The issue we must decide in this case is what role the courts should play in resolving a disagreement between a voluntary membership organization and its members. Specifically, we must determine whether the courts should intervene to interpret provisions of a voluntary organization’s membership agreement governing members’ eligibility to participate in the election of officers. We shall hold that under the circumstances of this case, the trial court should not have intervened in the organization’s internal dispute.
I.
This case involves a dispute between Appellants, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (“NAACP”) and the Baltimore City Branch of thе NAACP (“Baltimore Branch”), and Appellees, members of the Baltimore Branch, regarding the requirements for youth members to be eligible to vote in the Branch election.
The NAACP is a non-profit, voluntary membership corporation, incorporated in New York.
The Constitution of the NAACP establishes the Board of Directors as the governing body of the national organization.
The Baltimore Branch was scheduled to elect new officers on November 28, 1994. This case arose from a dispute regarding provisions of the Branch Constitutiоn governing youth members’ eligibility to vote in the Branch election. The Branch Constitution provides that:
Members in good standing shall be eligible to run for office or vote in a Branch election.... For the purpose of voting in Branch elections ... a member in good standing is one who has been a bona fide member of the Branch at least thirty (30) days prior to the date the election is held____ For all other purposes, a member in good standing is one who has paid the requisite minimum membership fee to the Branch.
Branch Constitution art. V, § 11. In addition, Article V, § 12 of the Branch Constitution states that:
The minimum voting age for any member in good standing in Branch elections shall be 17 years. Where there is an active Youth Cоuncil (25 members or more) members 17-20 years of age can vote in the Youth Council or the Branch.
(emphasis added). The past practice of the organization, however, was that youth members who had only paid the $3 membership fee, rather than the $10 adult membership fee,
The possibility of youth membership participation in Branch elections arose only after the second sentence was added to Article V, § 12 by amendment in 1994. Following the Amendment, the NAACP received several inquiries about the significance of the new language. As a result, the organization requested an opinion from counsel, who interpreted the amendment to mean that youth members were eligible to vote, but only if they paid the $10 adult membership fee. The Board of Directors adopted this opinion as its official interpretation of Article V, § 12 at a meeting held on October 13,1994.
On October 21, 1994 all branch offices of the NAACP, including the Baltimore Branch, were notified of the Board’s interpretation in a memorandum. Appellee Little had previously informed Appellees Habte, Masseaux, and Golding, among others, that they would be eligible to vote in the Branch election as $3 youth members. On learning of the Board’s contrary interpretation, on November 10, 1994, Little wrote a letter to the NAACP Interim Administrator in Baltimore, Maryland and to the National Office of the NAACP requesting that the Board’s decision on youth votes be rescinded. In response, Mr. Little received a phone call from a representative of the national organization indicating that the decision would not be reversed. Colonel William Penn, Director of Branches and Field Services for the NAACP, subsequently contacted Little to attempt to set up a meeting to resolve the dispute.
Without exhausting the available internal remedies,
The Circuit Court held a hearing on thе merits on December 5,1994. At the hearing, Appellants argued that injunctive relief was an inappropriate remedy because there was no potential for irreparable harm to Appellees. The trial court rejected this argument, concluding that there was “a real chance of irreparable harm” because there was no adequate remedy afforded by the NAACP Constitution for preelection complaints. Furthermore, delaying complaints until after the election would not preserve any temporal political advantage.
Appellants noted a timely appeal to the Court of Special Appeals. The Circuit Court granted a stay of the injunction pending disposition of the appeal. Prior to review by the intermediate appellate court, this Court granted certiorari on our own motion to determine:
1. Whether members of the NAACP and its Baltimore Branch—voluntary private organizations—may invoke the equitable powers of the Maryland courts to regulate the election of Branch officers, without first pursuing the exclusive administrative remedies set forth in the Constitution and Bylaws for Branches of the NAACP?
2. Whether Maryland courts are entitled to review the judgment of the national Board of Directors of the NAACP that, under the Branch Constitution and consistent past practice, persons aged 17 to 20 who purchase only a $3 youth membership in the NAACP (rather than a $10 basic adult membership) are not eligible to vote in Branch elections?
II.
Appellants argue that the Circuit Court should not have intervened in the internal affairs of the NAACP or the Baltimore Branch. First, Appellants contend that the Circuit Court abused its discretion by choosing not to defer to the Board’s interpretation of its Constitution. Appellants argue that courts should not intervene in the affairs of a non-profit voluntary association unless civil or property rights are at stake. Appellants contend that since there are no such rights at issue, the trial court erred when it exercised jurisdiction ovеr the case. Appellants also contend that even if the Circuit Court possessed discretion to intervene in such a dispute, the
Appellees argue that the Circuit Court properly intervened in the dispute. While Appellees do not assert that civil or property rights are at stake, they argue that this case should be governed by Maryland corporations law. Specifically, Appellees argue that the members of a non-profit corporation should be treated similarly to shareholders in a stock corporation. Appellees сontend that the Board’s interpretation of Article V, § 12 of the Constitution was a de facto constitutional amendment, and therefore under Maryland corporations law, branch members were entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to amendment. Appellees argue that since local members were not given notice, “the action by the NAACP National branch was arbitrary and capricious,” and therefore subject to judicial review. (Appellees’ Brief at 7). Appellees also contend that the denial of their voting rights constituted a breach of the membership contract and an ultra vires act by the corporation. Finally, Appеllees maintain that they exhausted their administrative remedies when Little obtained a negative response to his letter requesting preelection intervention.
III.
A.
We note at the outset that as a general rule, courts will not interfere in the internal affairs of a voluntary membership organization. See Donnelly v. Supreme Council,
If the voluntary membership organization is incorporated in Maryland, the business judgment rule applies to decisions regarding the corporation’s management. See Maryland Code (1975, 1993 Repl.Vol., 1995 Cum.Supp.) Article 2, § 405.1 of the Corporations and Associations Article (codifying the standard of care required of directors of a corporation). See also Parish v. Maryland & Virginia Milk Producers Assn.,
[ajlthough directors of a corporation have a fiduciary relationship to thе shareholders, they are not expected to be incapable of error. All that is required is that persons in such positions act reasonably and in good faith in carrying out their duties.... Courts will not second-guess the actions of directors unless it appears that they are the result of fraud, dishonesty or incompetence.
Black,
With regard to foreign corporations, Maryland courts have traditionally declined to interfere in management disputes under the “internal affairs doctrine.” See, e.g., Berger v. Bata Shoe Co., Inc.,
[t]he internal affairs doctrine is a conflict of laws principle which recognizes that only one State should have the authority to regulate a corporation’s internal affairs—matters peculiar to the relationships among or between the corporation and its current officers, directors, and shareholders— because otherwise a corporation could be faced with conflicting demands.
Our courts ... can enforce no forfeiture of charter for violation of law, or removal of officers for misconduct; nor can they exercise authority over the corporate functions, the by-laws, nor the relations between the corporation and its members, arising out of, and depending upon, the law of its creation. These powers belong only to the State which created the corporation.
Id. at 116-17,
B.
Courts have similarly assumed a limited role in resolving the internal disputes of unincorporated associations. In a seminal article in the Harvard Law Review, Professor Chafee outlined the analytic approaches courts had applied to disputes involving voluntary non-profit organizations. Z. Chafee, The Internal Affairs of Associations Not for Profit, 43 Harv. L.
Although early decisions focused on whether any property interest was at stake in determining whether or not a court
In determining whether courts should intervene in the disputes of voluntary membership organizations, Maryland has traditionally applied a narrow rule. Donnelly,
The proposition that the member is not precluded from suing at law, after he has exhausted his remedies within the order, unless the contract specifically provides that the decisions of the tribunals of the order shall be final, is supported by the decisions of some States ... But the Maryland rule is otherwise. That rule ... [is] that when the tribunals of the order have power to decide a disputed question, their jurisdiction is exclusive, whether there is a bylaw stating such decision to be final, or not, and that the Courts cannot be invoked to review their decisions of questions coming properly before them, except in cases of fraud.
Id. at 430,
Like many other general principles ... the rule that arbitration awards will not be vacated for errors of law or fact has several exceptions. Thus an award will be vacated for fraud or for misconduct, bias, prejudice, corruption or lack of good faith on the part of the arbitrator.... A court will vacate an аrbitration award if it is not within the scope of the issues submitted to arbitration ... [or if] the arbitrator failed to consider all matters submitted.... And a court will determine whether the parties had a proeedurally fair hearing leading to the award____ The Court has also stated that an arbitration award will be set aside for a ‘mistake of law or fact ... appearing on its face.’
Id. at 100-01,
While we ordinarily refrain from reviewing decisions of unincorporated private associations, we note that if an organization acts inconsistently with its own rules, its action may be sufficiently arbitrary to invite judicial review. See Developments, supra, at 1020-23. In addition, as our prior cases have illustrated, the policy of minimizing judicial involvement in private organizations does not mean that members have no guarantee of procedural fairness. We have historically taken the view that members in a private organization are entitled to at least rudimentary procedural protections, such
Furthermore, we have аcknowledged the need for increased judicial oversight in one instance, i.e., where the private organization has assumed a position of “real economic power” akin to monopoly status. Grempler,
IV.
Even when a dispute between an organization and its members is of a character that warrants judicial intervention, courts have typically required exhaustion of internal remedies as a prerequisite to judicial involvement. In our prior decisions, we havе consistently required exhaustion whether or not the bylaws of the organization independently require exhaus
We applied the exhaustion doctrine in Walsh v. CWA, Local 2336,
Maryland law has long recognized the rule that a union member must exhaust the remedies open to him under the union rules before he can seek aid from the courts unless the union procedure is procedurally or substantively inadequate, fraudulent or otherwise arbitrary and illegal.
Id. at 612,
The exhaustion principles articulated in Walsh have been applied not only to internal disputes involving labor unions, but also to other disputes involving voluntary organizations. See Smith v. Merriott,
V.
Applying these principles to the facts of the instant case, we first observe that the national NAACP is a foreign corporation. As such, applying the internal affairs doctrine, we decline to interfere with its internal management decisions. Moreover, even under Maryland corporations law, applying the business judgment rule, we would not interfere with the organization’s decision because the NAACP did not engage in any fraud, arbitrariness, or bad faith.
Appellees maintain that the Board’s interpretation of the eligibility requirement for youth members in essence amounted to a constitutional amendment. If so, the Board’s actions could be construed as a procedural irregularity, or an arbitrary action inconsistent with its own rules, because the Board did not follow the procedural requirements for amending the constitution. We do not agree, however, that the Board’s interpretation of Article V, § 12 of the Branch Constitution required a constitutional amendment.
The disputed language in Article 5, § 12 is ambiguous because although it permits youth members to vote in Branch elections, it does not sрecify the required membership fee.
Contrary to Appellees’ argumеnt, we conclude that applying principles of corporation law, such as the business judgment rule, to the Baltimore Branch does not support judicial review of the Branch’s actions. Appellees do not argue that any decision of the Branch was tainted by fraud, irregularity, or arbitrary action; the Branch merely adhered to the interpretation of Article V, § 12 promulgated by the national NAACP. Thus, there is no basis for judicial review. Furthermore, as we stated in Anacosta Tribe v. Murbach,
Finally, even if we considered this dispute appropriate for judicial review, we would decline to intervene in this case because the Appellees failed to exhaust their internal remedies. The Branch Constitution provided a number of mechanisms for challenging elections. Although not all of these options could be exercised in advance of the election, Appellees had the option of casting chаllenged ballots at the time of the election to preserve their votes pending subsequent internal review. While Appellees contend that the Branch would not have permitted them to cast challenged ballots, the record does not support this. The NAACP Manual on Branch Election Procedure states that: “If an individual wishes to vote but his/her name is not on the official roster being used during the election, and the member presents a membership card, he/she will be issued a ‘Challenged Ballot.’ ” None of the Appellees attempted to cast a challenged ballot. In addition, only Appellee Little took any action to alert the organization to the disputе prior to the election. Finally, the Branch Constitution provided ample opportunities for internal post-election review, and Appellees’ presented no evidence that this review would be futile.
For the foregoing reasons, we shall reverse the trial court’s decision and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
JUDGMENT REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLEES.
Notes
. People between the ages of 17 and 20 years old may join the NAACP as youth members. In addition to adult membership and youth membership, the NAACP also provides other special membership categories, i.e., life membership, but the other categories are not at issue in this
. The purposes of the NAACP, as stated in its Constitution, are:
... to insure the political, educational, social and economic equality of minority group citizens; to achieve equality of rights and eliminate race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to remove all barriers of racial discrimination through democratic processes; to seek enactment and enforcement of federal, state and local laws securing civil rights; to inform the public of the adverse effects of racial discrimination and to seek its elimination; to educate persons as to their constitutional rights and to take all lawful actiоn to secure the exercise thereof, and to take any other lawful action in furtherance of these objectives[.]
NAACP Constitution art. II.
. When a Branch recruits a youth member, the membership is automatically transferred to the local Youth Council, if one exists.
. Appellee Masseaux was a member of a college chapter before joining the Youth Council of the Baltimore Branch. She testified that she paid the additional $3 youth membership fee to join the Baltimore Branch solely to become eligible to vote in the Branch election.
. Testimony before the Circuit Court indicated that youth members were eligible, however, to participate in other elections. For example, youth members who had paid only the $3 membership fee were eligible to participate in State Conference elections.
. The NAACP provides several mechanisms for challenging an election. Up to three months before the election, members may file complaints with the national office, which has broad authority to intervene in the election process to protect members’ rights. Branch Constitution art.
The Branch Constitution explicitly requires members to exhaust any available internal remedies before pursuing litigation, stating that:
Should an aggrieved member resort to civil litigation without having pursued the remedies within the framework of the Association, such is considered conduct not in accord with the principles, aims and purposes of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, meriting suspension, expulsion or other disciplinary actions.
Branch Constitution art. X, § 2.
. Appellees' complaint also alleged that Little would be "irreparably damaged by reason of loss of reputation, credibility and standing in the community in which, having recruited more than 300 youths who joined the Defendant Organizations on the basis of his representations, those representations are proved false."
. Distinguishing non-profit corporations from for-profit corporations, Professor Chafee observed that members in non-profit corporations "are not shareholders, and so they must establish some other reasons fоr equitable relief than the remedies of shareholders with respect to the property and business of the ordinary commercial corporation." Chafee, supra, at 997.
. Notably, several courts have distinguished between civil rights and political rights, and have declined to intervene in disputes involving the political rights of members in voluntary associations. See, e.g., Givens,
. A number of Maryland cases have applied contractual principles to disputes involving private organizations. See, e.g., Donnelly v. Supreme Council,
For example, in Donnelly, the plaintiff was a member of a benefit society which provided death and disability benefits to its members.
. See Chafee, supra, at 1008. Chafee observes that the property right or pecuniary interest test may, in many cases, serve merely as an unsatisfactory surrogate for the individual rights of the aggrieved member. He notes that "Dean Pound has pointed out that this alleged property interest is largely a fiction, under the guise of which the courts are really protecting interests of personality.” Id. at 999.
. In addition to the general rule limiting courts' intervention in private organizations’ internal disputes, the courts also may be precluded from interpreting organizational rules that involve, e.g., interpretation of religious doctrines. See American Baptists v. Trustees,
. Because youth memberships received by the Branch are ordinarily transferred to the Youth Council, the youth members ordinarily are not considered members of the Branch. See supra note 3. Thus, the provision may reasonably be interpreted to permit youth members to vote in Branch elections only if they pay the requisite $10 membership fee to become members in good standing of the Branch.
. As Professor Chafee observed,
The value of autonomy is a final reason which may incline the courts to leave associations alone. The health of society will usually be promoted if the groups within it which serve the industrial, mental, and spiritual needs of citizens are genuinely alive. Like individuals, they will usually do most for the community if they are free to determine their own lives for the present and the future.
Chafee, supra, at 1027.
. Although the trial court noted that Appellees’ would have been required to collect a minimum number of signatures, pursuant to Article V, § 15 of the Branch Constitution, in order to initiate a post-election challenge, Appellees’ presented no evidence that any effort to collect the necessary signatures would have proven futile. Furthermore, pre-election complaints required no minimum number of signatures. Branch Constitution art. V, § 16.