20 N.J. Eq. 159 | New York Court of Chancery | 1869
The complainant was a judgment creditor of O. C. Sprague, by the decree in this cause adjudged to be of the firm of Sprague & Stokes, who were the owners of the Continental Hotel, at Long Branch, and the furniture in it. Other suits brought to foreclose mortgages given by Sprague Stokes, some upon the real estate and others on the furniture, which were pending in this court, were, by order of the court, consolidated with the suit of the complainant.
On the hearing of the consolidated suits, the mortgages on the real and personal estate, and the judgments on lien claims, and other judgments, were adjudged to have priority in the order specified in the decree, over the judgment of the complainant; that was held to bind only the interest of Sprague in the partnership property, which is only one half the surplus after the debts of the partnership should be paid, and the other debts being debts of the firm, were adjudged to have precedence.
The grounds on which the application to set aside this sale was placed, were first, that the unusual terms imposed by the master in exacting the $5000 deposit, deterred bidders, and caused a sacrifice of the property; and second, that the combination of the creditors to purchase it together, was against the policy of the law, as preventing the competition which would have ensued from bidding separately.
The personal property, which consisted of the furniture of the hotel, was sold in bulk for $33,000. The grounds for setting aside that sale were first, because it was sold in bulk and not in parcels, or by the single article; second, because the articles were not at the sale exposed to view so that purchasers could examine them, but were kept in the rooms where they belonged, and no printed catalogue was furnished to purchasers; and third, because the ten days allowed for removal was too short a time to accomplish the removal.
First, as to the sale of the lands: a sheriff or master may adopt such stringent or unusual terms of sale, as may injure
This was a large property worth from $100,000 to $200,-000, which all agree was required to be sold in one parcel. It was a large hotel, at a summer resort, which is of no value except for two or three months in the year, and of hazardous value for any one not qualified to manage it by keeping a hotel. The amount required for the purchase was beyond the means of any one except the most wealthy, and of almost every one who would be inclined to invest in such property as this; scarcely any person or combination of persons in the immediate neighborhood or known to the master, could be expected to purchase. The purchasers would naturally be capitalists from the large cities, or hotel keepers by occupation, attracted by the advertisement and situation of the property. In such case the officer is necessarily bound to take greater precaution to insure the performance of the conditions, than in the sale of small farms or tracts which many are able to purchase, and where the purchasers are for the most part well known residents. The first terms of the sale on the 18th of May, were not unusual, except that the time given for the completion of the payment was very properly extended to an unusual period. The property at the first sale would probably have brought a much larger price than it eventually sold for, if it had not been for the improper and fraudulent interference of Mr. Davis, the agent of the complainant. I say probably, for it is not clear, but that his interference induced Laird, as well as the other bidders, (if there were any besides the creditors represented by
Davis, beyond question, had a right to retract his bid at any time before the property was struck off to him. But I am not prepared to say that the master acted improperly in not assenting to the withdrawal, and in directing the crier to knock the property down to him at his bid, and requiring him publicly to refuse to comply with the conditions of sale. Davis had at no time been a bona fide bidder, he did not come prepared to comply with the terms of sale, and would, at no stage of the sale, have complied with them. He represented the complainant, who, by the terms of the decree, could only realize anything on the sale by a price beyond that which he was willing to give. In such a sale the officer has no interest; he is not the owner of the property; but the creditors as well as the debtor, are the real owners, for whose benefit the sale is had, and the sale is affected by their fraudulent conduct. At a sale by auction, puffers employed by the owner are a fraud upon the buyers, and they will be relieved from any purchase affected by these false bids. How far the rules of law will extend this avoidance, is not settled by the decisions and authorities. I am much inclined to adopt as the result of the authorities, the view taken by Mr. W. W. Story, in his treatise on Sales, § 482; that the fact of a puffer having bid at a sale, will not avoid the sale, if, after the bid of the puffer there is a bid by a real purchaser before the bid at which the property is knocked down; but that in all cases where the bid next preceding is that of a puffer, who is bidding to run up the price without any intention to pay, the sale is void. It would, perhaps, have been more just to hold in all cases where sham bidders are employed by those interested, to enhance the price, that it is a fraud upon purchasers, and that such sale is void. The proper plan to save the sacrifice of the property in sales not judicial, is, that the owner should reserve the right to make one bid, or should put it up at the lowest price at which he is willing to sell; then it is a fair
If what was done in this ease by Davis stealthily and in disguise had been announced or known, that is if he had proclaimed that he was bidding on the property to run up the price'only, not a bid would have been offered in competition with him. Every one would have denounced" the fraud, and retired. Whether it is regarded by law as a fraud or not, it is a moral fraud, and a deception upon all who bid at an auction sale in the belief that it is what it pretends to be, a sale by competition among real purchasers. And in this case the master could not with due regard to principle, after Davis disclosed to him that he was a mere puffer, and his bids a sham, allow the sale to proceed on the bids already given without exposing the fraud of Davis to the other bidders; and it seems to me that this was best done by refusing to accede to the private request made by him to allow his bid to be' withdrawn, and by compelling Davis openly to refuse to comply with the terms of sale. It was his duty not to conceal from the purchasers the fraud practised to the full extent to which it had come to his knowledge. Davis’ conduct is not palliated in my view, by the fact that he had learned on a conference with the creditors, who concluded to purchase, to which he was admitted, that they were willing to bid $175,000 for this property and the furniture, or for this property alone, as he mistook their determination to do. Every purchaser limits himself in the price to which he will bid at a fair auction, but may not therefore be compelled to bid that price by fraudulent and sham bidding. In the city of New York, these mock auctions have become as notorious as shop-lifting and pocket picking and other practices of the kind, and the way in which the unwary are robbed, is the simple device of false bidders or puffers of the kind we find at this sale.
The master had reason after this avowal of Davis, to
I think no one> after reading their depositions, can for a moment suppose that either Hall or Borneau were in any way bona fide bidders or purchasers. If they had intended to purchase, they were not prepared to pay the ten per cent., and could not have purchased; so that they could not have been prevented from purchasing, but only from bidding, by the requisition complained of.
There is besides no proof whatever in the case that any purchaser, able to pay, would have given more for the property. S. Laird is the only name of a bidder given who bid more for it. If he was a bona fide bidder he was prepared to pay $13,000, and was not deterred by the requisition of $5000. He could have bid at the second sale, but did not. If a bona fide bidder, he would seem to have been driven off by the exposure of the conduct of Davis, and not by the requirement of the. master. I, therefore, see nothing in this condition required by the master, that should invalidate the sale.
The other objection is, that the creditors who purchased, by combining to bid together and to purchase for their joint account, contravened thereby the policy of the law, which holds any contract to prevent competition at auction sales illegal) and as such to avoid all purchases made under it.
There is no doubt that it is illegal for two purchasers, or intended purchasers at an auction sale, to combine not to bid against each other, and to divide in any way the profits of purchases made under such an agreement. But all the authorities and decisions in this matter which have been brought to my notice are confined to cases in which there is an agreement between the parties not to bid or enter into competition to bid against each other, and where this agreement is the foundation of the combination to purchase for their common benefit. And the principie upon which the
In this case it does not appear that any one of the creditors who agreed to purchase for their common benefit, would have been willing or was able to purchase on his own account. It is not probable that any creditor whose debt was only a few thousand dollars, would involve himself in the purchase of this property, at any price approaching its value, for the purpose of securing his debt. Had they, or any other persons who had contemplated purchasing the property, combined to purchase it on joint account for the purpose of avoiding the consequences of competition, the case would have been within the rule. And it seems to me that creditors in a case like this, should be permitted to unite, because it is calculated to enhance the price, and not
As to the personal property, it is a matter to be left to the discretion of the receiver whether the sale should be made in bulk or by parcels; in some cases and under some circumstances one way would be most advisable, which in others would be ruinous. In this case, the discretion entrusted to the receiver has been in good faith exercised by him, and the sale ought not to be set aside, because this court might differ from him in opinion as to which was, in this particular case, the best mode of selling. New large sales take place in which there is not room for a difference of opinion as to some part of the proceedings; and it would have a disastrous effect upon judicial sales, if their validity was made to depend upon every tribunal which has the power of review, agreeing with the officer in the exercise of that discretion.' There is no rule of law which requires that each article of personal property should in all cases be sold separately; where the value of the articles, or a considerable part of it, does not consist in their constituting one establishment, and where there would be purchasers to bid on them separately, the general rule is to sell them separately; but where their value, as constituting a whole establishment, is greater than when separated, and where the articles, when separated, would not excite competition, it is more advantageous to sell as a whole. I am inclined to think, both from the evidence and the result of the sale, that the course taken by the receiver in this case was wisest. 1 do riot think that there would have been at that place sufficient competition for the articles separately to have insured a good sale. The competition between the actual purchasers and other bidders, who bid with a view to disposing of the articles at a profit, I have no doubt was a better guar
As to the furniture being in the house, and not in view at the time of the actual sale, it is of no consequence. It would have been folly to have torn up the furniture and put it in one heap upon the lawn, which is the only way in which it could have been all placed in view at once. In cases of a sale like this, all real purchasers will examine the stock of furniture before the sale, or day of sale. No one could do it at that time, and any one alleging that he wanted to examine it for that purpose, would have been permitted to inspect it. The doors were properly closed at and just before the time of sale to prevent the crowd from going everywhere through an establishment so large that guards could not have been stationed in each part. And it does not appear that any one who asked for permission to inspect with a view to purchase was excluded.
A printed inventory or catalogue might, and perhaps would have been an advantage in such a sale; but a sale fairly made to a bona fide purchaser, who has paid the purchase money, will not be set aside, because it appears that something could have been done that was not done, which would probably have aided the sale; under such rule no judicial sale would stand.
As to the objection that ten days was not sufficient time to remove the property from the premises, I do not think it true; it would, no doubt, have been inconvenient, and would have required great activity to remove the property in that time. But it was necessary that the hotel should be delivered to the purchaser in a short time; any considerable delay would have greatly injured the sale. And the receiver had no power to keep from the purchaser of the hotel at the
I do not see, in the sale by the receiver, any violation of any rule or requirement of law; nor is there anything in the proof to satisfy me that if he had pursued a different course, the sale would have produced larger prices; much less is there any clear or gross mistake in tlie exercise of his discretion, such as would be sufficient to set aside the sale of the personal property. Both applications are denied.