MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiffs, the National Organization for Women, Incorporated (“NOW”), Delaware Women’s Health Organization, Incorporated (“DWHO”), and Summit Women’s Health Organization, Incorporated (“Summit”), have moved to certify the following two classes certified:
(1) The class of all women’s health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3) [the “Clinic Class”]; and (2) the class of all women who are not NOW members who have used or may use the services of women’s health centers that provide abortions, pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 23(b)(2) [the “NOW Non-Member Class”].1
Legal Standard for Motions for Class Certification
Motions for class certification are governed by Fed.R.Civ.P. 23, which provides that the following prerequisites must be satisfied in order for one or more members of a class to sue as representatives of others in the class: (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable [“numerosity”]; (2)
For purposes of determining a motion for class certification, the court will deem true all of the allegations in the complaint. Johns v. DeLeonardis,
Background
Plaintiffs bring this lawsuit seeking injunctive and monetary relief from defendants’ unlawful racketeering activities aimed at driving the class clinics, including DWHO and Summit, out of business-either temporarily or permanently-and thereby preventing women from availing themselves of the services provided by those clinics. DWHO and Summit also seek damages to compensate themselves and the Clinic Class for costs incurred to defend against defendants’ illegal conduct, and for damage to their property caused by defendants and their coconspirators.
Plaintiffs seek class-wide relief against defendants Joseph M. Scheidler (“Scheidler”); Randall A. Terry (“Terry”); Andrew Scholberg (“Scholberg”); Timothy Murphy (“Murphy”); Monica Migliorino (“Migliorino”); Pro-Life Action League, Incorporated (“PLAL”); Project Life, Incorporated (“Project Life”); and Operation Rescue (“OR”) (collectively, the “defendants”), for their violations of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1962.
For a more detailed account of the facts and the procedural history of the underlying action, see generally, N.O.W. v. Scheidler,
In opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for class certification, defendants Terry, PL, and OR (collectively, “defendants TPO”) jointly filed a Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification (“TPO Memo”). Defendants Scheidler, Scholberg, Mui'phy, and the PLAL (collectively, “defendants SSMP”) jointly filed a response to plaintiffs’ motion for class certification (“SSMP Resp.”). In addition, defendant Migliorino, individually, filed a memorandum of law in opposition to plaintiffs’ motion for class certification (“Migl.Memo”) in which she expressly adopts all assertions and arguments of her codefendants relating to plain
Discussion
1. Propriety of the Proposed Classes
As noted above, parties seeking class certification must prove that the proposed class satisfies the requirements of (1) numerosity, (2) commonality, (3) typicality, and (4) adequate representation under Rule 23(a), and fits into one of the three categories of Rule 23(b). However, as a precursor to this analysis, the Court must determine whether an implicit requirement of Rule 23(a) has been met-the “definiteness” requirement. See Alliance to End Repression v. Rockford,
The Seventh Circuit has held that the scope of a class may be defined by reference to the defendants’ conduct. Alliance to End Repression,
A. The “Clinic Class”
Plaintiffs define the Clinic Class as “the class of all women’s health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed....” Defendants TPO, joined by defendant Migliorino, oppose the certification of DWHO and Summit as class representatives and on the grounds that the Clinic Class “lacks standing” and is “too broad.” (Migl. Memo, at 3). The Clinic Class is too broad, defendants TPO argue, because, “by definition, it includes every abortion center, regardless of whether the particular center has suffered any direct, cognizable injury from defendants’ activities.” (TPO Memo, at 3 (emphasis in original) (footnote omitted)). Assumed in defendants TPO’s contention is a requirement that every potential class member must have suffered a cognizable injury. However, “[a] class may be certified even though the initial definition includes members who have not been injured or do not wish to pursue claims against the defendant.” Elliott v. ITT Corp.,
B. The “NOW Non-Member” Class
Plaintiffs define the NOW NonMember Class as “the class of all women who are not NOW members who have used or may use the services of women’s health centers that provide abortions.... ” (Motion at 1). This class effectively contains two subclasses: (1) NOW non-members who have used the services of women’s health centers that provide abortions; and (2) NOW nonmembers who in the future may use the services of women’s health centers that provide abortions. Each defendant challenges the propriety of the NOW Non-Member Class. Defendant Migliorino asserts, individually, that the class membership is defined or contingent upon the state of mind of the prospective class members and thus does not satisfy the definiteness requirement. Defendants TPO, joined by Migliorino, contend that, in light of the definition of the NOW Non-Member Class, the prospective class members lack standing under RICO. Finally, defendants SSMP, joined by Migliorino, advance a series of policy arguments against granting certification. Each of these arguments is addressed in turn.
Defendant Migliorino’s “definiteness” argument is directed against the NOW NonMember Class definition to the extent that it encompasses the latter subclass. Specifically, Migliorino argues that,
because Plaintiffs’ proported [sic] non-NOW member class is defined in substantial part by those who ‘may use’ the services of the class climes, the proported [sic] class is, in effect, determined by the future subjective intentions of an unidentified group of women who ‘may’ decide to have an abortion, and if so, ‘may’ decide to have that abortion at the Plaintiffs’ class clinics rather than at other health-care sites (e.g. [,] hospitals).
(Def. Migl. Memo, at 2-3 (italics added)). While Migliorino’s argument may be overstated, it identifies a possible flaw in the definition of the NOW Non-Member Class-that membership is seemingly contingent on the state of mind of the prospective class members. Indeed, when membership is defined solely by state of mind, the case is generally deemed unascertainable. See De Bremaecker v. Short,
the ‘state of mind’ rubric has been applied too loosely to reject class action suits where the class members could be identified by some action or objective manifestation .... The change of characterization of the issue in the case from one of state of mind to conduct should not serve as a talisman to decide the difficult issue of whether an identifiable class exists. At best, the general statement that state of mind issues are present serves as a shorthand method of alerting the court and the parties that there might be difficulty in identifying the class members.... [T]he presence of state of mind issues should not be an automatic reason for denying class certification.
Simer v. Rios,
The class of women who are not NOW members and whose rights to the services of women’s health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed have been or will be interfered with by defendants’ unlawful activities.
{See id.). In light of this modification, membership in the classes sought to be certified is based exclusively on the defendants’ conduct with no particular state of mind required.
II. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a)
Having established the propriety of the proposed classes, plaintiffs must prove that the classes satisfy the requirements of (1) numerosity, (2) commonality, (3) typicality, and (4) adequate representation.
A. Ntimerosity
Rule 23(a)(1) requires that the class be so numerous that joinder is impractical. However, the number of class members alone is not dispositive. Rosario v. Cook County,
*359 will be and/or continue to be, adversely affected by the segregative and discriminatory actions, policies, and practices of the Defendants" certified); Stalling v. Califano,86 F.R.D. 140 , 141 (N.D.Ill.1980) (class of African Americans who have been or will be denied certain employment opportunities because of their race is sufficiently definite). Thus, in light of the well-established practice of defining a class in terms of the defendant’s conduct, which, at the time of class certification, is often unproved, this Court reaffirms its conclusion that the NOW Non-Member Class is sufficiently definite.
Defendants SSMP argue, however, that both classes fail to meet the numerosity requirement because they lack definiteness.
B. Commonality
The second requirement of Rule 23(a) is that there be questions of law or fact common to the class. In order to satisfy this requirement, the party seeking certification need only demonstrate that there is at least one common question-either of law or of fact. Arenson v. Whitehall Convalescent and Nursing Home,
Plaintiffs assert that there are at least nine (9) common questions: (1) whether PLAN is an enterprise; (2) whether defendants have committed, threatened, or conspired to commit, extortion against the class clinics; (3) whether defendants violated 18 U.S.C. § 659 through the unlawful taking of fetal remains; (4) whether defendants have committed or conspired to commit acts of arson against the clinics; (5) whether defendants have committed, or conspired to commit acts or threats of murder or kidnaping of doctors, clinic personnel and their families; (6) whether defendants’ illegal activities constitute a pattern of racketeering under 18 U.S.C. § 1962; (7) whether defendants, through their association with PLAN, have conducted the affairs of PLAN through a pattern of racketeering activity; (8) whether defendants agreed to the commission of predicate acts; and (9) whether defendants’ racketeering activities have caused the class clinics and the NOW non-members to suffer injury to their businesses or property. (Pl. Memo, at 7-8).
These questions are fundamental to the RICO and state law claims asserted against the defendants and outweigh the individual questions that might arise as to specific plaintiffs. However, defendants SSMP claim that “the issue of commonality is utterly inconsistent with any adjudication of the First Amendment issues, which necessarily entail specific fact-intensive controversies.” (SSMP Memo. at 13). Defendants SSMP do not present, nor has this Court found, any authority suggesting that defendants who assert First Amendment defenses are immune to suit by class action. On the other hand, courts have held that RICO cases generally “present significant common issues of fact and law because many of the elements of RICO civil actions focus on the conduct of the defendants.” McMahon Books, Inc. v. Willow Grove Assoc.,
C. Typicality
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a)(3) requires that the named plaintiffs’ claims be typical of the class. A plaintiffs claim is typical if it arises out of the “same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other class members and his or her claims are based on the same legal theory.” De La Fuente v. Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.,
Defendants SSMP maintain that “typicality is an insuperable hurdle” in this case. (SSMP Memo, at 11). Specifically, defendants SSMP refer to the fact that only the chain of Women’s Health Organization (WHO) clinics has alleged that it suffered from the alleged “fetal burials,” which involved a predicate act of theft and extortion. Moreover, defendants SSMP contend that they are prepared to offer evidence to refute those allegations, thereby asserting a defense that it unique to WHO clinics. Defendants SSMP further contend that the physical configurations of and the activities that occur at each clinic site vary significantly and thus, no claim arising from defendants’ conduct at one clinic is likely to be typical of any other such claim. Finally, defendants argue that these differences will impede the Court from fashioning an appropriate injunctive remedy.
Plaintiffs respond that there are no pertinent issues unique to the WHO clinics’ claims; many clinics have advanced allegations against defendants relating to similar circumstances. The Court agrees that the issues relating to WHO do not defeat the typicality that exists between to the claims asserted in the complaint and those of other plaintiffs. Moreover, the existence of defenses unique to a named plaintiff does not automatically extinguish typicality, because “Rule 23 mandates the typicality of the named plaintiffs’ claims-not defenses ... [I]t is only when a unique defense will consume the merits of a case that a class should not be certified.” Gaspar v. Linvatec Corp.,
D. Fair and Adequate Representation
Rule 23(a)(4) requires that the named plaintiff provide fair and adequate protection for the interests of the class. Two factors are particularly important in that determination: (1) plaintiffs’ attorney’s qualifications, experience, and ability to conduct the litigation and (2) whether the plaintiff has interests antagonistic to those of the class. Rosario v. Livaditis,
Upon review of the record, the Court finds no basis upon which to question the qualifications of plaintiffs’ counsel. Nor is there reason for the Court to conclude that the named plaintiffs’ interests conflict with those of the NOW Non-Member Class. Rather, at issue is whether NOW is an adequate representative for that class in light of defendants arguments that (1) the proposed plaintiffs have no standing to bring suit; and (2) NOW is not a member of the class it seeks to represent.
In the alternative, defendants attack NOW’s adequacy as a class representative of the NOW Non-Member Class on the ground that NOW is not a member of that class. While it is generally a requirement that the class representative be a member of the proposed class, e.g., Bailey v. Patterson,
III. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)
Plaintiffs now bear the burden of demonstrating that this action meets the demands of Rule 23(b). Thus, the plaintiffs must prove that the action is such that (a) the pi’osecution of separate actions by or against individual members of the class would create a risk of incompatible or varying adjudications with respect to the individual member or adjudications which would necessarily implicate the rights of other members not party to the action; (b) the opposing party has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class as a whole; or (c) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class as a whole predominate over any questions affecting only individual members and that a class action is the most efficacious method of adjudication. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(b).
Plaintiffs contend that the instant action satisfies the criteria of factors (b) and (c). First, plaintiffs aver that defendants have directed their unlawful behavior specifically at clinics where abortions are performed, NOW escorts, female patients, and doctors based on their* perceived affiliation with abortion procedures. Second, with respect to the Clinic Class,
Conclusion
WHEREFORE, for the reasons stated in this memorandum opinion, plaintiffs’ motion for class certification is granted as to the following classes:
I. The Clinic Class
The class of all women’s health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed.
II. The NOW Non-Member Class
The class of women who are not NOW members and whose rights to the services of women’s health centers in the United States at which abortions are performed have been or will be interfered with by defendants’ unlawful activities.
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 23(c)(2), plaintiffs are directed to file a proposed notice to the Clinic Class thus defined by April 18, 1997. Written objections to the proposed notice are to be filed by May 9, 1997. A hearing on objections to the proposed notice shall be held on May 19, 1997 at 9:30 a.m.
Notes
. Plaintiffs' Motion for Class Certification ("Motion”) at 1. NOW represents its own members as an associational plaintiff, for which no class certification is required. See N.O.W. v. Scheidler,
. The court reasoned "[t]o hold [otherwise] would permit class action certification to be avoided merely by expanding the scope of [the defendants’] illegal conduct in order to make the class of plaintiffs less well-defined. We reject any such result.” Alliance to End Repression,
. Defendants TPO argue that not only is the Clinic Class, as it is presently defined, unccrtifiable, but even a class of clinics that have been victims of defendants’ racketeering is uncertifiablc because it is too amorphous and presumes a meritorious claim. Because the Court concludes that the Clinic Class satisfies the definiteness requirement without modification, it does not reach the issue of amorphousness. However, to the extent that defendants TPO’s second argument applies to the NOW Non-Member Class, as it has been modified by this memorandum opinion, see infra, the Court will address it in the following section.
. According to defendants, the definition of the NOW Non-Member Class is problematic because it presumes a meritorious claim. See supra note 3; SSMP Memo, at 9. The Court finds this argument completely untenable for the following reasons. First, it is well-established that the scope of a class may be defined by reference to the defendants' conduct and satisfy the definiteness requirement implicit in Rule 23(a). Alliance to End Repression,
. The Court considers plaintiffs’ motion for certification in light of the modifications to the class definition made in this memorandum opinion. See supra Part I.B.
. In the main, defendants SSMP argue that the class members will be difficult to identify for various reasons. However, the exact number or identity of class members need not be pleaded to establish numerosity. Marcial v. Coronet Ins. Co.,
. Defendants SSMP maintain that "NOW cannot represent a class of women who have opted not to be members of the organization, in the same case where it purposes to represent its member. That split would reflect a fissure running through the heart of the putative class.” (SMMP Memo, at 12-13).
. Plaintiffs seek certification of the Clinic Class under Fed. R. Civ. 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3), and of the NOW Non-Member Class under Rule 23(b)(2) only.
. Defendants SSMP argue that, for these same reasons, class action is inappropriate in this case. In addition, defendants SSMP note that pending litigation in other circuits on similar issues militates against class certification. However, for the reasons, stated in Part III, the Court rejects these arguments and exercises its discretion in favor of certification.