142 F. 164 | 7th Cir. | 1905
The bill filed by the appellant, National Phonograph Company, for alleged infringement of Edison’s patent, No. 713,209, of November 11, 190$, for “process of duplicating phonograms,” was dismissed on final hearing, for want of equity, and this appeal is from the decree so entered. The patent in suit is one of a succession of patents issued to various patentees for methods and means
The substantial facts upon the issue of prior public use may be briefly summarized. In 1888 the process described in the patent, was discovered by Mr. Edison, but no application for a patent was filed until about 10 years thereafter, although three patents in the same art — one for a “process of duplicating phonograms” and two for “phonogram-blanks” —were issued to him in May, 1888. On October 26, 1888, he filed a caveat in the Patent Office which clearly described the process. The application for a patent was filed March 5, 1898, and allowance was delayed, for one cause and another, until November 11, 1902, when the patent was issued. It was assigned to the appellant December 16, 1902. The testimony discloses no change made in the process after the conception of 1888; and Mr. Edison testified, in the interference proceeding, that “so far as the process is concerned, it is just the same now, in a broad sense, that it was” in 1888; that the work upon it thereafter “was directed only towards the improvement of small details to make it commercial” and “perfect”; and that “the duplicate copies made by this process” as early as 1891, “were perfect as far as quality was concerned.” He further testifies, that Dr. Schulzberg was the first to “carry out the process under his direction,” in October, 1888, and Charles Wurth, another assistant, entered “on working up the methods for commercial production of the duplicates.” in the spring of 1889; and that “he has produced a great many matrices, and has produced a great many copies from the matrices by expansion, -which have been used commercially.” Mr. Wurth, in the same proceeding, produced a matrix of
Notwithstanding the evidence thus authenticated that the process was constantly “used commercially for duplicating phonograms,” it is contended that the use was not commercial or public in the sense of the statute, but merely “experimentation necessary to perfect” the process. This contention is unsupported by testimony, and is without force in any view under the authorities. The practice described by these witnesses is both public and commercial use of the process, and plainly was not of the experimental character, “solely to test the qualities of the invention” (Egbert v. Lippmann, 104 U. S. 333, 336, 26 L. Ed. 755), which is the well-recognized exemption from the public use prohibited by the statute. While it is true that the testimony reiterates the fact that improvement was sought constantly by the assistants, who were conducting the operations and “duplicating phonograms,” no actual change in the process, after the original conceptions described in the caveat, is pointed out; and, if the operations thus described by the witnesses were open to inference of experimental use at any stage, no evidence appears to ascertain the limits of such use, the need of tests, or the reasonableness of the time, either required or employed, in making them. As well stated in Walker on Patents (3d Ed.) § 94:
“Experimental use becomes public use when it extends further, either in time or in number of instances, than is reasonably required to test the invention.”
Public use,-however, continuing more than nine years in commercial •operations, must be presumed from the testimony, and such fact is neither controverted nor modified by other proof, so that it is immaterial whether experimental use occurred at any stage. The statute invalidates the patent, if the invention described therein was in public use or on sale earlier than two years before the application was filed. That use so established was public use, in violation of the statute, and not within the well-defined meaning of experimental use for testing the invention, is well settled under the authorities. These citations are deemed sufficient: Worley v. Tobacco Co., 104 U. S. 340, 343, 26 L. Ed. 821; Smith & Griggs Mfg. Co. v. Sprague, 123 U. S. 249, 256, 8 Sup. Ct. 122, 31 L. Ed. 141; Eastman v. Mayor, etc., of City of New York (C. C. A.) 134 Fed. 844, 851, and cases reviewed.
The decree of the Circuit Court, conforming to this view, is affirmed.