that the contractor entered into the arrangement with its eyes open and fully assumed the risks of impossibility of performance. In Carnegie Steel Co. v. United States, 240 U.S. 156" court="SCOTUS" date_filed="1916-02-21" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/carnegie-steel-co-v-united-states-98649?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="98649">240 U.S. 156, 36 S.Ct. 342, 60 L.Ed. 576 (1916), the contractor was a well-known steel firm undertaking to make a certain form of steel plate; in the circumstances the Court did not view the undertaking as tentative or experimental but as a performance contract in which the expertise was with the plaintiff.
. Including (as it turned out) the cost of the turning equipment itself.
. Plaintiff received some $980,000 for the 180,000 shells produced at Eau Claire by the new method, and lost some $750,000 in that phase of its production. Although we do not yet know the precise part of this loss attributable to the problem of turning equipment (see infra), it seems probable that the cost of testing the need for, and then using, turning equipment was very large in comparison to the plaintiffs revenue from its sale of the shells to the Government.
. This presupposes that the plaintiff did not assume the risk of the mistake.
. The defendant’s chief representative did agree, orally, during the precontract negotiations to pay for plunge grinders if they proved necessary.
. In this ease we need not be concerned with other bidders or would-be contractors to which the defendant might have turned. There is no reason to believe that, after Ordnance decided to change this procurement to the new method, there were any other firms under consideration. By the time of the switch to the hot cup-cold draw process (at the end of June 1953), the parties had already entered into the letter contracts (on June 4,1953), and there is no indication that defendant would have dealt with any other manufacturer.
. For most of the time since the early clays of World War II, the main defense agencies have been authorized, under Congressional enactments and Executive Orders, to grant discretionary relief to many contractors suffering losses on account of mistakes. Title II, Section 201, of the First War Powers Act, 55 Stat. 838 (1941); Executive Order No. 9001, 6 F.R. 6787 (1941); Act of Jan. 12, 1951, 64 Stat. 1257; Public Law 85-804, 72 Stat. 972, 50 U.S.C. §§ 1431-1435 (1958). See Rowley, “The First War Powers Act Cases,” in Shepherd, Cases and Materials on the Law of Contracts (2d ed. 1946), pp. 1233-1261; Fain and Watt, War Procurement — A New Pattern in Contracts, 44 Col.L.Rev. 127, 194-206 (1944); Kramer, Extraordinary Relief for War Contractors, 93 U. of Pa.L.Rev. 357 (1945); Correction of Mistakes in Contracts Under Public Law 85-804, Government Contracts Monograph No. 1 (The George Washington Univ.) (1961).
. Through this prolonged period of trial and error the Government learned that it could not effectly mass-produce shells by the hot cup-cold draw method without turning equipment. This was a fact the defendant wanted to discover under this contract, not an extraneous benefit. We do not believe that plaintiff has forfeited all right to relief because it did not stop during the testing period — once it knew that its costs were mounting— and seek a price adjustment. At each step of the testing it may have believed that the final solution was near, and manufacture of the shells would then proceed without interruption. Cf. Ekco Products Co. v. United States, Ct.Cl., 312 F.2d p. 773, decided January 11,1963. In any event, if the defendant had refused an increase (as is likely at that stage) the plaintiff would then have been put to the unduly harsh choice of (1) stopping performance and risking all the consequences of a notice of default-termination, or (2) continuing performance after the defendant’s explicit refusal to pay anything extra under a contract which (as it stood) did not require such payment. The Government, on the other hand, did not suffer materially (under our-disposition of the case) by the plaintiff’s failure to ask for an increase during performance. The Government has obtained proof that turning equipment was necessary, but it is not called upon to pay all the costs of that proof. If the contract had been terminated during the testing period, defendant either would have had to hire someone else to discover whether turning was essential or given up finding an answer to that question. As Part II of our opinion implies, the defendant would not have been able to obtain reimbursement from the plaintiff if the contract had been terminated for default.
. In turn, as indicated above, we base our holding that the contract here did not assign the risk to plaintiff on the particular facts of this case, especially the novel and experimental character of the project and the seriousness of the unexpected costs in relation to the contract price.
. Corbin refers to “the extent of judicial power and the flexibility of equitable remedies” in the law of mistake. 3 Corbin, supra, § 597, p. 583, fn. 6.
. Although defendant approved plaintiff’s lengthy course of trial and error in determining whether turning equipment was essential, it is not fair to infer from the Government’s approval that plaintiff must have used the most economical and efficient method of testing, and then of using the lathes. We can properly assume that defendant’s representatives thought that plaintiff would bear the full cost of testing and manufacturing; from their viewpoint it would not matter whether the plaintiff’s work was somewhat wasteful or unduly prolonged.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting).
It cannot be denied that the result reached by the court in this ease would be a fair and just one, if the contract between the parties permitted it.
The parties could have contracted between themselves that if the cost of doing this work turned out to be expensive beyond reasonable expectations, the parties should be equally charged with the excess. But this is not what they did. The plaintiff agreed to do the work for a fixed sum. There was no provision in the contract for the payment of any additional sum if the cost of doing the work turned out to be much greater than had been expected. Indeed, neither party knew how much work would have to be done to ascertain whether the cold-cup process would work without the use of a grinding machine, and yet the contractor agreed to do the necessary work for a fixed sum.
Furthermore, as the work progressed and costs mounted, the plaintiff never told defendant that its costs were far in excess of what it had anticipated, and never requested the Government to pay any part of the excess. No contractor can charge the Government with any part of unanticipated costs, except those coming within the “Changes” articles, where the contract provides that the plaintiff should do the work for a specified sum. To require the Government to pay an amount in addition to the stipulated sum, because the contractor incurred greater expense than he had anticipated, would leave the Government in a wholly untenable position, never knowing what a job was going to cost it, although the plaintiff had contracted to do it for a specific sum.
Many times when the Government asks a contractor to do an exploratory job, the cost of which is uncertain and which neither party can foresee, the parties enter into what are sometimes called research and development contracts, under which each party agrees to share in the cost of doing the work. That is what the parties probably should have done in this case, but they did not. The plaintiff undertook to do the work for a fixed sum, and, in my judgment, that is all it is entitled to recover. That is all the Government agreed to pay, and that is all the Government should pay. As. a matter of generosity, the Government, might well have agreed to pay the additional expense, but no court can require a person to be generous; it can only require him to be just.
Even a mutual mistake as to an antecedent or existing fact does not justify reformation of a contract (Maryland Cas. Co. v. United States, for Use of Green, 8 Cir., 169 F.2d 102" court="8th Cir." date_filed="1948-08-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/maryland-casualty-co-v-united-states-1476770?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1476770">169 F.2d 102 and cases there cited), but, even if it did, I cannot see that there was any mutual mistake of fact in this ease. The defendant did not know what it would cost plaintiff to do the work nor, I suppose, did plaintiff, although plaintiff thought it knew when it agreed to do the work for a fixed sum. Plaintiff was mistaken, but the mistake was only plaintiff’s and not that of the defendant. There was no mutual mistake of fact. When plaintiff agreed on a fixed price, it assumed the risk of doing the work for this sum; defendant did not agree to share the risk. Even if contracts could be reformed for a mistake about a fact supposed to exist or to have existed at the time the contract was agreed upon, they certainly cannot be reformed because the parties could not accurately foretell the future.
I sympathize with the plaintiff, but it made a contract and it is entitled to recover only according to that contract. I regret to dissent, but I must.